Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Ophisaurus Glass

Home , Bipes (lizard), Dopasia, Ophisaurus

110.1 REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: SAURIA: ANGUINIDAE OPHISAURUS

Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. The squarish-rhomboidal scales form straight longitudinal and transverse series. At least four middorsal rows of scales are HOLMAN,J. ALAN. 1971. Ophisaurus. keeled, and there are ten longitudinal series of ventral scales. Glass lizards are oviparous and mainly insectivorous. Some Ophisaurus have a tendency to autotomize their tails when seized by a Glass lizards predator, but some species (0. apodus and O. compressus) do not have brittle tails (Etheridge, 1967). Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803a: 188. Type-species A nguis ventralis Linnaeus, 1766, by subs~quent designation (Daudin, • DESCRIPTIONSANDILLUSTRATIONS.General descriptions of 1803b:346). the genus, with varying amounts of detail, are in Cope (1864, Bipes Oppel, 1811:43. Type-species Bipes pallasii Oppel, 1811 19(0), Boulenger (1885), Smith (1935), and McConkey (= Lacerta apoda Pallas, 1775), by monotypy. Not Bipes (1954). Brief diagnoses are available in numerous checklists Latreille, 1801. and regional faunal works. Sources of descriptions and il• Proctopus Fischer, 1813:241. Substitute name for Bipes Oppel, lustrations of Old World species are cited in the Pertinent 1811. Literature section of this account. For references to descrip• Pseudopus Merrem, 1820:78. Type-species Pseudopus ser• tions and illustrations of New World species see the species pentinus Merrem, 1820 (= Lacerta apoda Pallas, 1775), accounts. by monotypy. • DISTRIBUTION.Western Morocco below 2,000 m elevation; Hyalinus Merrem, 1820:79. Type-species Anguis ventralis Europe from northern Jugoslavia and eastern Romania south• Linnaeus, 1766, by monotypy. eastward through the Balkans, the Crimean Peninsula, the Dopasia Gray, 1853:389. Type-species Pseudopus gracilis Gray, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, and Turkestan to the northern border 1845, by monotypy. of Afghanistan; eastern Himalayas (Darjeeling District) east• Ophiseps Blyth, 1853:655. Type-species Ophiseps tessellatus ward through southern China to Szechwan and Chekiang, and Blyth, 1853 Pseudopus gracilis Gray, 1845), by mono• (= south to South Viet Nam; Taiwan; Borneo; Sumatra; eastern typy. North America from Virginia and southern Wisconsin to Ophiosaurus: Kennicott, 1855:591. An incorrect subsequent Florida and Texas; southward along the east coast of Mexico spelling of Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803 (also see Gaige, to Veracruz. 1914:4) . Hyalosaurus Giinther, 1873:351. Type-species HyalosauTUs • FOSSILRECORD.Several species of Ophisaurus have been koellikeri Giinther, 1873, by monotypy. based on European fossils (see Mlynarski, 1956, for detailed Opheosaurus: Cope, 1880:18. An incorrect subsequent spelling discussion), but only three forms, O. moguntinus (Boettger, of Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803 (also see Yarrow, 1882:46). 1873-1874), O. pannonicus Kormos, 1911, and O. acuminatus Proseudopus Hilgendorf, 1883: 139. Type-species Proseudopus Jorg, 1965, are currently recognized (Fejervary-Langh, 1923; fraasii Hilgendorf, 1883 (= Pseudopus moguntinus Mlynarski, 1956; Jorg, 1965). According to these authors O. Boettger, 1873), by monotypy. monguntinus (?Eocene-Miocene) gave rise to O. pannonicus • CONTENT. Fifteen species are currently recognized, of (Miocene-Pliocene), a large species up to two meters in which four are known only as fossils. Of the 11 extant species, length. The smaller O. apodus is considered the modern three occur in the United States and two are limited to Mexico. counterpart of O. pannonicus. The European Tertiary species An additional six species occur in the Old World. ranged to the north and east of modem populations of OphisauTUs (see Map) . • DEFINITION.Serpentiform anguid lizards with limbs absent In the New World, O. canadensis Holman, 1970 from the or reduced to remnants of the pelvic pair, and a distinct lateral Upper Miocene of Saskatchewan is the only extinct species fold. This combination of characters distinguishes Ophisaurus known. Ophisaurus canadensis is similar to, and probably from other anguid genera. Maximum size 45 cm snout to vent, ancestral to, the living species O. attenlUltus and O. ventralis. tail 65 cm (0. apodus, according to Boulenger, 1885). The Ophisaurus ventralis is known from the Middle Pliocene of tail is much longer than the body, with fracture planes usually Florida (AuHenberg, 1955), and O. attenuatus from the Upper present in the caudal vertebrae. The caudal vertebrae have Pliocene of Kansas (Etheridge, 1961). The three living haemal arches fused to the centra without a trace of sutures. United States species (0. attenlUltus, O. compressus and O. Body vertebrae have depressed, ventrally smooth centra. Simple ventralis) have been found as fossils in Pleistocene deposits in teeth with conical or subspherical crowns are present on the United States (for references, see catalogue species ac• pterygoids, but present or absent on palatines and vomers. counts) .

MAP. Composite range of Ophisaurus. Black areas mark the range of living species; crosshatched area indicates the range of Tertiary species in Europe; star indicates the locality of an Upper Miocene species in Canada. 110.2

• PERTINENTLITERATURE.With the exception of O. apcx/us, im Mainzer Becken. Ber. Senck. Naturf. Gesell. 1873-74: a popular terrarium pet with a large literature, the Old 50-102. World forms are poorly known. References, including de• Bons, J. 1958. Contribution a l'etude de l'herpetofaune scriptions and, in some cases illustrations, are as follows: Marocaine (reptiles de la region d'Ifrane). Bull. Soc. Nat. O. apodus (Sochurek, 1955; Pope, 1956; Hellmich, 1962; Phys. Maroc 38(3) :167-182. Schmidt and Inger, 1957); O. buttikoferi (Lidth de Jeude, Boulenger, G. A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the 1905; Rooij, 1915; Inger, 1958); O. gracilis (Boulenger, 1885, British Museum (Natural History). Second edition. Lon· 1890; Smith, 1935); O. harti (Boulenger, 1899; Pope, 1929, don. Vol. 2, xiii + 497 p. 1935, 1956; Smith, 1935; Mao, 1962); O. koellikeri (Bou• 1890. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and lenger, 1885, 1905; Bons, 1958; Petzold, 1964); O. wegneri Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London. xviii + 541 p. (Mertens, 1959). For references to New World forms see 1899. On a collection of reptiles and batrachians made the species accounts. by Mr. J. D. La Touche in N. W. Fokien, China. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1899:159-172. • NOMENCLATURALHISTORY. Ophisaurus was proposed by 1905. An account of the reptiles and batrachians col• Daudin (1803b) for the North American species Anguis lected by Mr. F. W. Riggenbachi in the Atlas of Morocco. ventralis Linnaeus. Boulenger (1885) recognized five species Nov. Zool. 12:73-77. in Ophisaurus, including both Old World and New World Cope, E. D. 1864. On the characters of the higher groups of forms, but Cope (900) again restricted the genus to O. Reptilia Squamata-and especially of the Diploglossa. ventralis. Most recent authors have considered Ophisaurus Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 16:224-231. as polytypic, with species in both the Old World and the 1880. On the zoological position of Texas. Bull. U. S. New World. Natl. Mus. (7) :1--51. For many years only one American species was recognized, 1900. The crocodilians, lizards, and snakes of North but Neill (949) and McConkey 0952, 1954) demonstrated America. Ann. Rep. U. S. Natl. Mus. for 1898:153-1294. that three species were included in the composite "Ophisaurus Daudin, F. M. 1803a. Division des Ophidiens en vingt-trois ventralis." Accounts of "0. ventralis" from areas where two genres. Bull. Soc. Philomath. (Paris) 3(72) :187-188. or three of the species occur are generally impossible to at• - 1803b. Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere des tribute. Reptiles. Vol. 7. F. Dufart, Paris. 436 p., 12 pI. • ETYMOLOGY.The name Ophisaurus is derived from the Etheridge, R. 1961. Late Cenozoic glass lizards (Ophisaurus) Greek ophis, meaning serpent, and the Greek sauros, meaning fro~ the southern Great Plains. Herpetologica 17(3): 179-186. lizard, in reference to the snake-like body form of this lizard. 1967. Lizard caudal vertebrae. Copeia 1967(4) :699-721. • KEy TO SPECIES. This key includes all living species of Fejervary-Langh, A. M. B. 1923. Beitriige zu einer mono• Ophisaurus, both Old World and New World forms. A graphie der fossilen Ophisaurier. Paleontologia Hungarica parenthetic numeral following the name of a species is the 1:123-220. number of the account for that species in this Catalogue. Ex• Fischer, G. 1813. Sur Ie Jeltopusik. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou tralimital species are indicated by an asterisk. 4:241-252. Gaige, H. T. 1914. A list of the amphibians and reptiles 1. Rudimentary hind limbs present _mm __ nnnm_nnnm 2 observed in Richland County, Illinois in May, 1913. Copeia -Rudimentary hind limbs absent mnm mnnnm._._mmn. 3 (11) :4. 2. Ear region covered with scales, no trace of an external Gray, J. E. 1845. Catalogue of the specimens of lizards ear opening nmmnm mm • mnnmnn_.m __ m_m koellikeri* in the collection of the British Museum. London. xxvii + -External ear opening present m •• • mmmnnm.m apodus* 289 p. 3. Scales along lateral fold 97 or less mnm •• __ mnm_m 4 1853. Descriptions of some undescribed species of reptiles -Scales along lateral fold 98 or more mmn nnm __ m 6 collected by Dr. Joseph Hooker in the Khassia Mountains, 4. Anterior part of body heavily marked with irregular East Bengal, and Sikkim.Himalaya. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., white spots ..__mn • mn_mm_ •• m_m • compressus (13) ser. 2, 12(36) :386-392. -Anterior part of body lacking white spots; spots Giinther, A. 1873. Description of a new saurian (Hyalo• bluish _m •••• mn • __ .m m_m nm_n __ m mmmn __ m n __ nm 5 saurus) allied to Pseudopus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 5. Scales along lateral fold 88-94; dorsal scales in 14-16 11 (39) :351. longitudinal series .n_ ••• __ mmnm •• mm_mn_mmnm gracilis* -Scales along lateral fold 96; dorsal scales in 18 Hellmich, W. 1962. Reptiles and amphibians of Europe. Blanford Press, London. vii + 160 p. longitudinal series m __ mmn __ n nmmm mmn __ n_mn_ wegneri* Hilgendorf, F. 1883. Uber eine fossile Eidechsen (Proseudo• 6. CoIispicuous transverse blue markings present mm_nnm __ 7 pus Fraasii, spec. nova) von Steinheim in Wurttemberg. --No blue markings on body m_nn __ mm mmnm mnm __ 8 7. Two scales in a line between nostril and azygous pre- Sitzungsbr. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin 8:139-142. frontal m m .mm_m_ .mmnnm. mmm mn nnmn harti* Holman, J. A. 1970. Herpetofauna of the Wood Mountain -Three scales in a line between nostril and azygous pre- Formation (Upper Miocene) of Saskatchewan. Canadian

frontal .__.nn nm __ ._mn mm. mnnnm mnmn __ buttikoferi* J. Earth Sci. 7 (5) :1317-1325. 8. Dark stripes or dark pigmentation present below lateral Inger, R. F. 1958. Notes on the Bornean glass snake. Sara· fold m __ m_n_._.mn __ mnm mnnm. n_nm __ mn attenuatus (Ill) wak Mus. J. 801, new series) :479-481.

-No dark stripes or pigmentation below lateral fold mnm 9 Jorg, E. 1965. Ophisaurus acuminatus novo spec. (An• 9. Middorsal stripe distinct throughout body; frontonasal guidae, Reptilia) von der pontischen Wirbeltier-Fundstiite divided; white spots on dorsum absent m __ nn_ ceroni (112) Hewenegg/Hegav. Beitr. Naturk. Forsch. Siidw. Dtl. 24: -Middorsal stripe indistinct or absent; frontonasal 21-30. usually undivided; white spots present on dorsum n.nm 10 Kennicott, R. 1855. Catalogue of animals observed in Cook 10. Distinct white vertical neck bars present 0000 ventralis (115) County, Illinois. Illinois State Ag.· Soc. Trans. for 1853• --White neck bars absent _m • __ mmmnm •• incomptus (14) 1854, 1:577-595. Kormos, T. 1911. Der Plioziine Knochenfund bei Polgardi LITERATURECITED (Vorliiufiger Bericht). Fiildtani Kiizl. 41:1-19. Auffenberg, W. 1955. Glass lizards (Ophisaurus) in the Latreille, P. A. 1801. In C. S. Sonnini and P. A. Latreille, Pleistocene and Pliocene of Florida. Herpetologica 11(2) : Histoire naturelle des reptiles, avec figures dessinees 133-136. d'apres nature. Vol. 2. Deterville, Paris. 332 p. Blyth, E. 1853. Notices and descriptions of various reptiles, Lidth de Jeude, Th. W. van. 1905. Zoological results of the new or little·known. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 22:639----655. Dutch scientific expedition to Central-Borneo. The reptiles. Boettger, O. 1873--1874. Gleiderung d. Cyrenenmergelgruppe Part I. Lizards. Notes Leyden Mus. 25:187-202. 110.3

Linnaeus, C. 1766. Systema naturae. Editio duodecima. 1935. Reptiles of China. Nat. Hist. Central Asia, no. Stockholm. 532 p. 10:lii + 604 p. Mao, S.·H. 1962. A juvenile glass snake, Ophisaurus harti 1956. The reptile world. Alfred A. Knopf Co., New York. (Boulenger) from Taiwan. Bull. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sinica xxvi + 325 + xiii p. 1:131-132. Rooij, Nelly De. 1915. The reptiles of the Indo-Australian McConkey, E. H. 1952. A new subspecies of Ophisaurus Archipelago. E. J. Brill, Leiden. Vol. 1, Lacertilia, attenuatus, with a key to the North American forms. Nat. Chelonia, Emydosauria, xiv + 384 p. Hist. Misc. (Chicago) (02) :1-2. Schmidt, K. P. and R. F. Inger. 1957. Living reptiles of the 1954. A systematic study of the North American lizards world. Doubleday and Co., New York. 287 p. of the genus Ophisaurus. Amer. Midland Nat. 510): Smith, M. A. 1935. The fauna of British India including 133-171. Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London. Vol. 2, Sauria, xiii + 440 p. Merrem, B. 1820. Tentamen systematis amphibiorum. Johann Sochurek, E. 1955. Ein en ander over Scheltopoesik, Ophi• Christian Krieger, Marburg. xv + 191 p. saurus apodus Pallas. Lacerta 14:15-16. Mertens, R. 1959. Eine Panjerschleiche (Ophisaurus) aus Yarrow, H. C. 1882. Check list of North American reptilia Sumatra. Senck. BioI. 400-2) :109-111. and batrachia. U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. (24) :1-249. Meyer, F. A. A. 1795. Synopsis reptilium novam ipsorum sistens generum methodum, nec non Gottingensium hujus J. ALANHOLMAN,MICHIGANSTATEUNIVERSITY,EASTLANSING, MICHIGAN48823. ordinis animalium enumerationem. Gottingen. 32 p. Mlynarski, M. 1956. Lizards from the Pliocene of Poland. Primary editor for this account, Clarence J. McCoy. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 1(2) :135-152. Published 7 December 1971 by the SOCIETYFORTHE STUDYOF Neill, W. T. 1949. Forms of Ophisaurus in the southeastern AMPHIBIANSANDREPTILES. Accounts 1-100 0963-1970) United States. Herpetologica 5 (4) :97-100. were published by the American Society of Ichthyologists Oppel, M. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien, und Gattungen and Herpetologists, aided by a grant (G24231) from the der Reptilien. Miinchen. xii + 8 p. National Science Foundation. Copyright © 1971 by the Pallas, P. S. 1775. Lacerta apoda descripta. Novi Comment. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Acad. Sci. Imper. Petrop. 19:435-454, pl. 9, 10. Petzold, H.-G. 1964. Eine Marokko-Schleiche (Ophisaurus koellikeri) im Tierpark Berlin. Zool. Gart. (Leipzig) 39: For information, write: SSAR Catalogue Committee 184-188. Genera of Reptiles Project Department of Herpetology Pope, C. H. 1929. Notes on reptiles from Fukien and other American Museum of Natural History Chinese provinces. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 58(8): New York, N. Y. 10024 USA 335-487. c