Bird Movements and Concerns to Aircraft Movment

STUDY ON BIRD HAZARD AND ITS MITIGATION AT MULTI SECTOR SEZ LOCATED NEAR RGI AIRPORT

APRIL 2018

STUDY ON BIRD HAZARD AND ITS MITIGATION

AT MULTI SECTOR SEZ LOCATED NEAR RGI AIRPORT

PART 1

Principal Investigator : Dr. P.Pramod Co Investigators : Dr. P.V.Karunakaran : Dr. P.R.Arun ; Dr. Riddhika Kalle : Dr. T. Ramesh Junior Research Biologists : Mr. Yogesh Waghmare : Mr. Shantanu Nagpure

Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, (A Centre of Excellence under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India) Anaikkatty, P.O.Coimbatore 641108 April 2018

Contents

1 Executive Summary 3

2 Introduction 5

3 Study Area 6

4 The Problem 6

5 Methodology 7

6 Results: Vegetation and Floristics 8

7 Results: Bird Community 12

Discussion & Conclusion 8 14 Bird movements and concerns to aircraft movment

9 References 15

10 Tables 16

11 Maps and Photos 25

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Study on bird hazard and its mitigation at the Multi Sector SEZ located near RGI Airport

Executive Summary

GMR Hyderabad Aviation SEZ Limited approached SACON with a request to study the bird community of the Multi Sector SEZ located near Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA), Hyderabad to comprehensively study the possible threat to the aircraft movement due to the activities proposed at the SEZ area. This request was as per the direction of the Environment Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India. When a proposal for the up-gradation of the existing sector specific SEZ to Multi sector SEZ was given to the Ministry, EAC observed that the “bird hazard” may be a serious concern for aviation sector and a comprehensive study must be conducted by a reputed institution such as SACON, not just for airport, but also for SEZ areas, especially due the fact that multi-sector SEZ can attract birds and if not planned well, can have serious risks to aircrafts”. After the agreement of Study signed between SACON and GMR Hyderabad Aviation SEZ Limited, SACON’s team of researchers visited the locations and initiated the study.

During the field visits to the facilities, the study team received all the details about the project from the officials and also got opportunity to examine the relevant documents. The GMR Aerospace Park situated near the RGI airport within 2-3 kilometers from the centre of runway and contains several facilities primarily related to the aviation sector. It has a 253.85 special economic zone (SEZ), which includes a 20-acre Free Trade and Warehousing Zone, as well as a Domestic Tariff Area. The SEZ is already in existence and has an environmental clearance.

The expansion project involves conversion of Aviation SEZ to Multi sector SEZ. The proposed conversion is within the aviation SEZ land has already been in possession and converted to industrial use. The said project is explained to us as an up-gradation of the existing sector specific SEZ to Multi sector SEZ to meet the business feasibility and industrial interests received from prospective SEZ customers. The proposal for the change of Aviation SEZ to Multi Sector SEZ will have industrial units/activities relating to aviation, gems & jewellery, electronic assembly, IT Service, formulation of pharma, mechanical & electrical engineering units, office building & support facilities & utilities etc. The scope of the study is limited to the following terms of reference agreed upon:

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 Documentation of Baseline avifauna data of SEZ area including RGIA area.

 Assessment of Bird Hazard to the Hyderabad airport from the perspective of proposed multi sector SEZ and suggest bird hazard mitigation and management options for the RGIA and SEZ covering the following aspects:

o General bird species composition at project site o Bird movement patterns between SEZ and Runway areas o Identification of important roosting and nesting sites within project areas o Study on how additional infrastructure of SEZ affect bird composition and presence and will that lead to aviation risk if any

o Provide bird presence and movement pattern on a map clearly showing SEZ and Runway areas

o If found any significant bird movement/presence suggest mitigation measures. This Part 1 report presents a quick review of the bird community of SEZ area, their habitat characteristics and its potential threat to the aircrafts if any in RGI Airport, Hyderabad. The comprehensive study report covering all aspects of bird hazards to the RGI Airport will be submitted at Part II at the end of the project period. During the study period, we have collected some pre-existing data on the bird activity of the airport airside area from RGIA Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard Management (BASHM) team. However there was no such data from the SEZ area. Hence preliminary observations and data collection was conducted for about a month concentrating only on SEZ area. Eighty nine species of birds were recorded from SEZ area during the study. As per site there are very few bird movements in the SEZ area which at present has little to do with the commercial facilities available in the area. Present data of bird community of the area were collected from semi-wild and degraded vegetation available in the land. When converted and unconverted land areas were compared, bird species and population was found to be more in natural and unconverted area. Considering the line of changes expected in the proposed expansion area, the populations of birds are only going to be less and we expect decrease in any bird hazard to aircraft due to these proposed activities. However there are incidental observations which are not connected to SEZ which can be a serious threat to the future bird hazard to the aircraft in RGI Airport, Hyderabad. Hence, the study will continue for the next four months as per the agreement to give a comprehensive review (as Part II report ) of all aspects of bird hazards within RGIA area and its premises.

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INTRODUCTION

Birds pose a serious threat to aviation safety. Since the early days of aviation, collisions of aircraft and birds have taken place, sometimes with fatal consequences. Generally, the damage increases with the size and weight of the bird species involved and the aircraft speed and impact location. Also large flocking birds are considered to be the greatest threat to aircrafts (Birds control at Airport, 1999). Studies on bird-strikes to aircraft in India are limited. According to Indian Air Force, that there was an almost equal chance that they could lose a pilot and/or aircraft from the birds strike as from combat. (Aravind, et al 2014).

Hyderabad is one of the largest cities in India and is the capital of Telangana state. Hyderabad city has two airports, first is Begumpet Airport or Old Hyderabad airport, which was used for International and Domestic flights, was overtaken in air traffic by the second airport, Rajiv Gandhi International airport which was opened in March 2008. Rajiv Gandhi International airport (R.G.I. Airport) is a joint venture comprising GMR Group, Airport Authority of India, Government of Telangana and Malaysia Airport Holding, Berhad. R.G.I. Airport is Public Private Partnership model (PPP); it is located in Shamshabad about 24 kilometers from the Hyderabad city and lies in Southern part of city. R.G.I. Airport is the sixth busiest airport by passenger traffic with yearly aircraft movement of 1, 43,114. The airport has one passenger terminal, a cargo terminal and two runways.

 Runway 09L/27R: 3,707 by 45 metres (12,162 ft × 148 ft).

 Runway 09R/27L: 4,260 by 60 metres (13,980 ft × 200 ft), ILS equipped.

GMR Aerospace Park is situated at the Eastern most tip of the runway of RGIA. The GMR Aerospace Park contains several facilities primarily related to the aviation sector. As the bird hazard is a serious concern for aviation sector, the survey of flora and fauna has to be carried out due to the fact that expansion of aviation SEZ can become habitat of birds and other animals if not planned well and can have a serious risk to aircrafts. The present study is a comprehensive evaluation of the bird diversity, its habitats and their activities with respect to SEZ & its surrounding and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport and its surrounding with the following objectives:

1. Study the bird species composition in and around airport area with focus on multipurpose SEZ area.

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2. Study the bird movement patterns between SEZ and runway with regard to the bird hazard to aircrafts. 3. Identify important roosting and nesting sites within and near project areas 4. Identify how additional infrastructures and activities of SEZ affect bird composition and habitat that lead to aviation risk. 5. Develop comprehensive mitigation plans for the bird hazard to aircraft if any.

STUDY AREA

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) is located in Shamshabad, about 24 kilometres south of Hyderabad in the Indian state of Telangana. Geographically it is located between 170 15’ 13.85”to 170 13’ 46” N and 780 23’ 17.25” to 780 27’ 52.68” E at an elevation of 617 m from MSL.

During our study (Part 1 report), we were focused on SEZ (Special Economic Zone) area which is located near to the RGI airport. SEZ area comes near the two km radius from center of runway and lies between 2km and 5km radius area. The GMR Aerospace Park contains several facilities primarily related to the aviation sector. It has a 253.85 acre special economic zone (SEZ), which includes a 20-acre Free Trade and Warehousing Zone, as well as a domestic tariff area. The expansion project involves conversion of Aviation SEZ to Multi sector SEZ at Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. The proposed conversion is within the approved aviation SEZ and land has already been in possession and converted to industrial use. The said project is an up-gradation of the existing sector specific SEZ to Multi sector SEZ to meet the business feasibility and industrial interests received from prospective SEZ customers. The proposal is for the change of Aviation SEZ to Multi Sector SEZ that will have industrial units/activities relating to aviation, gems & jewellery, electronic assembly, IT Service, formulation of pharma, mechanical & electrical engineering units, office building & support facilities & utilities etc.. No additional land is required as part of the proposed conversion. Entire development will take place within the approved SEZ area of 253.85 acres.

THE PROBLEM

GMR Hyderabad Aviation SEZ Limited paced a proposal for the up-gradation of the existing Aviation SEZ to Multi Sector SEZ in the same area of 253.85 acres at Rajiv Gandhi International

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Airport in Shamsabad, District Rangareddy (Telangana). The proposed Multi-Sector SEZ would be housing industrial units/activities relating to aviation, , gems & jewellery, electronic assembly, IT Service, formulation of pharma, mechanical & electrical engineering units, office building & support facilities & utilities etc.. Though the SEZ has an environmental clearance, Environment Appraisal Committee of the MOEFCC observed that the “bird hazard is a serious concern for aviation sector and comprehensive study must be done by a reputed institution such as SACON, not just for airport, but also for SEZ areas, especially due the fact that multi-sector SEZ can attract birds and if not planned well, can have serious risks to aircrafts”. Hence, GMR Hyderabad Aviation SEZ Limited has approached SACON for conducting a comprehensive bird study in the RGIA with special emphasis on SEZ area in a period of six months. The study has two Parts 1 for SEZ as “Study on bird hazard and its mitigations at multi sector SEZ located near RGIAirport” and Part II as “Comprehensive review of bird hazard management at RGIA”, SACON completed the investigation &inventory of birds and vegetation at SEZ area as the first phase and presenting here the Part 1report with a focus on SEZ area.

METHODOLOGY

Field Methods

Field research methods which are being employed in this include the collection of data on various ecological aspects including identification of birds in the airfield and SEZ, their movements over time and space, study of land-cover, land-use and plant community composition. GIS mapping and a brief assessment of landscape characteristics, vegetation and water bodies in and around the airport for about 10 km radius would be conducted along with the bird activity monitoring in the entire landscape with the focus on the airfield.

Study of Bird community and movement

The study employs the systematic inventory of all the bird species present in the airport area through systematic observation and recording using random search, point counts and transect count methods. Among the birds available in the airport environment all the species are not having a history of causing bird hazards. So the data on number, activity pattern and behaviour of each bird species are being collected systematically. Point counts of birds (Reynolds et al., 1980) are the most widely used quantitative method, which involve an observer recording birds from a single point for a standardized time period.

Fifteen minute counts of birds in each point are conducted in representatively selected points for the comprehensive study in the study area. Birds which were observed to be roosting/resting or involved

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in any activities including flying ahead in each of the site were recorded. For population assessment, counting of birds is being conducted equally in two observation windows such as 6.00 – 10.00 hrs, and 14.00-18.00 hrs.

Many species were detected while travelling to and from survey points, or outside standard survey times or survey sites. Birds were identified opportunistically either by their call or by their appearance. All of these sightings, their locations, dates and time were recorded. All the survey points and locations were mapped with the help of GPS mapping. All associated weather and landscape parameters were recorded along with the bird observation.

Plant Community Composition

A floristic inventory of habitat was carried out in the SEZ area. The plant species identified with the help of available regional flora. The confirmation of species identification was carried out through consulting herbarium repositories in Botanical Survey of India (BSI) and Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB) and online resources.

RESULTS

The diversity and life of birds in any location is primarily dependent on the resources available for them in the areas in terms of food, nesting places and safe refuge in the location. Vegetation and flora of the area is the primary determining factor in this case. So here the primary results are presented in two titles of plant community and bird community with the concluding discussion on the significant observations of bird community movements.

VEGETATION AND FLORISTICS

The vegetation of the area falls under the dry mixed deciduous forest type. The original forest type of the area was highly modified as part of the creation of International Airport and Special Economic Zone. Hence only sites with sparse representation of the trees and shrubs are found in the SEZ. Out of the total 100 ha of SEZ, vegetation has been almost nil from all the plots (the SEZ has been divided into smaller plots) for the multi-sectoral agencies to come and establish their industrial/economic units. In some areas, only grasslands are prevailing and at certain pockets, the planted (e.g., Leucaena leucocephala) trees and other native species are left. The tree species found area Bauhinia racemosa, Butea monosperma, Leucaena leucocephala, Casia, Catunaregam spinosa, Acacia leucophloea, Acacia nilotica, Albizia amara, Dalbergia lanceolaria, Diospyros melanoxylon, Flacourtia indica, Pongamia

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pinnata, Prosopis juliflora, Lannea coromandelica, and Tectona grandis are the common tree species found in the area. The shrub stratum is predominantly represented by Zizyphus mauritiana. Dodonea viscosa, Zizyphus oenoplea, Breynia retusa, Bridelia montana, Grewia oppositifolia, Naringi crenulata, Scutia myrtina, Vitex negundo, Flueggea leucopyrus, Carissa carandas, Lantana camara, and Jatropha gossypifolia. The herbaceous flora was dominated with grasses and other woody species such as Boerhavia diffusa, Blumea lacera, Crotalaria laburnifolia, Indigo feralinnaei, Parthenium hysterophorus, Sida acuta, Euphorbia hirta, Crotalaria laburnifolia, Polycarpaea corymbosa, etc. The common grass species found are Heteropogon contortus, Apluda mutica, Themeda quadrivalivis and Chloris barbata.

Floral inventory was carried out by perambulating the entire special economic zone (SEZ) area. The SEZ area was divided into several plots and vegetation at some of the plots was completely nil & paving way for construction. Hence species which were distributed scantily could be available for documentation. Similarly being summer season, few of the herbaceous elements of the flora are dried and could not be identifiable and even in the small wetland area (which is dried up now), there were no hydrophytes. The Specimens of plant species were collected and identified with the help of available literatures Pullaiahet al (1992); Pullaiahet al., (2007) and Pullaiah and Karuppusamay (2008). The online resources such as E-floras (http://www.efloras.org), International Plant Names Index (http://ipni.org), The Annual Checklist of Worlds Plants (http://.sp2000.org) and The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org) were also consulted for background information, authentication and rechecking.

10% Floristic composition 24% Climber The inventory of different micro

Herb habitats in the SEZ area indicated that the area is moderately rich in plant Shrub species richness. The present inventory Tree recorded a total of 104 flowering plant 17% 49% species under 95 genera belonging to 38 families (Table 1). The habit wise distribution of species indicated that Figure 1. Habit wise representation of species

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among the recorded species, 49% are herbs, 24% are trees, 17% are shrubs, and 10% are climbers and stragglers (Figure 1). Of the herbs, 13 species (27%) are grasses.

Out of the 104 flowering plant species recorded, only one species is categorized under endangered (Santalum album), and one under vulnerable (Narengi crenulata) The species Santalum album was found along the boundary wall of the SEZ, Similarly the species N.crenulataalso was recorded from the already wooded region earmarked as Green Zone in the SEZ.

Among the 38 reported in the study area, the family Poaceae and Fabaceae are the dominant one with 12 species each, followed by Asteraceae(11 species) and Euphorbiaceae (7 species). Rhamnaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae and Boraginaceaeare represented by 3 species each. (Figure2). The other plant families recorded with significant number of species are Euphorbiaceae (7 species), Mimosaceae(6 species) and Convolvulaceae (5 species).Out of the 38 families, 17 are monotypic families and nine families are represented with two species each (Table1).

Amaranthace… Rhamnaceae Lamiaceae Boraginaceae Convolvulace… Mimosaceae Euphorbiaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Fabaceae

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Figure 2. Family wise distribution of speices

The common tree species found in the forest are Acacia nilotica, Albizia amara, Bauhinia racemose, Butea monosperma, Commipphora berryi, Dalbergia lanceolaria, Diospyros

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montana, Flacourtia indica, Leucaena leucocephala, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Pongamia pinnata, Tectona grandisand Azadirachta indica.

Medicinal Plants

The present study area has moderate rich assemblage of medicinal plants. About 57 species are reported to have medicinal properties. Some important medicinal plants recorded are, Alternanthera sessilis, Amaranthus viridis, Azadirachta indica, Boerhavia diffusa, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Abrus precatorius, Acacia nilotica, Cissus quadrangularis, Cynodon dactylon, Euphorbia hirta, Chrysopogon aciculatus, Bridelia montana, Bauhinia racemose, Hemidesmus indicus, (Table 1). Nevertheless no collection of medicinal plants for livelihood is being carried out by local people from this area.

The vegetation of the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Multipurpose SEZ area is dominated by dry grasslands and scrub lands. The grasslands are dominated by tall unpalatable species (E.g. Apluda mutica) and the scrub lands are completely degraded. Most of the area was earlier plated with Pongamia pinnata, and Leucaena leucocephala. The wetlands present in the denoted green area are seasonal in nature and do not support any aquatic flora during the dry season. The preponderance of herbaceous vegetation with secondary species and lack of endemic species indicated that the habitat is highly modified by human interventions.

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BIRD COMMUNITY

Table 2 shows the list of birds recorded by the Bird Aircraft Strike 30% Hazard Management (BASHM) Team of

Aquatic RGIA (data provided by the BASHM team) 70% Terrestrial within the Airside area of the airport. The list shows significant

Figure 3: Birds of the Airside withing RGI Airport percent of wetland birds (30%) in the airside area (figure 3) probably because of the temporary water bodies in the airside. The feeding guild split up of the bird community shows a dominance of carnivores against the insectivores. This again is probably due to the dominance of water birds in the area (Figure 4).

The team of SACON 2% carried out a quick field Carnivorous observation in month of

30% Frugivorous March 2018 in the SEZ 41% Insectivorous area, and recorded total Granivorous of 89 bird species, 4 Omnivorous mammals and 4 reptiles. 7% Piscivorous The total 89 bird species 11% 9% (Table 3) represents 43 families. The number of species of birds belong Figure 4: Bird Diversity in the RGI Airport in Feeding Guilds to different families are given in figure 5. As it shows, family Ardeidae, dominate with 6 species and families Phasianidae, Columbidae,

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Sylvidae, Sturnidae and Muscicapidae follows it with 4 species each; the next ones are Accipitridae, Scolopacidae, Cuculidae, Cornidae, Cistiolidae, Timaliidae and Motacillidae with 3 species each. (Table 3, Figure 5)

4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Figure 5: Bird diversity of SEZ area in Family division

Out of 89 bird species, 30% of them are Insectivorous, 23% are Omnivorous, 9% Granivorous7% Frugivorous, and 2% are Nectivorous and Piscivorous each(Figure 6). SEZ area has different micro-habitat like Openlands, Grasslands, some small water bodies and small patch of forest cover, which provide food and shelter for this birds.

2% According to the Carnivorous Frugivorous Conservation status 27% 23% Granivorous of birds species of Insectivorous Nectarivorous SEZ area by IUCN 2% Omnivorous shows that 97% of 7% Piscivorous birds comes under 30% 9% Least Concern category, 2% is Figure 6: Bird diversity of SEZ area in Feeding Guilds Near Threatened category and only one (Woolly Necked Stork) species comes under Vulnerable category. During the survey we have also recorded four species of reptiles and four species of mammals from the SEZ area. Of the four reptiles, two are Lizards- Oriental Garden Lizard and South India Rock Agama; one is Brook’s House Gecko; one is Bronze Grass Skink (Table 4). SEZ also has Three-striped Palm Squirrel, Black-naped Hare, Indian flying Fox, House Rat (Table 5).

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Bird Movements and concerns to Aircraft movements

The existing commercial establishments or the proposed ones do not have any provisions which can potentially offer any safe haven for the birds. The bird community observed and recorded in the area is the regular and expected community in such habitat.

It is also observed that the existing non built-up areas when converted to the proposed commercial establishments, the wild vegetation and weeds are expected to be eliminated from the area and this may lead to local displacement of the many existing birds which are dependent on such resources. So these proposed activities are not likely to increase population of birds this area.

Across India in most of the airports, Lapwings are identified as one of the main problematic birds with regard to the bird hazard to aircraft. About 30+ individuals of Red-wattled Lapwings of the SEZ area were observed flying from SEZ towards runway and vice versa. When the remaining unused open lands of SEZ get converted to commercial area, these birds may lose their breeding ground.

Flocks of Blue Rock Pigeons are found roosting on main building of GMR Aerospace Company in SEZ area. This can become a potential threat (if not considered carefully from the beginning). For this, appropriate architectural and ecological consultations should be done while developing the new buildings with a view to avoid roosting facilities to these gregariously flocking birds.

Concluding remark:

Bird community of the proposed SEZ area near RGI Airport, Hyderabad, was studied with their habitat characteristics and its potential threat to the aircrafts if any over a month. Based on the observations and finding of this study any potential danger to the aircraft operations at RGI airport from the proposed SEZ is not expected.

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REFERENCES

Arvind, S., Ganesh, B., Mousia, R., Vignesh, S., Optimization of Bird Hazard Reduction in Coimbatore International Airport. Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research, 2014, 1:5, 21-25.

Bird Control at Airport, Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Government of Netherlands, 1999.

Carlton, C., Bird Survey Methods Baseline, National Park Association of NSW, Australia.

Pullaiah T and Karuppusamy S. 2008. Flora of Andhra Pradesh (India) Vol V. Scientific Publisher, Jodhpur India.Pp 628

Pullaiah T., Ramamurthy K.S. and Karuppusamy S. 2007. Flora of Eastern Ghats – Hills of South East India. Vol III. Regency Publications, New Delhi. Pp340.

Pullaiah T., PrasannaP.V..andObulesu G.1992. Flora of Adilabad District (Andhra Pradesh).CBS Publishers and Distributors, Delhi.Pp 284.

Reynolds, R.T., J. M. Scott and R. A. Nussbaum. 1980. A Variable Circular-Plot Method for Estimating Bird Numbers The Condor Vol. 82, No. 3. pp. 309-313 http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/envis_specia_habitat_threatened_plants_india .pdf http://www.efloras.org http://ipni.org http://sp2000.org

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TABLES

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Table 1. List of Plant Species recorded from SEZ area of RG International Airport, Hyderabad

List of Plant Species S.No Species Family Habit Medicinal IUCN 1 Abrus precatoriusL Fabaceae Climber * 2 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. ssp. 3 Indica Mimosaceae Tree * 4 Acacia mangiumWilld Mimosaceae Tree 5 Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree 6 Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin Mimosaceae Tree * 8 Alternanthera sessilis(L.) R.Br. ex. DC Amaranthaceae Herb * 7 Alternanthera tenella Amaranthaceae Herb * 9 Amaranthes spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Herb * 10 Ammania baccifera L. Lythraceae Herb 11 Apluda muticaL. Poaceae Herb 12 Argemone mexicanaL Papaveraceae Herb 13 Aristida setacea Retz. Poaceae Herb 14 Azadirachta indicaA.Juss. Meliaceae Tree * 15 Bauhinia racemosaL. Ceasalpinaceae Tree * 16 Blumea mollis(D.Don) Merr. Asteraceae Herb 17 Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC Asteraceae Herb 18 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb * 19 Borassus flabellifer L Arecaceae Tree * 20 Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf. Poaceae Herb 21 Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Euphorbiaceae Shrub * 22 Bridelia Montana Willd. Euphorbiaceae Shrub * 23 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae Tree * 24 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Asclepidaceae Shrub * 25 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Climber * 26 Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Shrub * 27 Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. Rubiaceae Shrub 28 Chloris barbataSw. Poaceae Herb * 29 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Poaceae Herb * 30 Commiphora berryi(Arn.) Engl. Burseraceae Tree 31 Conyza strictaWilld. Asteraceae Herb 32 Corchorus tridens L. Tiliaceae Herb * 33 Crisium arvensis (L.) Scop. Asteraceae Herb 34 Crotalaria laburnifolia L. Fabaceae Herb 35 Cuscuta reflexaRoxb. Convolvulaceae Climber * 36 Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook. f. &Thoms. Menispermaceae Climber * 37 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Cyperaceae Herb * 38 Dalbergia lanceolariaL. Fabaceae Tree 39 Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Ettingsh. Loranthaceae Herb 40 Desmodium alysicarpoides van Meeuwen Fabaceae Herb *

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41 Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight &Arn. Mimosaceae Tree * 42 Digitaria ciliaris(Retz.) Koel. Poaceae Herb 43 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Poaceae Herb 44 Diospyros montanaRoxb. Ebenaceae Tree * 45 Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Sapindaceae Shrub * 46 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. in Wight Asteraceae Herb * 47 Eragrostis maderaspatana Bor. Poaceae Herb 48 Erythroxylum monogynumRoxb. Erythroxylaceae Shrub 49 Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbiaceae Herb 50 Euphorbia hirta L Euphorbiaceae Herb * 51 Evolvulusal sinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb * 52 Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Flacourtiaceae Tree 53 Flueggea leucopyrusWilld. Euphorbiaceae Shrub * 54 Grewia oppositifoliaBuch.-Ham. exRoxb. Tiliaceae Shrub 55 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Herb * 56 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Asclepidaceae Climber * Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. 57 exRoem. &Schult Poaceae Herb * 58 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Ulmaceae Tree * 59 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Herb * 60 Indigo feralinnaei Ali, Bot. Fabaceae Herb * 61 Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &Schult. Convolvulaceae Climber * 62 Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Smith Rubiaceae Tree 63 Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub * 64 Kyllinga brevifoliaRottb. Cyperaceae Herb 65 Laggera alata (D.Don) Sch.-Bip. ex Oliver Asteraceae Herb 66 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Shrub * 67 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Herb * 68 Leucaena leucocephala Lam. Fabaceae Tree 69 Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae Climber 70 Merremia turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhat Convolvulaceae Climber 71 Mucuna pruriens (L.) Fabaceae Climber * 72 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Shrub * 73 Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Rutaceae Shrub V 74 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Herb Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex 75 Heyne Fabaceae Tree 76 Pennisetum hohenackeriHochst. ex Steud. Poaceae Herb 77 Persicaria glabra(Willd.) Gomez de la Polygonaceae Herb 78 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Arecaceae Tree * 79 Phyllanthus amarus Schum. &Thonn. Euphorbiaceae Herb * 80 Polycarpaea corymbosa(L.) Lam. Caryophyllaceae Herb * 81 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Fabaceae Tree * 82 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae Tree 83 Santalum album L. Santalaceae Tree * En 84 Scutia myrtina (Burm. f.) Kurz Rhamnaceae Shrub

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85 Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Ceasalpinaceae Shrub 86 Sida acuta Burm Malvaceae Herb * 87 Solanum pubescensWilld. Solanaceae Herb * 88 Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Anacardaceae Tree * 89 Sopubia trifidaBuch.-Ham. ex D. Don Scrophulariaceae Herb 90 Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. Fabaceae Herb 91 Tectona grandis L. Verbenaceae Tree * 92 Themeda triandra Forssk. Poaceae Herb 93 Themeda quadrivalivis L. Poaceae Herb Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. in 94 Ann. Menispermaceae Climber * 95 Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. Boraginaceae Herb 96 Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br. Boraginaceae Herb 97 Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Herb * 98 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Asteraceae Shrub * 99 Vitex negundo L. Lamiaceae Shrub * 100 Waltheria indica L Malvaceae Herb 101 Wedelia chinensis(Osbeck) Merr. Asteraceae Herb * 102 Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae Herb 103 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Tree * 104 Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Shrub *

Table 2. Bird Species reported from Airside area of RGIAirport

Status Status Feedi Sr. Common Name Scientific Name Family (IUCN (WPA) ng No. ) Guilt 1 Tawny-bellied Babbler Dumetia hyperythra Timaliidae LC Sch 4 I 2 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata Timaliidae LC Sch 4 O 3 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Meropidae LC Sch 4 I 4 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae LC Sch 4 F 5 Small Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus Turnicidae LC Sch 4 O 6 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocoracidae LC Sch 4 P 7 Jungle Crow Corvus culminatus Corvidae LC Sch 4 O 8 Common Hawk Sch 4 Hierococcyx varius Cuculidae LC C Cuckoo 9 Eurasian Coot Fulica atra Rallidae LC Sch 4 O 10 Laughing Dove Stigmatopella senegalensis Columbidae LC Sch 4 G 11 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Dicroridae LC Sch 4 O 12 Indian Spot-billed Sch 4 Anas poecilorhyncha Anatidae LC O Duck

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13 Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygna javanica Anatidae LC Sch 4 O 14 Common Pochard Aythya ferina Anatidae VU Sch 4 O 15 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 16 Laggar Falcon Falco jugger Falconidae NT Sch 4 C 17 Painted Francolin Francolinus pictus Phasianidae LC Sch 4 O 18 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 19 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 20 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Upupidae LC Sch 4 I 21 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus Threskiornithidae LC Sch 4 C 22 Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa Threskiornithidae LC Sch 4 C

23 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Falconidae LC Sch 4 C 24 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Alcedinidae LC Sch 4 C 25 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Alcedinidae LC Sch 4 C 26 White-throated Sch 4 Halcyon smyrnensis Alcedinidae LC C Kingfisher 27 Sch 1, p Black Kite Milvus migrans Accipitridae LC C 3 28 Sch 1, p Brahminy Kite Haliastus Indus Accipitridae LC C 3 29 Sch 1, p Blacked-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus Accipitridae LC C 3 30 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Charadriidae LC Sch 4 C 31 Yellow-wattled Sch 4 Vanellus malabaricus Charadriidae LC C Lapwing 32 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae LC Sch 4 O 33 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Rallidae LC Sch 4 O 34 Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus Caprimulgidae LC Sch 4 I 35 Sch 1, p Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Phasianidae LC O 3 36 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Psittacidae LC Sch 4 F 37 Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala Psittacidae LC Sch 4 F 38 Rock Pigeon Columba livia Columbidae LC G 39 Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica Phasianidae LC Sch 4 O 40 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis Muscicapidae LC Sch 4 I 41 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis Coraciidae LC Sch 4 C

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42 Sch 1, p Shikra Accipiter badius Accipitridae LC C 3 43 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeridae LC Sch 4 G 44 Rosy Starling Pastor roseus Sturnidae LC Sch 4 F

Table 3: Avifaunal Diversity of SEZ area near Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.

Status Status Feedi Sr. Common Name Scientific Name Family (IUCN (WPA) ng No. ) Guilt 1 Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus Phasianidae LC Sch 4 O 2 Painted Francolin Francolinus pictus Phasianidae LC Sch 4 O 3 Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica Phasianidae LC Sch 4 O 4 Sch 1, p Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Phasianidae LC O 3 5 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Podicipedidae LC Sch 4 C 6 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala Ciconiidae NT Sch 4 C 7 Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus Ciconiidae VU Sch 4 C 8 Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Threskiornithidae NT Sch 4 C 9 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 10 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 11 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 12 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 13 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 14 Little Egret Egretta garzetta Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 15 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocoracidae LC Sch 4 P 16 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocoracidae LC Sch 4 P 17 Sch 1, p Blacked-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus Accipitridae LC C 3 18 Sch 1, p Black Kite Milvus migrans Accipitridae LC C 3 19 Sch 1, p Shikra Accipiter badius Accipitridae LC C 3 20 White-breasted Sch 4 Amaurornis phoenicurus Rallidae LC O Waterhen 21 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Rallidae LC Sch 4 O 22 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Charadriidae LC Sch 4 C

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23 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Charadriidae LC Sch 4 C 24 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago Scolopacidae LC Sch 4 C 25 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Scolopacidae LC Sch 4 C 26 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Scolopacidae LC Sch 4 C 27 Rock Pigeon Columba livia Columbidae LC G 28 Eurasian Collared Sch 4 Streptopelia decaocto Columbidae LC G Dove 29 Spotted Dove Stigmatopelia chinensis Columbidae LC Sch 4 G 30 Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis Columbidae LC Sch 4 G 31 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Psittacidae LC Sch 4 F 32 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus Cuculidae LC Sch 4 O 33 Blue-faced Malkoha Rhopodytes viridirostris Cuculidae LC Sch 4 O 34 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis Cuculidae LC Sch 4 C 35 Spotted Owlet Athene brama Strigidae LC Sch 4 C 36 Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus Caprimulgidae LC Sch 4 I 37 Jerdon's Nightjar Caprimulgus atripennis Caprimulgidae LC Sch 4 I 38 Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis Apodidae LC Sch 4 I 39 Little Swift Apus affinis Apodidae LC Sch 4 I 40 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Upupidae LC Sch 4 I 41 White-throated Sch 4 Halcyon smyrnensis Alcedinidae LC C Kingfisher 42 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Meropidae LC Sch 4 I 43 Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris Bucerotidae LC Sch 4 C 44 Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus Astamidae LC Sch 4 I 45 Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla Picidae LC Sch 4 I 46 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia Aegithinidae LC Sch 4 I 47 Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Campephagidae LC Sch 4 I 48 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Laniidae LC Sch 4 C 49 Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach Laniidae LC Sch 4 C 50 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Dicroridae LC Sch 4 O 51 Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo Oriolidae LC Sch 4 F 52 Asian Paradise- Sch 4 Terpsiphone paradisi Monarchidae LC I flycatcher

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53 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda Corvidae LC Sch 4 O 54 Jungle Crow Corvus culminatus Corvidae LC Sch 4 O 55 House Crow Corvus splendens Corvidae LC Sch 5 O 56 Dusky Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne concolor Hirundinidae LC Sch 4 I 57 Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica Hirundinidae LC Sch 4 I 58 Rufous-tailed Lark Ammomanes phoenicura Alaudidae LC Sch 4 O 59 Ashy-crowned Sch 4 Eremopterix grises Alaudidae LC O Sparrow Lark 60 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae LC Sch 4 F 61 White-browed Bulbul Pycnonotus luteolus Pycnonotidae LC Sch 4 F 62 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis Cisticolidae LC Sch 4 I 63 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Cisticolidae LC Sch 4 I 64 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius Cisticolidae LC Sch 4 O 65 Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum Sylviidae LC Sch 4 I 66 Booted Warbler Iduna caligata Sylviidae LC Sch 4 I 67 Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides Sylviidae LC Sch 4 I 68 Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Sylviidae LC Sch 4 I 69 Tawny-bellied Babbler Dumetia hyperythra Timaliidae LC Sch 4 I 70 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata Timaliidae LC Sch 4 O 71 Yellow-eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense Timaliidae LC Sch 4 O 72 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae LC Sch 4 O 73 Asian Pied Starling Gracupica contra Sturnidae LC Sch 4 O 74 Brahminy Starling Sturnia pogadarum Sturnidae LC Sch 4 O 75 Rosy Starling Pastor roseus Sturnidae LC Sch 4 F 76 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus Muscicapidae LC Sch 4 I 77 Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros Muscicapidae LC Sch 4 I 78 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata Muscicapidae LC Sch 4 I 79 Tickell's Blue Sch 4 Cyornis tickeiliae Muscicapidae LC I Flowerpecker 80 Pale-billed Sch 4 Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Dicaeidae LC F Flowerpecker 81 Purple-rumped Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica Nectariniidae LC Sch 4 N 82 Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus Nectariniidae LC Sch 4 N

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83 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeridae LC Sch 4 G 84 Baya Weaver Pioceus philippinus Ploceidae LC Sch 4 G 85 Indian Silverbill Euodice malabarica Estrildidae LC Sch 4 G 86 Red Munia Amandava amandava Estrildidae LC Sch 4 G 87 White Wagtail Motacilla alba Motacillidae LC Sch 4 I 88 White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis Motacillidae LC Sch 4 I 89 Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus Motacillidae LC Sch 4 I *Note: WPA- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 LC- Least Concern; NT- Near Threatened; VU- Vulnerable; Sch- Schedule; p- Part; O- Omnivorous; C-Carnivorous; I-Insectivorous; P- Piscivorous; F-Frugivorous; G-Granivorous; N-Nectarivorous.

Table 4: Reptilian Diversity of SEZ area near Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.

Sr.No Common Name Scientific Name 1 Oriental Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor 2 Bronze Grass Skink Eutropis macularia 3 Brook’s House Gecko Hemidactylus brookii 4 South India Rock Agama Psammophilus dorsalis

Table 5: Mammalian Diversity of SEZ area near Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.

Sr.No Common Name Scientific Name 1 Three-striped Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum 2 Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 3 Indian flying Fox Pteropus giganteus 4 House Rat Rattus rattus