Copyright 2013 International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology ISBN: 978-0-9845627-3-2 No animals were harmed in the production of this book. TABLE OF CONTENTS - 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 Introduction: Steering the Cultural Dynamics Yoshihisa Kashima, Emiko S. Kashima, & Ruth Beatson (Editors) SPECIAL TOPIC: CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT 8 A Psycho-Cultural Program of Research to Assist Children Affected by the Sichuan Earthquake, China, 12 May, 2008 Daphne Keats 9 The Background to the Research: Cultural, Theoretical and Methodological Issues Daphne Keats and Shuguang Wang 15 A Qiang Perspective on Promoting the Rehabilitation of Children Affected by the Earthquake S. Chai, Xian Gui Yang, and Shuguang Wang 18 Situational Analysis from Two Studies Facilitating the Development of a Psycho-Cultural Rehabilitation Program for Children Affected by the 12 May 2008 Earthquake in Sichuan, China Shuguang Wang, Daphne Keats, Melissa Gao, S. Zhang, Xian Gui Yang, and S. Chai 26 Building a Culturally Appropriate Intervention Program to Assist Children’s Rehabilitation after the Sichuan Earthquake of 12 May, 2008 Melissa Gao, Daphne Keats, and Shuguang Wang METHODOLOGY OF CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH 34 Ensuring Rigor in Qualitative Research within the field of Cross-Cultural Psychology Carolin Demuth 41 Arts-Based Research in Cultural Mental Health Erminia Colucci CULTURE CHANGE 49 Cultural and Environmental Changes: Cognitive Adaptation to Global Warming Annamaria Lammel, Elisa Guillen Gutierrez, Emilie Dugas, and Frank Jamet 59 Is There Cultural Change In The National Cultures Of Indonesia? Wustari L. H. Mangundjaya Introduction - 4 CULTURALLY INFORMATED COGNITION 69 Does Importing of Everyday Mathematics to the Classroom Guarantee better Mathematics Learning? Lessons from a Study of Ngoni/Tumbuka Learners in Zambia Zanzini B. Ndhlovu 76 Task Switching in English-Chinese Bilinguals: A Life Span Approach Li Qu, Joel J. W. Low, Pei Shan Chong, Dawn W. L. Lim, and Keren-Happuch F. F. E 85 Development of Theory of Mind in English-speaking Chinese Singaporean Preschoolers Li Qu, Pinxiu Shen, and Fan Qianqian 95 A Comparison of Chinese and Western Interpretations of Cause, Will, and Free Will Martin E. Morf 102 Social, Cultural, and Environmental Drivers of International Students’ Fear of Crime: A Cognitive Behavioral Perspective Lin Xiong and Kosmas X. Smyrnios 111 Attitudes towards Youth Suicide: A Comparison Between Italian, Indian and Australian Students Erminia Colucci and Harry Minas SELF, IDENTITY AND PERSONALITY 118 Relation between Self-Esteem Instability and Expectation and Motivation after Failure among Japanese University Students Ai Fukuzawa and Susumu Yamaguchi 124 Transmission and Regeneration of Sikh Self: Culture in the Making Preeti Kapur and Girishwar Misra 131 Does Tolerance Reflect a more Inclusive Self-Construal? A Comparison of Poland, East and West Germany Maja Schachner, Toby Robertson, Fons J. R. van de Vijver, Friedrich Funke, and Dorota Brzezinska 140 The Relationship Between Collectivism and Climate: A Review of the Literature Alfred Presbitero 147 The Impact of Social Context on Preschoolers’ Flexibility Li Qu, Lin Shuhui Audrey, Low Pei Jun, and Ng Hui Qun 154 A Psycholexical Study of Personality Trait Structure of Hindi Speaking Indians Jitendra Kumar Singh and Girishwar Misra 160 The Effectiveness of Two Treatments to Enhance Academic Self-Concept among Low- Achieving Secondary School Students in China Lan Yang and David Watkins Introduction - 5 167 Argumentation among Family Members in Italy and Switzerland: A Cross-Cultural Perspective Francesco Arcidiacono and Antonio Bova WORK, MANAGEMENT, AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 175 Time Horizon in German Management: Goal-Orientated Helix Erich Hölter 182 Worker Wellbeing in Malaysia: Prediction of Wellbeing from Psychosocial Work Environment, Organizational Justice and Work Family Conflict R Zirwatul Aida R Ibrahim and Keis Ohtsuka 190 Relationship between Leader-Member Exchanges with Organizational Citizenship Behaviour E. S. Jaya and W. L. Mangundjaya 195 The Explanations for Unemployment Scale: An Eight-Country Study on Factor Equivalence Kostas Mylonas, Adrian Furnha, Emmanouil Konstantinidis, Sofia Papazoglou, William Divale, Cigdem Leblebici, Sonia Gondim, Angela Moniz, Hector Grad, Jose Luis Alvaro, Romeo Zeno Cretu, Anna Filus, and Pawel Boski 204 Work Motivation, Personality, and Culture: Comparing Australia and India Trishita C. Mathew, Richard E. Hicks, and Mark Bahr 208 Report of the XX International Congress of the International Association for Cross- Cultural Psychology Cross-Cultural Psychology Bulletin, 2011 Yoshi Kashima Introduction - 6 Introduction: Steering the Cultural Dynamics Yoshihisa Kashima, Emiko S. Kashima, & Ruth Beatson (Editors) University of Melbourne, Australia Melbourne, Australia, hosted the 20th International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology in 2010. Under the shadow of Icelandic volcanic activities and global financial crises, cultures were changing around the world in many ways – threats of climate change, challenges of globalization, and changing balance of political, economic, and military powers. Befit- tingly, the congress theme was set as Culture Change: Meet the Chal- lenge to encourage ourselves to think and talk about these contem- porary issues. Bringing the format of the congress proceedings into the 21st century, this e-Book is a selection of papers presented at the congress. The title of the book, Steering the Cultural Dynamics, was chosen with this in mind. Culture changes are historical processes that perhaps push us all forward with irresistible force; yet, human- ity may be able to steer the dynamics involving culture change. It is an expression of our hope that our discipline can contribute to the collective human effort to shape our own common future. The book is organized into six sections. Titled Cross-Cultural Psychology and Disaster Management, the first section collects pa- pers presented at a symposium organized by a former president of the IACCP, Daphne Keats, on cross-cultural psychology’s response to the Sichuan Earthquake of 2008. We often learn about natural and human made disasters in the current globalized information environment. In fact, the frequency of such occurrences seems increasing at an alarm- ing rate: earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, and fires. Whereas some countries in which institutions and facilities with psychological knowledge and expertise exist may be able to cope with such disasters and their psychological aftermaths, cross-cultural psychology can make contributions to those cases where indigenous institutions of psychological disaster management are lacking. The papers collected in this section provide a case study of cross-cultural psychology’s contributions and blaze a new trail in this area where cross-cultural research and practice is urgently needed. The second section is on methodology of cross-cultural research. Traditionally, cross-cultural psychology has been strongly quantitative – standardized research instruments and experimental procedures have been its forte and staple food over the decades. Yet, recent developments in cross-cultural research call for the use of a variety of methods. Not only the standard methods of cross-cultural psychology, but also more qualitative or other creative methods of information gathering and knowledge justification are needed. Often qualitative research methods are met with scepticism about their rigor. Demuth’s paper addresses this pressing issue with clarity. Colucci’s paper introduces a new arts-based method to cross-cultural psychology, which is at once rich and evocative. Experimentation with new methods would certainly enrich the field’s capacity to meet new chal- lenges in the changing world. So, the third section collects two papers that examine the questions of culture change. Lammel et al.’s paper examines issues surrounding culture change in the face of environmental changes due to global warming. People from different cultural backgrounds construe climate change differently and their responses will also Introduction - 7 be fundamentally shaped by their culturally imbued construals of the climate. This paper is an examination of this fundamental question in France and New Caledonia. Mangundjaya’s contribution compares the results of a recent measure of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in Indonesia to Hofstede’s earlier results and discuss whether Indonesian culture has changed or not. It is an important first step to a rigorous examination of culture change, which many cross-cultural researchers will find fascinating. The next three sections collect papers in cognition, self and personality, and social behaviour in work settings, three research areas where cross-cultural psychology has traditionally had a strong presence. Collected under the heading of Culturally Informed Cognition are diverse papers that examine cognitive ability (math- ematics learning by Ndhlovu; task switching by Qu et al.), cultural shaping of folk psychological knowledge structures (theory of mind by Qu et al.; conceptions of freewill by Morf), cultural shaping of people’s views about crimes and suicide (crime by Xiong & Smyrnios; youth suicide by Colucci & Minas). Self, Identity, and Personality collects papers that delve into many aspects of self and personality processes. Under investigation are the dynamics involving self experience in Japan (Fukuzawa & Yamaguchi) and the Sikh