A DIPLOMAT’S HANDBOOK for Democracy Development Support Second Edition The Diplomat’s Handbook is a project commissioned by the Community of Democracies, and produced by the Council for a Community of Democracies (CCD). The First Edition was produced with the financial support of the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict, Freedom House, the Princeton Project on National Security, the US Department of State, the Governments of Chile, India, and Morocco, and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of the Government of Canada. The Handbook project was conceived by Ambassador Mark Palmer. Preparation of the Handbook has been a partnership between Project Head, Ambassador Jeremy Kinsman ([email protected]), who has been principally responsible for the text of the Handbook itself, and the Director of Research, Kurt Bassuener ([email protected]), who has been principally responsible for producing the Handbook’s case studies. The original project benefited from the active partnership of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs of Princeton University, whose graduate students conducted extensive research and prepared written drafts for country case studies, namely Bryan Crawford-Garrett, Hanna Jung, Britt Lake, Bart Szewczyk, and Taya Weiss. Patricia Marsden-Dole and Terry Jones, who served as Canadian High Commissioner and as Deputy High Commissioner in Dar es Salaam, drafted the Tanzania case study. This Second Edition and its new case studies have been made possible by the financial support of the Smith Richardson Foundation, the Governments of Canada, Italy, Lithuania and Poland. Special thanks also to the Sándor Demján Foundation for its very generous support of the Handbook including the Palmer Prize for Diplomats. The Second Edition was proof-edited and formatted by Matt Levy of CCD with the support of interns Randi Zung and Benjamin Russell. The text which follows and the case studies benefit from the generous contributions and advice of many former and current diplomatic practitioners, scholars, members of policy centers and nongovernmental organizations, and development experts. The case study on China was drafted by Chantal Meagher, the case study on Cuba by Jeremy Kinsman, and the case study on Egypt by a variety of experts, including Stephen McInerney, Moataz El Fegiery, Michele Dunne and Issandr El Amrani. The Belarus and Ukraine case study updates were undertaken with the assistance of Iryna Chupryna of the Democratization Policy Council. Originally designed and produced by the Office of External Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, in collaboration with the Council for a Community of Democracies. Please consult www.diplomatshandbook.org. A DIPLOMAT’S HANDBOOK for Democracy Development Support Second Edition The Palmer Fund In spring 2010, the Council for a Community of Democracies (CCD) established the Ambassador Mark Palmer Founder’s Fund (the "Palmer Fund”) to advance democracy through the Diplomat’s Handbook and related projects, named in tribute to Ambassador Palmer’s lifetime of commitment and achievement. Ambassador Palmer is a founder of CCD and Vice President of its Board of Directors. Throughout his multifaceted professional career Ambassador Palmer has made significant and continuing contributions to the advancement of democracy across the globe, which range from his participation in the US civil rights movement, to supporting dissidents throughout communist Europe as a diplomat, then as US Ambassador to Hungary during its crucial transition to freedom, as a co-founder of the National Endowment for Democracy, as Vice Chairman of Freedom House for over two decades. In recent years Mark Palmer established the first independent television stations in six central European countries. He also authored the 2007 ADVANCE Democracy Act. The Palmer Fund provides for multi-year financial support through 2014 to the Diplomat’s Handbook and related projects. These include annual updates, drafting of case studies, enhanced distribution, production of a film based on the handbook’s text and case studies, and coordination of a series of “train the trainers” events in partnership with the College of Europe and other institutions, the first of which took place in Warsaw with subsequent sessions planned for Chile and elsewhere. The Fund will also support the Palmer Prize, which will be awarded to diplomats who have supported democracy promotion through their work and collaboration with civil society groups. In addition to the Handbook initiative, the Palmer Fund will support CCD’s related projects to advance democracy through broader efforts to promote democracy education. Further, it will develop professional exchanges as well as the development of the International Steering Committee (ISC). The Palmer Fund would like to acknowledge the generous support of the Sándor Demján Foundation. Sándor Demján, one of Hungary’s leading businessmen is the current chairman of the Trigranit Development Corporation. He was recognized in 2005 by Ernst and Young as Entrepreneur of the Year. i Palmer Prize for Diplomats The adherence of 106 democratic countries to the Warsaw Declaration created a new standard for diplomacy. The Palmer Prize seeks to honor those diplomats who are actively engaged in the realization of those standards. The award is intended for diplomats who display valor under difficult circumstances and take risks or are especially inventive in their sustained efforts to assist civil society to advance democracy in their countries of assignment. Our models for the award are drawn from the experiences highlighted in the Diplomat’s Handbook for Democracy Development Support, a work inspired by Ambassador Mark Palmer and by his exceptional service to the cause of democracy as United States Ambassador to Hungary during that country’s transition to democracy. Criteria: 1. Demonstrated support for civil society's right to freedoms of assembly, expression, and other principles as outlined in the Warsaw Declaration of the Community of Democracies. 2. Supported efforts to assure broader political participation. 3. Contributed significantly to assuring free and fair elections. 4. Sustained efforts to support human rights, including actions which resulted in a release of prisoners of conscience, an end to cruel and inhuman punishment. 5. Facilitated a broader dialogue on democratic reform. 6. Coordinated effective international efforts to advance movement toward democracy. 7. Identified and articulated the importance of democratic values, despite working in a closed / authoritarian society. 8. Contributed innovative ideas and support for the consolidation of democratic institutions in countries in transition. 9. Upheld the idea of rule of law in countries where it is not practiced. Nominations can be made by foreign ministries or civil society. Submissions are accepted until December of the year preceding a ministerial meeting of the Community of Democracies with the prize being announced every 2 years at the CD Ministerial. Please direct all nominations and/or questions to the secretariat of the nongovernmental International Steering Committee of the Community of Democracies, [email protected]. ii Table of Contents Preface by President Vaclav Havel................................................................................................................4 Ministers’ Foreword.......................................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: The International Context...........................................................................................................13 Chapter 3: The Diplomat’s Toolbox ............................................................................................................23 Chapter 4: Conclusions ................................................................................................................................57 CASE STUDIES: Cuban Exceptionalism .....................................................................................................................59 Egypt: Will Democracy Succeed the Pharaoh? ...............................................................................79 China's Fifth Modernization: the Enduring Hope for Democratic Governance ..............................97 South Africa: “The Long Road to Freedom” .................................................................................125 From Independence to Real Democracy – Ukraine’s Orange Revolution.....................................134 The Fall and Rise of Chilean Democracy: 1973-1989...................................................................144 Belarus: Europe’s Last Dictator? ...................................................................................................155 The Suffering of Burma/Myanmar.................................................................................................169 Zimbabwe: From Hope to Crisis....................................................................................................189 Tanzania's Road to Multi-Party Democracy: Focus on a Single Mission's Efforts Found online at http://www.diplomatshandbook.org/Tanzania Sierra Leone: Belated International Engagement