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French Emigration in Great-Britain in Response to the French Revolution

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French Emigration in Great-Britain in Response to the French Revolution FRENCH EMIGRATION IN GREAT-BRITAIN IN RESPONSE TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: MEMORIES, INTEGRATIONS, CULTURAL TRANSFERS Juliette Reboul Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of History September 2014 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2014, The University of Leeds and Juliette Reboul. Acknowledgments None of this would have been possible without the help and support of my parents, Sophie and Patrick, and siblings, Matthieu and Rebecca. They have always supported me in all my decisions – wise and precarious. I am also forever indebted to my companion, Mark D’Souza-Mathew, whose keen intellectual engagement, love and friendship allowed me to further this four-year journey. I am very grateful to my three supervisors at the University of Leeds for their thoughtful comments – Pr. Simon Burrows who believed in my project and remained involved despite the thousands of kilometres between us; Pr. Russell Goulbourne who accompanied me for a year and provided me with intensely knowledgeable observations and, not the least, Dr. Kevin Linch whose supervising skills, knowledge, and kindness are beyond all praise. Many others at Leeds helped (knowingly or unknowingly) this work come into being – amongst the academic staff, John Chartres, Richard Hibbitt, Valerie Mainz, Jonathan Topham, Ian Wood and Moritz Follmer; amongst my fellow doctoral students, the relentless participants to the Historians workshop and the Eighteenth-Century group; Dr. Vincent Hiribarren spent a few hours teaching me mapping and geographical information systems. In France, I am obliged to my master’s supervisors at the University Blaise Pascal, Philippe Bourdin and Karine Rance, whose work on emigration in Germany has been a fundamental inspiration. Thank you to the staff in the different libraries and archive centres in London, Lewes, Chichester, Southampton, Winchester, Birmingham, Warwick, Chester, Leeds and Paris. I am grateful to the School of History at Leeds for providing with sufficient funds to travel to these places, and to the secretarial team who made the whole experience easy. I have the pleasure to recognise all those family, friends and students who discussed, read or bore with my obsession with emigrants and refugees – the four Reboul- Jeancenelle; Lalitha D’Souza, Ann and Michael Hopper as well as fellow graduate student Moira Bonnington who all gave me important grammatical guidance; Anne- Claire Collier, doctoral student in sociology and former housemate, who discussed in length my project. I am very grateful to the many friends I made at Student Action for Refugee in 2010-2012 who unknowingly participated in shaping and refining my subject. A particular thanks to my dear friends Chrissie D’Costa and Huwaida Issa, two enlightening researchers and socially committed women. I also would like to thank the thirty-two students who had to survive through a few months of a difficult seminar series on Edmund Burke’s political philosophy. From Clermont, France, England, Morocco or Kerala, I would like to thank all those who, often unintentionally, contributed to this project: Christine Théodon, Louis Péraudin, Mathew Abraham, Chris and Julie Linley, Julian Creasey, Simone Pelizza, Priscilla Truss, Louise Seaward, Henry Irving, Rachael Johnson, Alexandra Anderson, Ceara Weaston, Becky Bowd, Mark Walmsley in particular, and many others. Abstract From 1789 onwards, thousands of Frenchmen and women left France in response to the political, social, economical and cultural changes following the outbreak of the Revolution. A large number came to the British Isles. This dissertation focuses on the interrelation and interpenetration between the migrants and their host, confronted by circumstances to cohabit. Insofar as French and British populations were concerned, it questions the extent to which displacement, exchanges, and diverse interpretations of the exile defined the limits of each community. This thesis argues that evolving relations between the two groups pragmatically defined the political and social categories of émigré and refugee. Useful to the British State and the loyalist community, the French emigrant/refugee became a subject of propaganda against radicalism; forced to survive in a foreign environment, the emigrant group anticipated the expectations of its host by creating a public persona based on shared experiences of trauma. This discursive unity hid a financially, socially, politically and culturally divided population. As exile went on and the relations between London and Paris fluctuated, the limits of the emigrant public persona shrunk, to recentre around a core ultra-royalist group. This attempt at a histoire croisée of emigration in the British Isles combines traditional sources (contemporary and retrospective ego-documents, journalistic accounts, political publications) and innovative ones (classified adverts, passports, returns of the Aliens) to recreate the landscape of French and British encounters at a crucial moment in their history. Indeed, this dissertation aimed to open up a space for a research on emigrant-British cultural transfers by unearthing the situations, individuals and locations fundamental in the importation and reinterpretation of cultural objects in their own culture. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 1 PART I: HISTORY AND MEMORIES 14 CHAPTER 1 – ÉMIGRÉS OR REFUGEES? 15 Overview 18 From nation-centric perspectives to the internationalisation of emigration 25 Towards a transnational history of emigration 39 CHAPTER 2 – REMINISCING THE HOST 53 Challenging memory 56 Emigrant didacticism 60 Leaving a Patrie, returning in a Nation 79 PART II: THE PRAGMATICS OF EVERYDAY LIFE 88 CHAPTER 3 – BRITONS: FORGING THE FRENCH EMIGRANT 89 An alienating legislation 91 Naming the alien 108 Representing refuge 113 CHAPTER 4 – EMIGRANT GEOGRAPHIES 124 Emergency, resignation, discovery 126 London as the location for innovation and creation 140 CHAPTER 5 – CHARITY, INEQUALITY, IDENTITY 143 A Code of unequal relationship 153 The Generous Nation? 162 Lobbying for Ancien Régime distinctions 171 CHAPTER 6 – SELLING TRAUMA 179 The relocation of the Parisian aristocratic market in London 183 Nobility, Anonymity, Usurpation of Identity 194 Victimisation 206 PART III: WAYS OF BELONGING AND WAYS OF BEING 213 CHAPTER 7 – THE LANGUAGES OF EMIGRATION 214 Linguistic strategies 219 Translations, Translators and transfers 226 The emigrant reader, spectator and writer 238 CHAPTER 8 – THE DISENCHANTMENT OF THE EMIGRANT WORLD 248 Despair, repatriation and isolation 252 Familial regeneration and dynastic strategies 260 Were naturalisations the sign of a rupture with emigration? 273 CONCLUSION 280 Appendices 284 Bibliography 292 List of Figures Figure 1: Repartition of the emigrant advertisers according to trade advertised (1789-1800) .............190 Figure 2: Methods of identification used by male and female emigrant advertisers between July 1789 and December1800.............................................................................................................................203 Figure 3 : Classified adverts published per year between 1789 and 1800 ............................................207 Figure 4 : Classified adverts published per month between January 1792 and December 1794..........207 List of Images Image 1 : James Gillray, The Dagger Scene or the Plot discovered (London : H.Humphrey, 30 December 1792), British Museum ..................................................................................................................97 Image 2 : Anonymous etching, The dagger drawing orator (December 1792), British Museum..........97 Image 3: James Gillray, Search-Noght ; or State Watchmen, mistaking honest-men for conspirators (London : H.Humphrey, 20 March 1798), British Museum..........................................................99 Image 4: Isaac Cruikshank, Salus in Fuga : La France se purge petit à petit (London: S. W. Fores, 29 July 1790), Bibliothèque nationale de France (Bnf)....................................................................114 Image 5 : Thomas Rowlandson, The Concert (London : S.W. Forbes, 1792), Christie’s ....................116 Image 6 :Thomas Rowlandson, A French Family (London : S.W.Forbes, 1792), Bnf.........................117 Image 7: Isaac Cruikshank, Emigrant Clergy Reading the late decree, that all who returns shall be put to death (London : S. W. Fores, 1792), British Museum ................................................................119 Image 8 : The Importation of French priests, or the blessings of liberty (London : J.Stratford, 1792), British Museum ...........................................................................................................................119 Image 9 : Sturdy beggars collecting for the émigrant French clergy (London : William Holland, October 1792), British Museum ................................................................................................................164 Image 10 : Isaac Cruickshank, A General Fast in Consequence of the War (London : 14 January 1794), British Museum ...........................................................................................................................169
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