WEAPONISING THE FREE PRESS? ’S GLOBAL MEDIA OFFENSIVE 1

WEAPONISING THE FREE PRESS? CHINA’S GLOBAL MEDIA OFFENSIVE

IFJ RESEARCH REPORT ON MEDIA AND CHINA 2019 2 WEAPONISING THE FREE PRESS? CHINA’S GLOBAL MEDIA OFFENSIVE WEAPONISING THE FREE PRESS? CHINA’S GLOBAL MEDIA OFFENSIVE 3

CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3 5 7 The International Federation of This paper examines: Journalists (IFJ) has a strong history • China’s broad strategy goals EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHINESE CONCLUSION of monitoring and reporting on China’s • Building Chinese discourse power to ACQUISITIONS AND media. Under its long-running China challenge the West’s “hegemonic media JOINT VENTURES Press Freedom Program (2008-2019), 3 8 monopoly” INTRODUCTION OVERSEAS RECOMMENDATIONS the IFJ has documented and analysed the changing media space in China and • Using ‘borrowed boats’ of Western Covert radio network media or a Trojan horse strategy to 4 8 its impact on media workers, media CASE STUDY: CAMG infrastructure, journalists’ working spread China’s message ‘Buying boats’ or STATE-RUN MEDIA BIBLIOGRAPHY increasing Chinese acquisitions overseas Acquiring old brands conditions and freedom of expression. EXPANSION • CASE STUDY: SCMP This report looks beyond China’s Harnessing global digital disruption and technological advances for information Global expansion “See the borders to more broadly examine China’s Setting up digital only brands rapidly evolving media influence in the warfare Difference” CASE STUDY: NICE TV in world; on media operations, coverage of CASE STUDY: CGTN in London • Exploiting the economic and political Cambodia critical issues and journalists themselves. vulnerabilities of the press Intelligence tools, surveillance internationally and internal reporting 6 • Driving a shift in journalism values capabilities HARNESSING DIGITAL globally n CASE STUDY: Takungpao in HK DISRUPTION

Social media disinformation 4 campaign WOOING FOREIGN- CASE STUDY: Taiwanese election OWNED MEDIA Cables and telecommunications Cash incentives CASE STUDY: Digital Silk Road INTRODUCTION CASE STUDY: Chinese-language media overseas Analogue to digital changeover China’s international strategy is But since 2009, China has rolled the battlefield on which this “global CASE STUDY: Star Times Sponsored inserts reshaping the entire global information out a more sophisticated and assertive information war” is being waged, and the CASE STUDY: China Watch environment as it expands the reach strategy, reshaping the global information weapon of attack. of its own state-run news outlets while environment with massive infusions ’s easy access to economic Journalist trips to China acquiring stakes in international media of money. Beijing is funding paid-for resources have clear deleterious CASE STUDY: ACRI companies. advertorials, sponsored journalistic implications to global free speech. Journalist training in China Since 2009, Beijing has ramped up coverage and providing free content to Through investment, Beijing-friendly CASE STUDY: Filipino journalists investment in news producers, news Western media outlets with the aim of owners are able to muzzle critical outlets and telecommunications producing a more positive information journalists and coopt independent Intimidation infrastructure beyond its own borders, environment. While within China the news platforms. Through offers of free CASE STUDY: FCCC report posing new challenges to freedom of press is increasingly tightly controlled, editorial content, news outlets are being Extra-legal measures expression and freedom of the press abroad Beijing has sought to exploit the transformed into amplifiers of party worldwide. At a time when independent vulnerabilities of the free press to its policy. Through intimidation of Chinese CASE STUDY: HK kidnapping media outlets are struggling with the advantage, moving first to coopt Chinese- advertisers, sources of funding are being collapse of traditional business models language media outlets overseas to “tell choked off for critical news outlets. and shrinking ad revenues, the ability China’s story well” in a unified voice. These strategies have all been used to of China-backed outlets to buck market Though Beijing’s propaganda offensive bring the Chinese-language media into trends and invest heavily in new digital is often shrugged off as clumsy and dull, line, for example in Australia where the products tilts the playing field in their this report underlines the granular nature once clamorous Chinese-language press favour. The implications could be far- and ambitious scale of its aggressive is now almost entirely pro-Beijing, save reaching, especially when combined with drive to redraw the global information a very small number of Falun Gong- the impact of digital technologies on the order. This is an ideological and political affiliated outlets. way that consumers access the news. struggle, with China determined to Now Beijing is turning its attention For decades, Beijing’s approach to increase its “discourse power” to combat to media outlets that publish in English shaping its image has been defensive, what it sees as decades of unchallenged and local languages. These shifts in the reactive and largely aimed at a domestic western media imperialism. Beijing is media landscape are game-changing, WEAPONISING THE FREE PRESS? CHINA’S GLOBAL MEDIA OFFENSIVE audience. The most visible manifestation also moving to silence critics overseas, and taking stock is a necessary step March 2019 of these efforts was the disappearance sometimes through using state-run towards designing strategies to protect International Federation of IFJ Asia Pacific Authors: Louisa Lim and No part of this publication may be of content inside China: pages ripped media as an attack dog. China’s leaders and strengthen journalists’ rights. Journalists (IFJ) 245 Chalmers Street Julia Bergin reproduced in any form without from foreign magazines, or the BBC news regard the press as the “eyes, ears, tongue At a time when global journalism Residence Palace, Bloc C Redfern, NSW 2016 Australia Editor: Jane Worthington the written permission of the IFJ. flickering to black when it airs sensitive and throat” of the Communist party, and is facing unprecedented challenges, 155 Rue de la Loi Tel- +61 2 9333 0999 Production editor: Alex Hearne The contents of this report are B-1040 Brussels, Belgium Fax- +61 2 9333 0933 Designed by: LX9 Design copyrighted and the rights to stories. Beijing’s crude tools were their idea of journalism depends upon Beijing’s encroachments far beyond its Tel- +32 2 235 22 00 Email: [email protected] Artwork: Simon Letch use of contributions rest with the domestic censorship, official complaints a narrative discipline that precludes all borders raise new fears about media Fax- +32 3 235 33 19 http://www.ifj.org/regions/ Published IFJ Asia-Pacific authors themselves. to news organisations’ headquarters and but the party-approved version of events. concentration, and could undermine Email: [email protected] asiapacific/ 245 Chalmers Street, Redfern expelling correspondents from China. For China, the media has become both efforts to protect quality journalism. n http://www.ifj.org NSW 2016, Australia IFJ: http://www.ifj.org 4 WEAPONISING THE FREE PRESS? CHINA’S GLOBAL MEDIA OFFENSIVE WEAPONISING THE FREE PRESS? CHINA’S GLOBAL MEDIA OFFENSIVE 5

Times, the Wall Street Journal, the foreign reporters each year with the aim for six hours by plainclothes STATE-RUN MEDIA China has rolled Washington Post and the UK Telegraph of building a young cadre of supporters policemen while on a reporting trip. EXPANSION out a more - reaching a combined audience of more sympathetic to its policy positions. Its His parents were visited in their than 16 million. active courtship of journalists has been hometown by security personnel, Global expansion sophisticated and Beijing has exploited the financial centralised under the auspices of the and even former college teachers and “See the Difference” assertive strategy, vulnerabilities of the Western press China Public Diplomacy Association, classmates called him to try to pressure CASE STUDY: China Global by monetizing its advertising, striking established under the Ministry of Foreign him to leave his job. Television Network (CGTN) in reshaping the deals with dozens of international Affairs in 2012. Three regional bodies London, had been scheduled to open in global information publications to host pro-China content. conduct exchanges, symposia and Extra-legal measures late 2019, in purpose-built headquarters Reports indicate The Daily Telegraph study tours to China, in particular to CASE STUDY: at Chiswick Park. There were 6000 environment with could be paid as much as £750,000 (USD journalists from developing countries. Exiled Hong applications for 90 jobs, indicating how massive infusions 984,185) annually to carry the China Trainees are schooled not just on China, Kong media boss Gu Zhuoheng attractive such positions have become in Watch insert once a month. The world’s but also on its view of journalism which of Sing Pao Media Enterprises, a critic this shrinking news market. of money. most prestigious print mastheads have strictly rejects critical reporting and of Chinese corruption, was the target The tides of critical reporting that become ‘borrowed boats’ for Chinese objectivity. The targets are ambitious: to of a kidnap attempt by 20 gun- accompanied Beijing’s 2008 Olympics propaganda, providing validation train 500 Latin American and Caribbean wielding Chinese state-security agents prompted China to shift media strategy, and legitimation to Chinese state-run journalists over five years, and 1,000 in a HK hotel. It was foiled by hotel spending USD 6.6billion the following messages. African journalists a year by 2020. security, and his account was year strengthening its global media Since 2009 China has begun hosting confirmed by HK police. In Hong Kong, extra-legal measures presence. China Global Television Journalist trips to China its own international media conventions. Network (CGTN) has expanded as the These serve as a mechanism to offset are being increasingly used against international arm of state-run China CASE STUDY: Australia-China the Western journalistic narrative journalists, for example the 2014 Central Television (CCTV), opening hubs Relations Institute (ACRI) has and export China’s own journalistic chopping attack on one of the city’s in Washington, Kenya and London. organised all-expenses paid tours for 28 standards and practices. Events include most influential journalists Ming CCTV now broadcasts in 140 countries. high-profile Australian journalists to World Media Summit which in 2016 Pao editor, Kevin Lau Chun-to. CCTV has recruited respected non- China over the past two years. These hosted 120 global organisations and 100 The kidnapping of five booksellers Chinese faces, leveraging their credibility trips resulted from an MOU between media outlets; BRICS Media Summit; who reappeared on the mainland in foreign news markets and using their ACRI and Xinhua, and are funded and World Internet Conference which had a further chilling effect on free pulling power to attract audiences. Local through in-kind support from the All in 2017 attracted around 1,000 Internet expression, and self-censorship is news stars are lured in with good money China Journalists Association (ACJA), a entrepreneurs, including Apple CEO, increasing, with most newspapers and the chance to tell their country’s Communist party body whose mission Google CEO and vice presidents from moving to a pro-Beijing position, apart story to a global audience. At a time is to “tell China’s stories well, spread Facebook, Microsoft and LinkedIn. from Jimmy Lai’s Apple Daily. of shrinking budgets, such offers are China’s voice”. attractive. When CCTV launched its China is wooing journalists from linked to anti-China and independence across global television, radio and print Intimidation CHINESE ACQUISITIONS Washington headquarters in 2012, no around the world with all-expenses- causes had received intense coverage media, with one key target being overseas AND JOINT VENTURES fewer than five former or current BBC paid tours. The hook: insider access CASE STUDY: A December 2018 - including covert photography - by Chinese-language media. Beijing shares OVERSEAS correspondents based in Latin America in return for favourable coverage. survey of 109 members of the state-media papers in Taiwan in the past state-run propaganda for free with these joined the broadcaster. Since 2009, the China-United States Foreign Correspondents of China found three years. In this way, state media is outlets, whilst simultaneously choking Exchange Foundation (Cusef), has taken that 48 percent of respondents said Covert content and radio used as a propaganda tool, a surveillance off funding opportunities for platforms 127 US journalists from 40 US outlets they’d been followed or had a hotel network Intelligence tools, mechanism and an attack dog against that host critical views by intimidating to China. For news outlets struggling room entered without permission in CASE STUDY: Global CAMG surveillance and internal those perceived as hostile. advertisers. with diminishing advertising revenues, the last year. 55 percent said conditions Media Group, headquartered in reporting capabilities In Australia all but a tiny handful these schemes effectively offer free had deteriorated since a year before. Melbourne is part of Beijing’s network of more than fifty Chinese-language CASE STUDY: Reporters for the WOOING FOREIGN- China coverage delivered by their own The survey reports that greater of nominally independent radio newspapers and magazines are now Takungpao newspaper in Hong correspondents, who gain valuable pressure is being placed on journalists stations that carry and re-distribute OWNED MEDIA controlled by businessmen sympathetic Kong infiltrated the campaign team of Chinese-language training, cultural within China, with 24 out of 27 material from the state-run China to Beijing. The last remaining pro-democracy politician Lee Cheuk-yan, Cash incentives knowhow and high-level contacts. reporters to Xinjiang reporting Radio International (CRI). The independent standouts are struggling interference, and 19 being told to delete independent ‘front’ serves to mask the as well as physically attacking localist CASE STUDY: China’s struck 221 to survive amid Beijing’s hardline data. Concerns about surveillance are origin of the content. activist Edward Leung. The paper content partnerships with Journalist training in China tactics. Chinese state security officers escalating, with reporters noticing Chinese entrepreneurs are serving contravened electoral advertising laws by nominally-independent Chinese- CASE STUDY: In 2018, China’s even camped for a fortnight in the electronic hacking attacks. Inside China, as state proxies, acquiring overseas publishing electoral advertisements for a language publication around the world all-expenses-paid foreign media Beijing offices of one advertiser at the 75 percent of journalists who reported media companies and setting up joint pro-Beijing candidate on the day of the allowing them to use state-run fellowship brought 44 journalists from independent Vision Times Media to on the Tiananmen anniversary report ventures. Global CAMG, and local 2018 Legco by-election. propaganda for free. The majority of Asia and to China for ten months, intimidate him into withdrawing his interference or intimidation. joint venture Ostar, run at least 11 The vanishingly thin line between these deals - 85 - were in Asia, with 51 in 17 of whom studied Masters’ Degrees at business from the publication. Conditions are also worsening for radio stations in Australia, carrying China’s journalism, propaganda work, Japan alone. Renmin University of China. One of this Chinese working for foreign news CRI content and producing their influence projection and intelligence- Beijing’s strategy to infuse CCP- cohort, Filipino journalist Greggy outlets, with 37 percent of respondents own Beijing-friendly shows to sell gathering is of great concern. Chinese approved messages into the existing Sponsored inserts Eugenio filed stories for the state-run reporting that their local staff had been to other community radio stations state media workers - including non- media ecosystem is known as CASE STUDY: The state-run Philippine News Agency whilst in China, harassed. Chinese staff working for the aimed at Australia’s large population of Chinese employees - sometimes gather jiechuanchuhai or “borrowing a boat to English-language newspaper China then subsequently returned to his job Australian Broadcasting Corporation Mandarin-speakers. The complicated information for confidentialneibu reach the ocean”. This ‘borrowed boat’ Daily’s China Watch supplement is writing for the communication team of were told that they were ‘traitors’ for ownership structures mask the fact that reports not for publication, but solely approach, underwritten by Beijing’s deep carried by at least 30 newspapers around Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte. working for foreign media, while a they are majority-owned by state-run for the eyes of senior officials. A recent pockets, has effectively been rolled out the world - including the New York China is training scores of young Reuters report found at least 25 people Voice of America staffer was kidnapped Chinese bodies. 6 WEAPONISING THE FREE PRESS? CHINA’S GLOBAL MEDIA OFFENSIVE WEAPONISING THE FREE PRESS? CHINA’S GLOBAL MEDIA OFFENSIVE 7

In 2015, Reuters reported that Global Azzad Essa had his column cancelled CAMG was one of three companies for writing a piece that criticised These shifts in the running a covert network of 33 radio Beijing’s mass internment of Uighurs. media landscape stations broadcasting CRI content in 14 countries. Three years on, Global are game-changing, Setting up digital-only CAMG (including Ostar), GB Times in Europe and G & E Radio Network in brands and taking stock is the US now operate 58 stations in 35 CASE STUDY: In Cambodia, a a necessary step countries, according to information China-based group, NICE Culture from their websites. Investment, has partnered with the towards designing Ministry of State Security to run a television station headquartered within strategies to protect Acquiring old brands the ministry. Its mission includes and strengthen CASE STUDY: The 115-year-old importing Chinese technology and live Hong Kong paper, South China online streaming. journalists’ rights. Morning Post (SCMP) was in 2015 China-affiliated media outlets purchased by China’s richest man, are experimenting with new digital Jack Ma with the stated intention of products and delivery methods. These acting as a “window” to China for the include ‘verticals’ or spin-off digital- world. Under his ownership, it has only channels that supplement existing carried interviews with activists in outlets, as well as apps that provide state custody. new functionality. The aim is to reach China is not simply borrowing young, new, China-curious audiences. boats, but buying the boats outright. In countries without established Recent academic scholarship has tried authoritative media and often with Beijing is contracting private Chinese to quantify the impact of ownership young populations - like Vietnam and companies to launch television satellites changes on editorial coverage. One CONCLUSION Cambodia - Chinese companies are and build networks of fibre-optic 2015 Masters study by Li Chia-ai found helping develop digital-only brands. cables and data centres to increase its China is increasingly asserting its training schemes for journalists from short of its targets, in part as its turgid that Taiwan’s China Times reduced grip over global telecommunications influence overseas in ways which are One Belt One Road countries, receiving propaganda holds little attraction its coverage of human rights issues infrastructure. The majority of the 71 ultimately deleterious to press freedom. education and sponsored reporting for Western audiences, and since the in China by two-thirds after it was HARNESSING DIGITAL countries where China is installing fibre- At a time when many media outlets trips inside China. restrictions imposed by censorship act acquired by a mainland corporation, DISRUPTION optic internet cables are in Asia. are struggling financially, Beijing is as a drag on its media output. China’s Want Want. A 2016 study by Chia-Yu • US: Through the China-US Exchange slowly and steadily reshaping the primary target has been coopting Tsai, an assistant professor of political Social media disinformation Foundation, lobbyists are helping media ecosystem through its long-term Chinese language media, but it is now economics at the National University campaign Dominating the analogue massage coverage of China-related issues investments in media producers, media rapidly increasing joint ventures or of Kaohsiung, found that the CASE STUDY: Taiwanese officials in the US media by taking US journalists to digital changeover outlets and media communication acquisitions of foreign-language media, newspapers in the Want Want group have blamed China for an on all-expenses paid tours to China, and CASE STUDY: State proxy, Star technologies. This strategy has the boosting its control over content. Such had coverage that was 14.6 – 26.7 aggressive social media disinformation grooming ‘third-party supporters’. Times, has enabled China to effect of narrowing media diversity and moves underline the sophistication percent more slanted towards China campaign during the 2018 local increase its control over the key nodes imposing narrative discipline by choking • AUSTRALIA: Australian journalists of Beijing’s approach, which also after the change in ownership. elections. There was an uptick in fake in global information flows, dominating off venues that might once have carried are being brought on sponsored trips treats propaganda as a business to Under Chinese ownership, the SCMP news stories denigrating the telecommunications networks whilst independent voices critical of Beijing. At to China by the Australia-China be monetized. It aims to harness the treads a delicate line, continuing to independence-leaning Democratic simultaneously building out new digital the same time, state-run newspapers are Relations Institute at the University of credibility of existing press outlets run granular political analysis and Progressive Party, who were routed in highways. It claims to reach 10 million beginning to play a more aggressive role Technology Sydney, which signed an in countries with well-established original reporting on sensitive issues elections. of Africa’s 24 million pay TV subscribers. targeting vocal critics of Beijing. MOU with Xinhua. authoritative media, while actively such as human rights lawyers and “They are doing the kind of Over the past six years, CGTN has In each continent, Chinese influence is helping build new digital outlets in religious crackdowns, while giving disinformation that the Russians are • EUROPE: GB Times offers a social steadily increased its reach across increasing prominence to stories about known for doing”, says Peter Mattis, a manifesting in different ways. Below are media brand Unknown Europe countries where press freedom - and Africa by virtue of digital transmission , pro-Beijing editorials and former CIA analyst, now at Jamestown some of the clearest examples: which covers Chinese social media democracy - is still marginal. infrastructure that privileges pro- politically on-message opinion pieces. Foundation. He believes the Taiwan platforms like WeChat, Weibo and One darker side of Beijing’s strategy, Chinese content. Courtesy of StarTimes, • EAST ASIA: Joint ventures between Since the takeover, SCMP has been example shows an ability to use Douyu. It also offers advertising and seen in particular in Hong Kong and CGTN is beamed for free to thousands local companies and CRI affiliates criticised for conducting interviews automatic content farms to rebroadcast sponsorship opportunities to a network Taiwan, is the nascent use of Chinese of rural villages in a number of African are taking market share, for example with a number of detained dissidents, and flood social media with fake news. of pan-European radio, TV and digital state-run media and information warfare countries, including and a partnership between Cambodia’s leading to accusations it is becoming a Media warfare has been part of Beijing’s platforms. to interfere with local politics. An Ghana. StarTimes’ cheapest packages Ministry of Security and NICE culture propaganda tool. military strategy since 2003. aggressive social media disinformation bundle together Chinese and African investment In Vietnam, Voice of • AFRICA: The China-backed Chinese money is also being campaign in Taiwan – and the channels, whereas access to the BBC or Vietnam and Guangxi People’s StarTimes satellite is dominating the invested in print media far from home, increasing role of the state-run media Cables and Al-Jazeera costs more, putting it beyond Broadcasting make joint programs, analogue-to-digital changeover of including in South Africa, where as a channel to disseminate fake news the means of most viewers. Local while in Myanmar, the Burmese telecommunications throughout Africa, companies linked to the Chinese state Telecommunications stories and target those perceived to be companies are also being pushed out of conglomerate, Shwe Than Lwin, has helping put CGTN in more African have a 20 percent stake in Independent CASE STUDY: China is taking critics of Beijing - signals an increasing African media markets. partnered with Yunnan companies and homes through preferential pricing. control over the nodes of global brazenness towards the use of media Media, the country’s second- the Australian CRI affiliate. largest media group, which runs 20 information with the development of its Though Beijing’s strategy is ambitious, warfare tools, and the lack of any prominent newspapers. One columnist “digital silk road”. • SOUTH ASIA: Nepali and Indian Chinese authors have admitted in international condemnation could journalists are being courted on state-run media that Beijing often falls embolden their use in future. n 8 WEAPONISING THE FREE PRESS? CHINA’S GLOBAL MEDIA OFFENSIVE

BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany “This Beijing-Linked Billionaire is Funding Policy Research at Washington’s Most Influential RECOMMENDATIONS Institutions”, Foreign Policy, 28.11.17 Bandurski, David “How Xi Jinping Views the News”, China Media • Future IFJ study tracking Chinese funding of, and expanded ties with, Project, 03.03.16 journalists organisations worldwide Boyle, David & and Narin, Sun “Cambodia’s Nice New TV Channel • Additional research on the impact of Chinese investment in Africa, from China”, Voice of America, 19.04.18 Brady, Annemarie “Magic Weapons, China’s Political Influence where China is rapidly becoming the dominant player, and Latin Activities under Xi Jinping”, Hoover Institution, 09.17 America Chan, Tara Francis “A Chilling Story about Chinese Pressure in • Enhanced monitoring of Chinese acquisitions of news outlets or new Australia shows How Far Beijing will Reach to Silence Critics”, Business Insider, 02.05.18 joint ventures worldwide Chia Yu-Tsai “Mass Media and National Identity”, 2016 • Enhanced monitoring of government regulation of state-run Chinese Foreign Correspondents Club of China “Under Watch; Working media outlets Conditions Report”, 29.01.19 Gui Qing, Koh & Shiffman, John “Beijing’s Covert Network Airs • Developing codes of conduct for IFJ members regarding funded trips China-Friendly News across Washington and the World”, Reuters, and guidelines for those engaging with China 02.11.15 • Hoover Institution “China’s Influence and American Interests; Considering strategies to utilise IFJ members’ lobbying capacities over Promoting Constructive Vigilance”, 29.11.18 Chinese state-run propaganda in non-Chinese news outlets Lim, Louisa & Bergin, Julia “Inside China’s Audacious Global • Exploring opportunities for engagement, including collective Propaganda Campaign”, The Guardian Long Read, 07.12.18 agreements, between IFJ affiliates and overseas branches of Chinese- Lim, Louisa & Smith, Graeme “Control and Capture: Taming Overseas Chinese Media”, The Little Red Podcast, 02.11.16 owned media, particularly in developed countries where laws are more Pomfret, James & Lee, Yimou “Activists in Hong Kong and Taiwan favourable to union recognition Feel Heat as China Fears Separatist Collusion”, Reuters, 18.03.19 • Strategy discussion on enhancing transparency over funding of media Prasso, Sheridan “China’s Digital Silk Road is Looking More Like an Iron Curtain”, Bloomberg Businessweek, 10.01.19 outlets Reporters Sans Frontiers “China’s Pursuit of a New World Media • IFJ establishes and maintain a central database of case studies around Order”, 24.03.19 the world of known Chinese influence Tam Siu-yin “How I Escaped a Kidnap Attempt by Chinese Agents in Hong Kong”, RFA, 01.03.19 • IFJ chapters on each continent hold internal discussions to gather Thussu, Daya Kishan, de Burgh, Hugo & Shi, Anbin China’s Media data and further recommend action on a continent-by-continent basis Go Global, Routledge, 27.11.17 Yafoi, Melisha “Journos in China for Media Exchange Program”, The Post-Courier, 05.03.18 n