Krome Section

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 127:10–13. 2014.

Conservation and Commercial Development of Species (Wild ) in Florida

Noris Ledesma* aNd richard campbeLL Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL In Southeast Asia there is a wide diversity of Mangifera species that bear edible , with 69 taxonomically recognized (Kostermans and Bompard, 1993). Among these species, is the most important commercial fruit crop, although M. lalijiwa, M. odorata, M. caesia and M. foetida, among others, are routinely cultivated or collected for sale from wild trees. Several Mangifera species have been collected and are under evaluation at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in South Florida over the past 15 years. More than 33 accessions of Mangifera species from , peninsular , Thailand, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico have been accessioned into the genetic collections of Fairchild Tropi- cal Botanic Garden since 1994. Mangifera applanata (Assam kepeng), Mangifera caesia (wani), M. pentandra (Assam poah), M. griffithii (rancha rancha), M. laurina (Mangga ayer), M. quadrifida (Assam kumbang), M. rubrapetala (raba), M. casturi (kastooree), M. lalijiwa (honey ), M. odorata (kuini), M. pajang (pajang), M. torquenda (lamatan), M. foetida (bachang), and other possible Mangifera species are under evaluation. These wild, edible mangos are in criti- cal danger of extinction and represent an important resource for the future of mangos. Data presented includes their adaptability to modern cultivation and potential as commercial crops.

Street markets of Borneo, Malaysia, and seasonally community. However, nearly two decades after their taxonomic display wild mangos for sale, just as they have for hundreds of description, little has been done to advance these goals. This is years. Most of the Mangifera species have edible . We have due mainly to a lack of practical horticultural information about documented experiences based in use of this fruit from local com- their care and domestication, and the challenges inherent in the munities, markets and the surrounding countryside in Borneo, collection, curation, and development of genetic material. Peninsular Malaysia, and Indonesia from 2004. Results and Discussion Materials and Methods Recording experiences with local communities and visiting Over 33 accessions of Mangifera spp. were identified and col- marketsprovidedbasicinformationabouttheuseofthesespecies, lected from private residences, commercial orchards and public and their economic potential. In most of the places we collected and private experimental farms in different regions of Malaysia, wildmangosfromtraditionalorindigenoussystemsofknowledge Indonesia, and Darussalam. Other accessions were intro- and practice that have developed and accumulated over genera- duced from Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Brazil with the knowledge tions.Thesesystemsformthebasisoflocal-leveldecision-making of their provenance. All accessions were collected and introduced in agriculture, food production, human and animal health, and into the United States as scions with the removed. Scions natural resource management. were washed in soap and water, air-dried, wrapped in parafilm, The reported results are preliminary. We recorded experiences and placed in plastic bags for transport. Transport time ranged based on the use of fruit from local communities, markets, and from 2–12 d, depending on the species and location of collecting the surrounding countryside in Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, and expedition. Eight to 12 scions were collected per species. Indonesia. Inhabitants consume many of these species fresh or All species were grafted by the authors using a side veneer or mixed with pepper and spices in . Others use their leaves cleft method commonly used for fruit crops in Florida. Mangifera as a vegetable. Mangifera pajang, M. caesia, and M. casturi indica ‘Turpentine’, Mangifera rubrapetala, Mangifera casturi, have exceptionally beautiful growth habits with colorful and Mangifera odorata rootstock were used because the impor- making them suitable as ornamentals for the tropics. tation of Mangifera seeds from Southeast Asia is restricted by Collection and domestication has been a long and complex quarantine laws to protect against the introduction of the mango processandhasonlyjustbegun(CampbellandLedesma,2010).It seed borer [Sternochetus mangifereae (F)]. These species are is necessary to approach new research about the use of these wild locally available in South Florida for use as rootstock. mangos and importance in rural economies, especially statistics We have outlined their potential as edible fruit crops, concerning their value and reliable methods for measuring their rootstocks, and as sources of genetic diversity for the future breed- contribution to farm households and the rural economy. ing of disease resistance and desirable horticultural traits in the Wild edible mangos are in critical danger of extinction and modern mango. The importance of conserving these species and represent an important resource for the future of mangos. Data their genetic potential has been clearly recognized by the scientific presented includes their adaptability to modern cultivation and potential as commercial crops. TheintroductionofimprovedselectionsorclonesofMangifera species and the identification of suitable economic potential and *Corresponding author; email: [email protected] commercial development of Mangifera species has been con-

10 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 127: 2014. Continued. n wt longitudinal with and Economic potential and description ltee fut vr tr, sd o pcls Ses r vr hard, very are Seeds pickles. for used tart, very fruit, flattened strips. is It riverbanks. along areas, inundated in frequently elevation, m 450 bellow lowlands Division. Limbag the in especially Sarawak, in villages in cultivated it found to common Fruit can reach 500 g and some can be long or oblong in shape. It is mono embryonic. The unique, a have Both acid. more be can other sweet, be juicy.can and Some white is flesh mango valuable and common most the of one is this Malaysia, In taste. and aroma strong to Used sauce. dark and sugar with chili in dipped or ripe it when eaten is Fruit species. salt with preserved and pickled also is Flesh fish. with eaten ‘jeruk’and ‘sambal’, make in jars. They used for juices. Some fibreless clones command a high price in local markets. The wood is light red marbled with yellow, used for light construction. long, multiflowered than smell like jasmin. Flowers are visited by honeybees and flies. Fruit are small compared to other species of mangos. It weighs around 50 to 84 grams each. Im- mature fruit are green, and when ripe the color changes to brown or purple-black and has a shiny surface. It is polyembryonic. The flesh is orange with fiber with a unique sweet flavor aroma. It makes a handsome tree. than taste like lychee with a distinct are some round or elongated fruit. Large ones are sold to the market for better price. The is monoembryonic. Normally fruit is savory with a strong turpentine flavor and aroma. It is eaten fresh. It is used for curries or pickles. Immature fruit is used as a vegetable. Peeled and soaked in salty water, sliced to make salad (tujak). They use it to get the acid for prepa- add curries). Leaves are mash ration of sambal (green pepper with lemon, and sometimes for treating ulcers to use as antiseptic, and bark is used make lotion with skin thick has It fiber. with and juicy very orange, deep is flesh The mature. when hand, by eaten are fruits Ripe pleasant. and sweet very is Flesh flavor. resinous fragrant pickles. normally sucked. Immature fruit also used to prepare with gr. 250 is fruit The leafs. leathery with small is Tree Java. central of markets local honey brown particular with yellow pale white is Flesh monoembryonic. is It skin. green pockets a in the flesh. Fruit with are very sweet and aromatic panicles with a distinguish honey pyramidal flavor. It with is fragrant, are Flowers productive. and tree, size medium flowers. fragrant aroma to jazmine. Honey bees often visit s. bedn. rw i hg eeain 80 .... t a a has It m.a.s.l. 1800 elevation high in Grows breeding. sp., Mangifera for Rootstock Fresh fruit, breeding. The name “madu” means “honey” and they appear in great quantities in Breeding. Generally restricted to the wet tropical lowlands bellow 1000 m elevation. Breeding. Generally restricted to the wet There Fresh fruit, breeding. It is a very tall tree, sometimes cultivated near villages. Fruits are purple with bright red new growth. Tree can grow up to 30 m tall, with Inflorescensce up to 30cm vigorous tree that forms a tight, upright canopy with shiny, dark green leaves, contrasted leaves, green shiny,dark with canopy upright tight, a forms that tree vigorous

rvnne Conservation status Provenance Table 1. Ex situ Mangifera species at Fairchild Tropical potential Botanic Garden, conservation status and economic Species Sbh aasa ono UNRdLs.Etnti h id Fresh fruit, breeding, ornamental IUCN Red List. Extinct in the wild. Sabah, Malaysia, Borneo Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo Mangifera altisima Mangifera applanata Common names: asam eiia,pleesn tropical wet the to restricted Generally soil. flooded ornamental, breeding, fruit, Fresh IUCN Red List. Extinct in the wild. Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo pelipisan, peleepeesan Mangifera caesia Common names: Belunu (sweet fruit), Binjai (tart fruit), Bua Buda a is casturi sp. M. for Mangifera rootstock stock, Inter ornamental, breeding, fruit, Fresh IUCN Red List Extinct in the wild. Kalimantan, Indonesia, Borneo Mangifera casturi Common names: kastooree, Air mawar (Rose water) Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo Mangifera foetida Common names: Bua Laamb (Tart); Bachang Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo Mangifera griffithii , Indonesia Common names: Assam Kundang, Asam-raba (larger fruit), Raba pisang, Bua Keramut Mangifera lalijiwa Common names: Honey mango, mango Madu

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 127: 2014. 11 and r wl aatd to adapted well are Economic potential and description Fresh fruit, breeding. Fruit are about 200 g, yellow green skin and juicy flesh. There are some Fresh fruit. A popular garden fruit, propagated by seeds. The fruit is green skin with yellow forest, but this species is also being cultivated or semi-cultivated in home gardens applied. and orchards, where trees are managed for harvesting. Herbicide and fertilizer are commonly very productive. Fruit grows in clusters with small yellow fruit. The fruit are rich in flavor with fiber and big seed. They usually are polyembryonic. completely round. It has strong odor rivaling those of M. pajang . Their flesh ranges in taste wet climates and the flowers and fruit seems to be resistant to anthracnose. wet climates and the flowers fruit seems to be seed The mango. Durian called Sometimes smell. fragrant strong eaten a with is flesh is orange fruit to sweet The consumption. before off peeled is fish skin raw The hairy. with and mixed flat is or pickles, in used also is Kuini Immature juiced. or outright in our in lauraina of M. accessions different in flavor and They fruit fiber.of shape the and in differences seeds big with polyembrionic are All collection. chilies. Fruit its sale by fruit and by bushes. Prices vary by quality and size. Fruit comes Fruit size. and quality by vary Prices bushes. by and fruit by sale its Fruit chilies. quality.and content, sugar textures, different but skin, green always shapes, different in Fruit brown thick skin, with yellow flesh. There are differences in the shape fruit, some are round others are oblong, and some has less fiber. Flesh juicy and tart, some are sweet with out of hand when ripe, or it can be used immature in slight tang after taste. Fruit are eaten pickles and chutneys. made of the fruit slices, This fruit is eaten as an appetizer or sambal belacan, red chilli, salt, and sugar. Tree majestic columnar tree than grows over 40 feet, dark leaves. Often sold at market. The leaves are edible, used as a vegetable. are used as an astringent. pale orange, sweet, and juicy with big round stone. Leaves They vary in size and shape. consumed fresh or The fruit are sweet to sour in taste, either processed into jams or jellies. Youngthe fruits can be made into pickles, chutneys, or dried as in species common a as quadrifida dishes. M. as cooked be can also and preserves; from sour to quite sweet. It detaches easily from the seed and fresh by slicing them fruits all the are way around and quickly twisting the prepared sections in opposing directions like you would do with a peach. dishes including The fruit is used in the preparation of many local “Ulam” and is also highly desired for pickles. Interstock, rootstock for Mangifera sp. The fruit are about the size of oranges, and normally Fresh fruit, breeding, ornamental, vegetable. Fruit fragrant, up to 3 kg. It is monoembryonic. Breeding. Tree white yellowish flowers. Fruit is 50–80 g, is tall with leathery leaves, small Fresh fruit, breeding, rootstock. Fruit is deep purple with bright orange flesh. Skin is leathery.

rvnne Conservation status Provenance

aaa,Mlyi,Bre IC e it xic ntewl. Inter stock, rootstock for Mangifera sp. The tree is medium size with an open canopy, and IUCN Red List. Extinct in the wild. Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo Mangifera rubrapetala Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo Mangifera torquenda Common name: Lamatan Table 1. Continued. Species Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo Mangifera odorata Common name: Kuini Sabah, Malaysia, Borneo Mangifera laurina Common name: Mangga ayer smEbwn Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo Mangifera pajang Common name: Asam Embawang Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo Mangifera pentandra Common name: Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo Assam poah Mangifera quadrifida Common name: Assam kumbang

Betong

12 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 127: 2014. A B

C D

Fig. 1. Many wild mangos have excellent tolerance (perhaps even resistance) to anthracnose. The trees will bear fruit in wet climates where the common mango rarely reaches maturity, offering a possibility for rootstocks or breeding material. Examples include: (A) Mangifera torquenda; (B) Mangifera pajang; (C) Mangifera quadrifida; and (D) Mangifera caesia. ducted by the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Homestead, FL, Identification and classification of species has to be reviewed. for the past two decades. Many of the horticultural challenges Herbarium specimens and taxonomic review are proceeding. have been confronted, including the identification of possible The DNA analysis using several laboratory teams and research rootstocks and protocols for their propagation to allow for the groups is also underway to aid in the proper identification of these development of these potential resources for the modern mango accessions. There is a possibility of wild hybridization between industry (Fig. 1). species and this may be detected with genetic analysis. However, Table 1 (previous page) summarizes the introduction of im- rootstocks and information about potential graft compatibility of proved selections or clones of each species since 2004. Fourteen each species is still a challenge. Graft compatibility and horti- Mangifera species from Malaysia, Borneo; Indonesia; Bor- cultural traits must be further evaluated under a wide range of neo, Indonesia, and Seychelles Islands have been accessioned conditions. Other species must be evaluated and suitable rootstocks into the genetic collections of Fairchild Tropical Garden in Miami, identified. In this way we can begin to collect improved clones FL. The species collected were Mangifera altisima, M. caesia, that will better serve our horticultural needs. M. casturi, M. foetida, M. griffithii, M. lalijiwa, M. laurina, M. odorata, M. pajang, M. pentandra, M. quadrifida, M. rubra- Literature Cited petala, M. torquenda M. applanata and M. zeylanica. There are additional Mangifera accessions collected on the basis of their Campbell, Richard J. and Noris Ledesma 2010.Update on new Mangifera potential for breeding purposes and fruit quality that remain species in Florida. In: Proc. of the Ninth Intl. Mango Symposium, unidentified. Number 992, China. p. 95–99. Intl. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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