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Wildflower Plants/Seeds Durham E-Theses The environmental auditing of green spaces within cities with implications for management systems Lishman, Nicholas How to cite: Lishman, Nicholas (1998) The environmental auditing of green spaces within cities with implications for management systems, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4973/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Environmental Auditing of green spaces within cities with implications for management systems - with reference to Durham City By Nicholas Lishman The University of Durham Department of Geological Sciences September 1998 fhe copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the written consent of the author an information derived from it should be acknowledged. A thesis submitted to fulfil the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Management Practice = 2 NOV 1999 This work is the copyright of Nicholas Lishman 1998 ABSTRACT The study was carried out to assess the management and overall importance of green spaces both for a city, it's human population and also for the associated wildlife. A diverse range of different land categories make up green sites in cities. Durham City exhibits many land use types also, but it is also different from most other cities, in that it has been designated a World Heritage Site (1987). This study was implemented with the acquisition of baseline data which included history and flora/fauna records. A noise and pH survey was carried out within the city and green spaces and a litter and flytipping visual assessment was carried out on each of the green spaces.General mitigation measures were suggested for reducing dumping and flytipping on these sites. Interviews were also conducted with the City/County Council, University, Dean and Chapter and private land owners to discover past and current management practices. Noise levels were recorded above 60dB(A)- according to the Institute of Environmental Assessment, a day time noise above this level would need mitigating measures. Higher noise levels were mostly due to traffic. It was judged that the effect of traffic on green spaces in Durham City was minimal, however mitigation measures were suggested. The pH survey recorded an average pH of 6.2 over the area, this is an adequate pH level for most plants, although the findings serve only as a guide. Recommendations for the future management of specific green sites appear in individual sections. The main recommendations refer to managing green spaces with greater sympathy for the environment, teaching the importance of green spaces in cities through education and utilising this to implement better management techniques and preserve existing green sites in cities for future generations. CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background to research of Durham City green space 3 1.1.1 The environment of Durham City 3 1.2 The History of green space in Durham City 5 1.2.1 Medieval up to the Eighteenth Century 5 1.2.2 Eighteenth up to the Twentieth Century 6 1.3 Physical conditions 8 1.3.1 Landscape 8 1.4 Durham City a designated conservation area 10 1.4.1 Durham- Area of Great Landscape Value (A.G.L.V.) 10 1.4.2 Landuse 11 1.5 Policies for the protection of green space in Durham City 11 1.5.1 The City of Durham Charter document 11 1.5.2 Environment Protection and Enhancement Policy 12 1.5.3 The Durham Structure Plan and Durham City Local Review Plan 15 1.5.4 Transport policy 16 1.5.5 Recreation and Leisure 16 1.5.6 Disabled Access 17 1.6 Green belt land in Durham City 17 · 1.7 Climate 19 1. 7.1 Temperature 19 1. 7.2 Rainfall 21 1.7.3 Snow 23 1.7.4 Wind 23 1.8 Coal mining in Durham City 23 1.9 Geology 24 1.9.1 Geological History 25 1.9.2 Geology of Durham City 30 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING (EA) AND STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORTS (SoE) 37 2.1 Background to the Environmental Audit 37 2.2 Types of Environmental Audit 38 2.2.1 Industry- Environmental Auditing 38 2.2.2 Local Authority- Environmental Auditing 38 2.2.3 Standards and Regulations on Environmental Auditing 39 2.3 State of the Environment Report (SoE) 40 2.4 Environmental Auditing in Durham City 41 3.0 METHODOLOGY 42 3.1 Green space planning in cities 45 3.2 Durham City/County Council green space management 46 3.3 Competitive Compulsory tenders (CCT) and the Local Government Act 47 3.4 Local Agenda 21 48 11 4.0 GREEN SPACE LAND CATERGORIES IN DURHAM CITY- MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS 50 4.1 The city environment 50 4.2 Peripheral green space 50 4.2.1 Background 50 4.3 Natural vegetation in cities- London a case study 51 4.3.1 Natural vegetation in Durham City 52 4.4 Current Management 53 4.5 Planted displays in Durham City 54 4.5.1 Continuously flowering bedding displays 56 4.5.2 Bedding plants flowering in flushes 56 4.5.3 Bedding plants used for their foliage 56 4.6 Planted areas- General Management 56 4. 7 Plants in containers- General Management 58 4.8 Street furniture 59 4.9 Gardens 59 4.10 Grass verges 60 4.1 0.1 Current Management of grass verges 60 4.1 0.2 Future Management 62 4.10.3 Recommendations 62 4.11 Management of roadside verges by local authorities 63 4.11.1 Future Management 64 lll 4.11.2 Recommendations 64 4.11.3 Cutting Regimes 65 4.11.3.1 Height of vegetation 65 4.11.3.2 Flowering time 65 4.12 Hedges 66 4.12.1 Background 66 4.12.2 Current Management 68 4.12.3 Hedge cutting, methods, frequencies and resource requirements 68 4.12.4 Future Management 70 4.13 Green corridors 70 4.13 .1 Durham County/City Council green corridor policies 71 4.13.2 Specific green corridor policies 72 4.14 Trees in cities 74 4.14.1 Tree preservation orders 74 4.14.2 Street trees in Durham City 76 4.15 Cemeteries and churchyards 79 4.15.1Cemeteries and the Open spaces Act 1906 81 4.15.2 Fauna and flora in churchyards 82 4.15.2.1 Trees 82 4.15.2.2 Mosses and Lichens 84 4.15.2.3 Wildflowers 85 4.15.2.4 Insects 86 4.15.2.5 Bats 86 4.15.2.6 Reptiles 86 iv 4.15.2.7 Birds 87 4.15.2.8 Mammals 87 4.15.3 General Management of churchyards 88 4.15.3.1 Grasses and grass cutting 88 4.15.3.2 Hedge maintenance 90 4.15.3.3 Tree planting 91 4.15.4 Churchyards in Durham 93 4.15.4.1 St Oswalds Churchyard 93 4.15.4.2 Background 93 4.15 .5 Stockton Road Churchyard 94 4.15.5.1 Background 94 4.15.5.2 Current Management 96 4.15.5.3 Future Management 97 4.15.5.4 Management options for churchyards 99 4.15.6 The Nature Reserve- Rawmarsh high street churchyard, South Yorkshire 100 4.15.7 Non-Intervention- Nunhead, London 100 4.15. 8 Overgrown churchyards- Abney Park, London 101 4.15.9 Ornamental Horticulture- Moorgate, Rotherham South Yorkshire 102 4.16 Allotment gardens in cities 102 4.16.1 Background 102 4.16.2 Current Management 105 4.16.2.1 Cultivated Plots 105 4.16.2.2 Secondary Succession 106 4.16.2.3 Future Management/Recommendations 107 v 4.16.2.4 Wildlife on allotments 108 4.16.2.5 The Future of allotments in cities 109 4.17 Railway land 109 4.17 .1 Background 109 4.17 .2 The permanent way 110 4.17 .3 Sidings Ill 4.17 .4 Verges 112 4.17 .5 Boundary Features 113 4.17 .6 Low Newton Junction Reserve 113 4.17.7 Recommendations for railways 115 4.17. 7.1 Railway walks-general resurfacing specifications 115 4.17.7.2Access 115 4.17.7.3 Railway walk Maintainance costs 116 4.18 The Durham Penninsula and Riverbanks 117 4.18.1 Background 117 4.18.2 Current Management 126 4.18.3 Future Management 133 4.18.4 Recommendations 133 4.18.5 Summary 134 4.18.6 The Environment Agency 134 4.19 Woodland 135 4.19.1 Ancient and Amenity woodland 135 4.19 .2 Secondary urban woodland 139 4.19 .3 County Wildlife Sites 139 vi 4.20 Woodland in Durham City 140 4.20.1Hoppers Wood 140 4.20.2 Background 140 4.20.3 Current Management 141 4.20.4 Future Management 141 4.20.5 Recommendations 141 4.21 Houghall Wood 142 4.21.1Background 142 4.21.2 Current Management 143 4.21.3 Fauna 143 4.22 Flass Vale/Shaw Wood 143 4.22.1 Background 143 4.22.2 Current Management 144 4.23 Pelaw Wood 144 4.23.1 Background 144 4.23 .2 Current Management 146 4.23.3 Future Management for woodland in Durham City 146 4.23 .4 Recommendations 147 4.23 .5 Treeshelters 148 4.23.6 Species Pattern 149 4.24 School grounds 149 4.24.1 Introduction 149 4.24.2 Education Act 1944 150 vii 4.24.3 Environmental Education as a curriculum subject 150 4.24.4 Schools and Agenda 21 151 4.24.5 Summary 151 4.25 School grounds Maintenance and contractors 152 4.25.1 Regulations and legal issues 154 4.25.2 Herbicides 154 4.25.3 Environmental Protection Act 1990 154 4.25.4 Food and Protection Act 1985 155 4.25.5 Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH,1994) 155 4.25.6 British Standards 155 4.26 Durham Johnson Upper School 156 4.26.1 Background 156 4.26.2 Current Management 157 4.26.3 School ground maintenance budgets 158 4.26.4 Future Management 159 4.26.5 Recommendations for Wildlife
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