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Study on Passenger Transport by Taxi, Hire Car with Driver and Ridesharing in the EU

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Study on Passenger Transport by Taxi, Hire Car with Driver and Ridesharing in the EU Study on passenger transport by taxi, hire car with driver and ridesharing in the EU Final Report Study contract no. MOVE/D3/SER/2015-564/SI2.715085 Prepared by: Simona Frazzani (Grimaldi), Gabriele Grea (CERTeT Università Luigi Bocconi), Alessandro Zamboni (Wavestone). Supervision: Prof. Avv. Francesco Sciaudone (Grimaldi), Prof. Oliviero Baccelli (CERTeT Università Luigi Bocconi). Project direction: Simona Frazzani (Grimaldi). 26 September 2016 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport Directorate C - Land Unit C.1 - Road Transport Contact: Peter SZATMARI E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Study on passenger transport by taxi, hire car with driver and ridesharing in the EU TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 7 I. Legal analysis of the regulatory and administrative frameworks ......................... 7 II. Market analysis ....................................................................................... 12 III. In-depth case studies .............................................................................. 16 IV. Results of the consumer panel .................................................................. 20 V. Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................. 21 I. OVERVIEW .................................................................................................... 25 II. LEGAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................... 26 II.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 26 II.2 List of definitions .................................................................................... 26 II.3 Current legislative reforms as of 20 September 2016 .................................. 28 II.3.1 Recently completed reforms ............................................................... 28 II.3.2 Ongoing reforms ............................................................................... 29 II.4 Taxis ..................................................................................................... 30 II.4.1 Licences .......................................................................................... 30 II.4.2 Organisational requirements .............................................................. 38 II.4.3 Technical requirements ...................................................................... 40 II.4.4 Accessibility ..................................................................................... 40 II.4.5 Fares ............................................................................................... 41 II.4.6 Passenger rights ............................................................................... 43 II.4.7 Labour rules and results for the taxi sector .......................................... 43 II.4.8 Enforcement..................................................................................... 46 II.4.9 Dispatch centres ............................................................................... 46 II.4.10 Taxi web applications ........................................................................ 48 II.4.11 Taxis as paratransit service/integrated mobility service ......................... 50 II.4.12 Public support and subsidies to the taxi sector ...................................... 51 II.5 Hire cars with driver ................................................................................ 52 II.5.1 General legal framework .................................................................... 52 II.5.2 Authorisations .................................................................................. 53 II.5.3 Organisational requirements .............................................................. 54 II.5.4 Geographical restrictions ................................................................... 56 II.5.5 Intermediaries .................................................................................. 56 II.5.6 Technical requirements ...................................................................... 57 II.5.7 Labour rules ..................................................................................... 58 II.6 Ridesharing and car sharing ..................................................................... 58 II.6.1 The definition of ridesharing ............................................................... 58 II.6.2 Car sharing ...................................................................................... 59 II.6.3 Ridesharing (Carpooling) intermediaries .............................................. 59 II.6.4 Current national approach to ridesharing ............................................. 61 4 Study on passenger transport by taxi, hire car with driver and ridesharing in the EU III. MARKET ANALYSIS ..................................................................................... 63 III.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 63 III.2 Grimaldi data collection ........................................................................... 64 III.3 Market Players ........................................................................................ 64 III.3.1 Taxis ............................................................................................... 64 III.3.2 Taxi apps ......................................................................................... 65 III.3.3 Hire cars with driver .......................................................................... 65 III.3.4 Ridesharing ...................................................................................... 66 III.3.5 Observations .................................................................................... 67 III.4 Licences/Authorisations ........................................................................... 67 III.4.1 Taxis ............................................................................................... 67 III.4.2 Hire cars with driver .......................................................................... 70 III.5 Costs of licences/authorisations ................................................................ 71 III.6 Number of companies, vehicles and drivers ................................................ 75 III.7 Fares ..................................................................................................... 78 III.8 Taxi drivers’ gross average turnover .......................................................... 86 III.9 Incentives to hire transport sector ............................................................ 88 III.10 Market dynamics analysis ..................................................................... 88 III.11 Methodological approach ....................................................................... 89 III.12 Data sources, cross cutting figures ......................................................... 90 III.12.1 Market factors and indicators .......................................................... 91 III.13 Other market factors ............................................................................ 96 III.13.1 Fares ............................................................................................ 99 III.14 Local units ........................................................................................ 102 III.14.1 Mapping overview ........................................................................ 102 III.14.2 Capacity and growth .................................................................... 103 III.14.3 Impact elements .......................................................................... 105 III.15 Turnover ........................................................................................... 107 III.15.2 Capacity and growth .................................................................... 108 III.15.3 Impact elements .......................................................................... 110 III.16 Employment ...................................................................................... 112 III.16.1 Mapping overview ........................................................................ 112 III.16.2 Capacity and growth .................................................................... 113 III.16.3 Impact elements .......................................................................... 116 III.17 Wages and salaries ............................................................................ 117 III.17.1 Mapping overview ........................................................................ 117 III.17.2 Capacity and growth .................................................................... 119 III.17.3 Impact elements .........................................................................
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