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Pandemics Aren't Just for People: How Disease Can Affect Crops And practice applicationsTOPICS OF PROFESSIONAL INTEREST Pandemics Aren’t Just for People: How Disease Can Affect Crops and the Food Supply n the most unlucky of days in Experts interviewed predicted a rise many within the general public might 1844, a fungus now referred to in cost and perhaps a shift in diet for not know his profession exists. “I can’t Oas Phytophthora infestans made most Americans as the disease moves tell you how many times I go to a its way through the rolling hills of this way, but those in the developing party and tell someone what I do and Ireland after ravaging American countries could suffer famine, starva- they say, ‘plants get diseases?’ Yes, farms in the years immediately prior. tion, and forced migration, as they they get diseases just like we do.” Believed to have crossed the Atlantic have before. Studying, identifying, and helping on US ships bound for European And of course, while the threat of remedy those diseases is part of what ports, the disease is a water mold UG99 is yet being combated, history he does in addition to participation in which blights not only potatoes, but suggests other diseases are already the National Plant Diagnostic Sys- potentially tomatoes as well. But it on the way to replace it. tem. was the Irish potato crop which fell Wheat is a staple for most of the victim as the disease moved eastward world, used to create everything from into continental Europe, destroying UG99 flour to pasta, bread, crackers, and food production along the way. By Stem, black, or cereal rusts are cereals. The picture of a sheaf tied 1852, more than 1 million of Ireland’s known to the scientific world as Puc- together represents the essence of 8 million men, women, and children cinia graminis and have been prob- food to many. This in mind, the threat were dead. Another million were on lematic to farmers since Roman of a wind-blown fungus threatening their way off the island. This migra- times. But in 1999, a new strain of the 160-million-acre stretch from the tion set the stage for a Gaelic exodus stem rust was discovered in Uganda, Middle East to Asia has had Cres- which would color North America for caused by the fungus Puccinia grami- well’s colleagues in full gear since the rest of the 19th century into mod- nis f. sp. tritici (2). To date, it has UG99’s discovery. That swath of land ern day. Some historians refer to that succeeded in destroying the harvests alone accounts for a quarter of the famine and death toll in genocidal of entire regions in its spread. The Earth’s wheat production (2). terms due to a political system which disease moves as spores are carried In 2005, the Global Rust Initiative they say enabled it. Blended into the by the wind, and in the 10 years since was formed for the sole purpose of songs, stories, and traditions brought its discovery it has travelled from fighting UG99 (2). The initiative was to America by those Irish immigrants East to North Africa, and into the spear-headed by Norman E. Borlaug, was a legacy of fear and loss, a legacy Middle East as far as Iran. Infected PhD, a researcher who won the Nobel mixed into the American melting pot regions have suffered catastrophic Prize in 1970 for breeding high-yield as much as shamrocks on St Patrick’s losses. And whether or not UG99 wheat varieties resistant to stem Day (1). makes it to American shores is not rust. Currently the drive is being led And so, as a new strain of wheat the question, it’s rather one of when. by two international organizations, stem rust (UG99) marches through “It is a very real, very significant the International Maize and Wheat developing nations from its discovery problem,” Tom Creswell, PhD, said Improvement Center in El Batan, point in Uganda, world food experts while sitting in his office inside Pur- Mexico, and the International Center are in the midst of an ongoing battle due University’s Lilly Hall. “If you’re for Agricultural Research in Dry Ar- which remains un-noticed amid pop- asking for the single biggest threat, eas out of Aleppo, Syria. Cooperative ular culture. But the fight is fierce this is it.” agencies and research institutions nonetheless, and experts agree the Creswell is a plant pathologist who range in geography and political ide- toll inevitably taken by UG99 will be specializes in diagnosing plant dis- ology from Australia to Kenya. high. For a variety of reasons, it is eases and serves as director of the In 2008, Creswell’s lab received unlikely America will suffer the same university’s Plant and Pest Diagnos- about 2,125 samples of diseased or fate as Ireland, but for those same tic Laboratory in West Lafayette, IN. damaged plants from farmers and reasons it bears an important study. As such, he participates within the gardeners throughout Indiana. Grow- global network of specialists whose job ers, homeowners, and hobbyists alike This article was written by Brian it is to observe, report, and combat in- generally utilize their local Purdue Boyce, an award-winning fectious diseases threatening Earth’s University Extension Educator’s of- journalist and freelance writer in food supply. fice as a starting point for questions Terre Haute, IN. Tucked back within the halls of a varying as widely as “what is this fun- doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.11.002 building on Purdue’s west side, Cres- gus killing my corn” to “why is my well chuckled at the remark that tree dying,” he said. Once sent to his 18 Journal of the AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION © 2010 by the American Dietetic Association TOPICS OF PROFESSIONAL INTEREST lab, the material is documented and Uganda. The first Western Hemi- chance of a nationwide wipe-out is either identified or sent on for further sphere detection was in Paraguy in very slim, Creswell said. study. Every state has some form of 2001. By 2003, Brazil lost about 5% of Wheat is considerably more inte- this system in place. its soybean crop to the disease (3). gral to the human diet than soybeans, In a hypothetical scenario where Spores were blown into Louisiana he pointed out, noting the efforts to UG99 was identified in one of Amer- during a hurricane in 2000, and the combat UG99 are likewise stronger. ica’s wheat-producing capitals, such disease quickly became problematic When the disease makes it to Amer- as Kansas, the identifier would send a in farms along the Gulf Coast, Cres- ica, Creswell predicts substantial sample to the US Department of Ag- well explained. losses at a regional level in the first riculture’s (USDA’s) Animal and “It causes the most damage in the year. And while this will drive prices Plant Health Inspection Service iden- south,” Creswell said. If there is good up and perhaps alter some people’s tification lab in Maryland for confir- news about the disease, it’s that it dietary source of cereal grains, it mation. After confirmation, notifica- doesn’t survive the winter in most of shouldn’t yield a long-term or wide- tion would begin for state department the United States. Each year it begins spread famine in America. The sys- of agriculture officials, university sci- its spread from the southern tip of tem, he explained, has grown up to entists, and administrators and regu- Gulf Coast state farms and works its prevent that, not just in wheat but all latory officials within the USDA. way north. By the time it’s blown to food plants. As media releases and educational Kentucky or Indiana, plants are ma- materials were being prepared to ture enough to avoid real damage. alert grain producers, Creswell said Soybean producers in Indiana have NEW VARIETIES the affected area would be immedi- had no real need to spray for it, he One of the reasons a crop-specific dis- ately quarantined and the battery of said. However, the progress of the dis- ease such as UG99 is so devastating fungicides which have come into be- ease is monitored each year by uni- is the lack of genetic diversity within ing during the decade since the dis- versity researchers in all major soy- commercial farm production. One ease’s discovery would be used. bean growing regions. Should it pathogen targeting one plant hybrid Should the pathogen survive the win- spread unusually fast in a given year, can yield considerable damage in ter, government and industrial re- soybean farmers would be warned to fields planted with homogeneous sources would be employed to contain spray fungicides on still-developing breeds. it to that locale and prevent its crops. Dan Egel, PhD, an extension plant spread. New varieties of rust-resis- pathologist in Purdue University’s tant wheat have been undergoing southwest agriculture program, noted tests since UG99’s discovery. They the historical context of such diseases have come a long way but might not One of the reasons a from his office surrounded by the be ready for immediate use. crop-specific commercial melon fields of southern The fact that the disease spreads Indiana’s Knox County. “In a lot of through the air is well-documented. disease such as cases, I think the biodiversity is “That’s why it’s so dangerous, because UG99 is so there, but I don’t think we’ve made it can blow so far,” said Creswell. very good use of it,” he said. Still, all of the world’s developed devastating is the This is particularly the case with nations have some form of emergency lack of genetic melons, one of the crops in which Egel plan regarding epidemic plant dis- specializes.
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