AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808

SURVEY OF CLIMBERS IN THE THEROOR PANCHAYATH, KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, SOUTH INDIA

Arthi A. K. & Mary Kensa V Department of Botany and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil – 629002, Kanyakumari District, M.S University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. India. Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Plants are remarkable source of valuable substances for human beings. These are

showing variation in their habitat as well as their habit. As per climatic conditions, the are

showing their presence in different sites. Some species which are climbing and creeping in

their tendency are referred as climbers and creepers. A climber plant includes tendrils and

creepers having adventitious roots on nodular part of the stem helpful for their climbing and

creeping on any substratum. The present study revealed the climbers of the study area were

represented by 67 species under 50 genera belong to 28 familes (63 dicots, 3 monocots and 1

pteridophyte) (The life span data showed that about 53 of climbers were perennials and the

remainders were annuals 14. Among all the families, and Cucurbitaceae have 8

species followed by Fabaceae 6 species, Vitaceae and Apocynaceae 5 species, Acanthaceae 4

species, Oleaceae, Passifloraceae, Piperaceae and 3 species Nyctaginaceae 2

species and familes with single species are Apiaceae, Araceae, Asclepidaceae, Asparagaceae,

Basellaceae, Bignoniaceae, Colchicaceae, Combretaceae, Malpighiaceae, Mimosaceae,

Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Sapindaceae, Solanaceae and Zygophyllaeae. Twining (43) was

the predominant climbing mechanism in all identified climbers followed by tendrils 15, while

hook climbers 5, root climbers 3 and climber 1.Most of the identified climbers are wild

(26) and the cultivated (28) and the remainders were wild/ cultivated. Every climber showed

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both the left handed as well as right handed coiling. Here there are, 51 right-handed coils and the

remainders 16 are left-handed coiling patterns. (Table: 9; Fig: 6). Based on the regeneration

mode of identified climbers 24 species are regenerated by seeds, followed by 33 species are by

stem cuttings, 8 species are by seed/stem cuttings and 2 species by tubers/stem cuttings. 13

species are comes under aromatic climbers and the remainders 54 are in non aromatic category.

Every climber showed both the left handed as well as right handed coiling. Here there are, 51

right-handed coils and the remainders 16 are left-handed coiling patterns. Over exploitation of

some climber species particularly collection of roots and underground parts from the climbers

causes damage to these plants. Therefore, there are a people for the importance as well as

conservation of these climbers in their original habitat.

Keywords: climatic conditions, habitat, climatic conditions, regeneration and underground parts.

INTRODUCTION

The climbing plants are part of India flora. Some of the climbing species are often exhibit

vigorous growth and fast growing (Baro and Borthakur, 2017). Climbing plants are one of the

most interesting group but a much-neglected group of plant. They also play a part in historical

importance of our ancient buildings which owe their attraction to the green veil which covers up

their architectural or structural defects making them assume perfect beauty in our eyes. They are

weak stemmed plant. The increase in diversity of climbing plants may be due to various reasons

like forest disturbance, change in climatic conditions and formation of tree-gap due to excessive

timber extraction (Raj , 2016). Climbers contribute to their environment by purifies air quality,

water purifiers, conserving water, preserving soil and supporting wild life. They also lower the

air temperature and reduce the heat intensity of the green house effect by maintaining low levels

of carbon dioxide (Raj and Deepak Kumar, 2016). Recent reviews of the role of climbers in

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forest ecosystem (Putz and Mooney, 1991; Schnitzer and Bongers, 2002; Wright et al ., 2004;

Phillips et al ., 2005) have highlighted the abundance, competitive abilities and contribution to

disturbance regimes. Today, climbing plants typically contribute 2-15% of the leaf biomass to

forest (Feamside et al ., 1990; Gerwing and Farias, 2000; Clark et al ., 2008). In climber-rich

areas, they can contribute as much as 40% of the established total biomass (Hegarty and Cabelle,

1991; Perez-Salicrup et al ., 2001). Previous studies on diversity of climbers in different parts of

India suggest that the climbers are the main components of ecosystem, and their conservation is

important to establish their appropriate utilization (Mahajan, 2006; Ajaib et al ., 2012; Singh et

al ., 2013).

The literature collected during this study period with reference to the present work

indicates that there is not much work or the available information regarding Kanyakumari district

is very little. Based on the above background literature, the present work entitled “Survey of

climbers in Theroor panchayath, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, South India” was carried

out.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area

The study area Theroor panchayath is situated in Agasteeswaram taluk, Kanyakumari

district, Tamil Nadu, India. There are approximately 5,290 peoples are live. An average

temperature is 27.9˚C, which does not exceed 30˚C. The heat is very high in April (29.3˚C) and

May (29.7˚C). In October and November there are thunder storm, that is due to depression

coming over from the Bay of Bengal and crossing the district. The rain fall is due to South West

monsoons and also due to return monsoon and from the Bay of Bengal. It is obvious that the

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flora here is very rich containing dry deciduous, semi-evergreen and some moist evergreen

speces. There are mixed type of clay, alluvial soil and red soil are seen.

A field survey was conducted from October 2018 to December 2018 (3 months), to

record the climbing plants are growing on different parts of Theroor panchayath (Plate 3). One

visit was made at every week end. Thus, a total of twelve visits were made to all the practically

possible places in search of climbers. The periodical trips were under taken to the different part

of the study area to get information about climbers. The identification of plant was done using

taxonomic literatures (Gamble and Fischer, 1915; Mathew, 1983; Nair and Henry, 1983) and

with the help of experts.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present study revealed the climbers of the study area were represented by 67 species under

50 genera belong to 28 familes (63 dicots, 3 monocots and 1 pteridophyte) (Table: 1,2,3 and 4;

Fig: 1; Plate: 4). The life span data showed that about 53 of climbers were perennials and the

remainders were annuals 14 (Tables: 7; Figure: 4). Among all the families, Convolvulaceae and

Cucurbitaceae have 8 species followed by Fabaceae 6 species, Vitaceae and Apocynaceae 5

species, Acanthaceae 4 species, Oleaceae, Passifloraceae, Piperaceae and Verbenaceae 3 species

Nyctaginaceae 2 species and familes with single species are Apiaceae, Araceae, Asclepidaceae,

Asparagaceae, Basellaceae, Bignoniaceae, Colchicaceae, Combretaceae, Malpighiaceae,

Mimosaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Sapindaceae, Solanaceae and Zygophyllaeae

(Table: 10; Fig: 7).

Climbing mechanisms differ significantly among the identified climbers in the study area.

Generally, all climbers encountered in the study area possess one of the 5 major mechanism of

climbing. Twining (43) was the predominant climbing mechanism in all identified climbers

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followed by tendrils 15, while hook climbers 5, root climbers 3 and petiole climber 1 (Table: 13;

Fig: 10). Most of the identified climbers are wild (26) and the cultivated (28) and the remainders

were wild/cultivated (13) (Table: 5; Fig: 2). The study reveals that, the different plant parts like

roots, stem, leaves, fruits, flowers, buds, rhizomes are used by the local people of study area

(Table: 3). The identified climbers are used as medicine and economic way ( Abrus precatorius,

Antigonon leptopus, Asparagus racemosus, Asystasia gangetica, Boerhavia diffusa,

Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cayratia pedata, Cayratia trifolia, Cissus quadrangularis, Cissus

vitiginea, Clematis armandii, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Clitoria ternatea, Galphimia glauca,

Gloriosa superba, Hemidesmus indicus, aquatica, Ipomoea bilobata, Ipomoea pes-

trigidis, Lantana camara, Mimosa pudica, Mukia maderaspatana, Passiflora foetida, Pergularia

daemia, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Solanum trilobatum, Thunbergia erecta, Tinospora

cordifolia, Tribulus terrestris as medicine and Allamanda schottii, Cryptostegia grandiflora,

Epipermnum aureum, Jacquemontia caerulea, Jasminum auriculatum, Jasminum grandiflorum,

Merremia quinquefolia, Nephroloepis exaltata, volubilis, Phaseolus vulgaris as economic

and Allamanda cathartica, Basella rubra, Bougainvillea glabra, Centella asiatica, Coccinia

indica, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Ipomoea horsfalliae, , Ipomoea

quamoclit, Jaminum sambac, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa cylindrica, Mansoa alliaceae,

Momordica charantia, Passiflora coccinea, Passiflora edulis, Pentalinon luteum, Piper betle,

Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Quisqualis indica, Thunbergia fragrans, Trichosanthes

cucumarina, Vigna radiata, Vitis vinifera as medicine as well as economic) (Table: 6; Fig: 3).

Based on the percentage of composition, the family Convolvulaceae and Cucurbitaceae

(28.57%), Fabaceae (25%), Vitaceae and Apocynaceae (17.86%), Acanthaceae (14.29%),

Oleaceae, Passifloraceae and Piperaceae (10.71%), Nyctaginaceae and Verbenaceae (7.14%) and

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Apiaceae, Araceae, Asclepidaceae, Asparagaceae, Basellaceae, Bignoniaceae, Combretaceae,

Mimosaceae, Colchicaceae, Malpighiaceae. Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Sapindaceae,

Solanaceae and Zygophyllaeae (3.57%) are distributed in the study area (Table: 8; Fig: 5). The

most abundant climbing species include Allamanda cathartica, Asparagus racemosus, Basella

rubra, Boerhavia diffusa, Bougainvillea glabra, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cayratia pedata,

Centella asiatica, Cissus quadrangularis, Clitoria ternatea, Coccinia indica, Cucumis sativus,

Hemidesmus indicus, , Jacquemontia caerulea, Jasminum auriculatum,

Jasminum grandiflorum, Jasminum sambac, Lablab purpureus, Lantana camara, Luffa

cylindrica, Mimosa pudica, Momordica charantia, Mukia maderaspatana, Nephrolepis exalata,

Phaseolus vulgaris, Piper longum, Quisqualis indica, Solanum trilobatum, Tinospora cordifolia,

Tribulus terrestis, Trichosanthes cucumarina, Vigna radiata. The rare taxa includes Abrus

precatorius, Alllamanda schottii, Antigonon leptopus, Asystasia gangetica, Cayratia trifolia,

Cissus vitaginea,Clematis armandii, Clerodendrum thomsonia, Cryptostegia grandiflora,

Cucurbita pepo, Epipermnum aureum, Galphimia glauca, Gloriosa superba, ,

Ipomoea bilobata, Ipomoea horsfalliae, Ipomoea obscura, Ipomoea pes-trigidis, Lagenaria

siceraria, Mansoa alliaceae, Merrimia quinquefolia, Passiflora coccinea, Passiflora edulis,

Passiflora foetida, Pentainon luteum, Pergullaria daemia, Petrea volubilis, Piper betle, Piper

nigrum, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Thunbergia coccinea, Thunbergia erecta, Thunbergia

fragrans, Vitis vinifera, all of which occurs as one or two specimens in the study area. Based on

the regeneration mode of identified climbers (Table: 11; Fig: 8) 24 species are regenerated by

seeds, followed by 33 species are by stem cuttings, 8 species are by seed/stem cuttings and 2

species by tubers/stem cuttings. 13 species are comes under aromatic climbers and the

remainders 54 are in non aromatic category (Table: 12; Fig: 9). Every climbers showed both the

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left handed as well as right handed coiling. Here there are, 51 right-handed coils and the

remainders 16 are left-handed coiling patterns. (Table: 9; Fig: 6). Based on the regeneration

mode of identified climbers 24 species are regenerated by seeds, followed by 33 species are by

stem cuttings, 8 species are by seed/stem cuttings and 2 species by tubers/stem cuttings. 13

species are comes under aromatic climbers and the remainders 54 are in non aromatic category.

Every climber showed both the left handed as well as right handed coiling. Here there are, 51

right-handed coils and the remainders 16 are left-handed coiling patterns.

The present study recorded different climbing mechanisms. The species of the familes

Convolvulaceae, Curbitaceae are climb by the twining around the host plant or any post, tendril

climbers is the second dominant mechanisms of the present study. Similar studies (Nabe, 2001)

were carried out in different tropical forests. The present study observed that some species,

fruits of climbers produced by the for climbers produced by the lianas for sustaining their

population ( Passiflora edulis , Mukia maderaspatana, Passiflora foetida and Vitis vinifera ) also

sustain numerous birds and other animal species. Therefore, imprudent utilization of climbers

could have significant impacts on the forest biodiversity.

Over exploitation of some climber species particularly collection of roots and

underground parts from the climbers causes damage to these plants. Therefore, there are a

people for the importance as well as conservation of these climbers in their original habitat.

TABLE 1: SURVEY OF CLIMBERS IN THE SELECTED STUDY AREA, THEROOR.

Name of the Plants Family Common Name S. No 1. Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Coral Brad 2. Allamanda cathartica L. Apocynaceae Golden trumpet 3. Allamanda schottii Pohl. Apocynaceae Allamanda 4. Antigonon leptopus Hook&Arn. Polygonaceae Coral vine 5. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Asparagaceae Shatavari

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6. Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Acanthaceae Creeping foxglove Anderson. 7. Basella rubra L. Basellaceae Indian spinach 8. Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Red Spiderling 9. Bougainvillea glabra Choisy. Nyctaginaceae Paper flower 10. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Balloon vine 11. Cayratia pedata (Wall.) Gagnep. Vitaceae Birdfoot grape vine 12. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin. Vitaceae Bush grape 13. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Apiaceae Indian pennywort 14. Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Devil’s back bone 15. Cissus vitiginea L. Vitaceae Tree bine 16. Clematis armandii Franch. Ranunculaceae Armand clematis 17. Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf. Verbenaceae Bleeding-heart vine 18. Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Butterfly pea 19. Coccinia indica L. Cucurbitaceae Ivy Gourd 20. Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. Apocynaceae Rubber vine 21. Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae Cucumber 22. Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitaceae Pumpkin 23. Epipermnum aureum (Linden & Araceae Devil’s ivy Andre) G.S. Bunting. 24. Galphimia glauca Cav. Malpighiaceae Gold shower 25. Gloriosa superba L. Colchiaceae Flame lily 26. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Indian sarsaparilla 27. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Convolvulaceae Water morning glory 28. Ipomoea bilobata (Roxb.) G. Don. Convolvulaceae Tiger’s foot print 29. Ipomoea horsfalliae Hook. Convolvulaceae Cardinal creeper 30. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Convolvulaceae White morning glory 31. Ipomoea pes-trigidis L. Convolvulaceae Tiger’s foot print 32. Ipomoea quamoclit L. Convolvulaceae Mayil Manickam 33. Jacquemontia caerulea Choisy. Convolvulaceae Morning glory 34. Jasminum auriculatum Vahl. Oleaceae Juhi 35. Jasminum grandiflorum L. Oleaceae Wild Jasmine 36. Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton. Oleaceae Arabian Jasmine 37. Lablab purpureus L. Fabaceae Chyacinth beans 38. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Cucurbitaceae Long melon 39. Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae West Indian lantana 40. Luffa cylindrica Mill. Cucurbitaceae Sponge gourd 41. Mansoa alliaceae (Lam.) A.H. Bignoniaceae Garlic vine Gentry. 42. Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallierf. Convolvulaceae Rock rosemary 43. Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae Touch me not 44. Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Bitter Melon 45. Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Cucurbitaceae Madras pea pumpkin 46. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott. Nephrolepidaceae Sword fern 47. Passiflora coccinea Aubl. Passifloraceae Red passion flower

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48. Passiflora edulis Sims. Passifloraceae Passion fruit 49. Passiflora foetida L. Passifloraceae Stinking passion flower 50. Pentalinon luteum (L.) B.F. Apocynaceae Wild allamanda Hansen&Wunderlin. 51. Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Choiv. Asclepidaceae Hair knot plant

52. Petrea volubilis L. Verbenaceae Purple wreath

53. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Fabaceae Green bean

54. Piper betle L. Piperaceae Betel leaf

55. Piper longum L. Piperaceae Long pepper

56. Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Black pepper

57. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) Fabaceae Winged bean D.C.

58. Quisqualis indica L. Combretaceae Rangoon creeper

59. Solanum trilobatum L. Solanaceae Thoothuvalai

60. Thunbergia coccinea Wall. Acanthaceae Scarlet clock vine

61. Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Acanthaceae King’s mandle Anderson.

62. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Acanthaceae White lady

63. Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers. Menispermaceae Heart-leaved moon seed

64. Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Nerunji

65. Trichosanthes cucumarina L. Cucubitaceae Snake gourd

66. Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek. Fabaceae Mung beans

67. Vitis vinifera L. Vitaceae Grape vine

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DICOTS, MONOCOTS AND PROPORTION OF PTERIDOPHYTES CLIMBING PLANTS IDENTIFIED IN THE IDENTIFIED IN THE STUDY AREA STUDY AREA 13 3 1 26 Wild Dicots Cultivated Monocots Ptreidophytes 28 Wild/Cultivat ed 63

USE PATTERN OF DIVERSITY OF PERENIALS AND CLIMBING PLANTS ANNUALS IDENTIFIED IN THE IDENTIFIED IN THE STUDY AREA STUDY AREA 40 14 29 28 30 20 10 10 Medincine Annuals 0 Both Perenials NO. OF PLANTS NO.OF Economic

53 USEFULL PATTERN

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REGENERTION METHODS OF IDENTIFIED CLIMBERS IN THE STUDY AREA 2 8

24 SEED STEM CUTTING SEED/STEM CUTTING TUBER/STEM CUTING

33

Fig: 8

AROMATIC AND NON - CLIMBING PLANTS SHOWS AROMATIC CLIMBERS THEIR CLIMBING MODE IDENTIFIED IN THE STUDY AREA 3 1 5 HOOK CLIMBER 13 15 TWINNING CLIMBER Aromatic TENDRIL plants CLIMBER Non -Aromatic ROOT CLIMBER plants PETIOLE 43 CLIMBER 54

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DOMINANT FAMILES OF IDENTIFIED CLIMBERS IN THE SELECTED STUDY AREA 9 Acanthaceae 8 8 Apiaceae 8 Apocynaceae 7 Araceae Asclepidaceae 7 Asparagaceae Basellaceae 6 Bignoniaceae 5 5 Combretaceae 5 Convolvulaceae 4 Cucurbitaceae 4 Fabaceae 3 3 3 Lamiaceae 3 Liliaceae 2 2 Malpighiaceae 2 Menispermaceae Nephrolepidaceae Number Number ofplants 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nyctaginaceae 1 Oleaceae Passifloraceae 0 Piperaceae Polygonaceae Ranunculaceae Sapindaceae

Araceae Solanaceae Vitaceae Liliaceae Oleaceae Fabaceae Apiaceae Verbenaceae Lamiaceae Piperaceae Solanaceae Basellaceae Sapindaceae Acanthaceae

Verbenaceae Vitaceae Apocynaceae Bignoniaceae Polygonaceae Asparagaceae Combretaceae Cucurbitaceae Passifloraceae Asclepidaceae Nyctaginaceae Malpighiaceae

Ranunculaceae Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllaceae Convolvulaceae Menispermaceae Nephrolepidaceae Name of the family CONCLUSION

Presently, many forest sites of Southern Western Ghats are subjected to various

anthropogenic pressures and the data of plant diversity, such as this on lianas will be useful in

highlighting the importance of these forests in species conservation and forest management.

Climbers contribute significantly to biodiversity and have high ecological significance in their

respective ecosystems. They can constitute to the carbon budget of tropical forests with as much

as 10% of fresh above-ground biomass. Therefore, conserving the biodiversity of climber within

their respective ecosystems is highly important for supporting healthy functioning of the forest

ecosystems. Therefore, there is a need to create awareness among the local people for the

importance as well as conservation of these climbers in their original habitat.

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