Local Communities Leading the Way to a Low-Carbon Society
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EUROPE IN TRANSITION LOCAL COMMUNITIES LEADING THE WAY TO A LOW-CARBON SOCIETY THE SILENT REVOLUTION OVER 2,000 GROUPS AND GROWING! COUNTRY FOCUS 2 Local communities leading the way to a low-carbon society – AEIDL EUROPE IN TRANSITION Author: Eamon O’Hara, specialist in climate change and European networking of community-based initiatives. Contributors: Cristiano Bottone, Transition Italy. Theresa Carter, Transition Ireland and Northern Ireland. Chris Church, Low Carbon Communities Cover: ‘Daycare bikes’ used to transport young Network, UK. children on the island of Samsø in Denmark. Kitty De Bruin, Transition France. © Samsø Energy Academy Fransje de Waard, Permaculture Association, The Netherlands. Alejo Etchart, Transition Economist and member of the Spanish Hub for Transition Network, Spain. Paul Hendriksen, Transition Towns, The Netherlands. Dr . Tom Henfrey, Schumacher Institute for Sustainable Systems, Bristol, UK. TABLE OF CONTENTS Kosha Anja Joubert, President of the Global The silent revolution . 3 Ecovillage Network (GEN) and Managing Director of GEN-Europe. Behind the scenes . 4 Christine Kotarakos, AEIDL – European Over 2,000 groups and growing! Association for Information on Local Development. The benefits of community-based action . 6 Gesa Maschkowski, Transition Network for Germany, Austria, Switzerland. The movers and shakers . 7 Gil Penha-Lopes, Faculty of Sciences, Transition University of Lisbon, Portugal. Ecovillages Davie Phillips, Cultivate Living & Learning, Permaculture – a guiding philosophy Cloughjordan Ecovillage, Ireland. Dr Wojciech Szymalski, Institute of Sustainable Country focus . 11 Development, Poland. The UK – a hotbed of community-based activity Job van den Assem, Friends of the Earth France – community-based initiatives breaking new ground (Milieudefensie), The Netherlands. Italy – community-based initiatives take the lead Production coordination: Jean-Luc Janot Sweden – 5,000 villages ready for transition Layout: Kaligram The Netherlands – communities working in partnership with other local actors Supported by AEIDL Portugal – mapping and linking community-based initiatives This project is supported by AEIDL, the Germany – building knowledge on community-based action European Association for Information on Local Spain – where cooperation replaces competition Development . Poland – building local awareness and capacity Denmark – a European leader in community energy EU support and assistance . 24 Time to go mainstream . 26 © AEIDL, June 2013 . Building a community of communities Local communities leading the way to a low-carbon society – AEIDL 3 THE SILENT REVOLUTION Academy Energy Samsø © Across Europe, a new frontline on climate change is emerging . In- For this potential to be realised, however, the role of this local, com- spired by the tradition of community activism in other spheres, and munity-based action must be better recognised by policymakers at building on the experiences of other initiatives for sustainable local all levels . Voluntary, citizen-based initiatives cannot be sustained development, small groups of citizens are quietly coming together to indefinitely without external support and assistance . The challenge take action in their own communities . for policymakers, therefore, is to provide this support in a way that encourages and facilitates community-based action, without un- These small, local groups are emerging in cities, towns, villages and dermining its local, bottom-up dimension, or stifling the energy and rural areas right across the EU, and the numbers are increasing at an creativity that this unleashes . impressive rate (see Fig . 2 page 5) . Meeting in living rooms, in local ca- fés, community centres and other public places, the focus is predomi- Local, community-based initiatives are, by their nature, fragmented, nantly on practical initiatives that can be taken locally to reduce green- and often have little contact with or support from outside . There have house gas (GHG) emissions and the dependence on fossil fuels, and been some efforts to address this, especially at local, regional and to strengthen the resilience and sustainability of local communities . national level, but the effectiveness of these efforts has been limited . Many of these initiatives involve the testing of new ideas, technolo- A key requirement, therefore, is to nurture and support this local gies and approaches in order to find the most sustainable and cost dimension, while also facilitating greater inter-connectedness and effective solutions . In this way, they act as important local laborato- networking between groups, and with other organisations . There is ries, piloting and demonstrating how citizens and communities can a clear need to create a strong platform that promotes the exchange live more sustainably . of ideas, information and good practices, and also facilitates the de- velopment and implementation of cooperative or shared initiatives . A defining feature of this silent revolution is that it is entirely citizen- driven, or bottom-up . Those involved are not responding to top- The establishment of this kind of a platform would provide existing down policy or regulatory decisions, but to their own desire to make groups with improved access to the information and resources they a difference, to be part of the solution rather than the problem . need to develop their projects and activities . Importantly, however, it In many instances, links and collaborative initiatives are being de- would also be a valuable source of inspiration and guidance for other veloped upwards, with local authorities and other local or regional groups and communities, providing a tool to promote a much wider bodies, which are responding positively to the leadership shown by dissemination and uptake of community-based approaches . local citizens . █ This gives this community-based movement a strong legitimacy and credibility which, combined with its widespread and growing popu- larity across the EU, makes it a potentially powerful driver of pro- environmental behavioural change . This type of societal change is not just a pre-requisite to meeting future emissions targets, but also to bringing about the transition to a resource efficient, low-carbon economy, which is now a central goal of European policy . 4 Local communities leading the way to a low-carbon society – AEIDL BEHIND THE SCENES A critical first step in establishing a support framework for local, community-based ac- OVER 2,000 GROUPS AND GROWING! tion on climate change is to better under- In the 13 EU countries reviewed, there are 4,000 groups engaged in local, community- stand the existing situation in the EU, and currently in excess of 2,000 local, communi- based action on climate change, which sug- to build links with the key stakeholders in- ty-based groups directly engaged in activi- gests that the number for the 13 countries volved . It was for this reason that between ties to tackle climate change and promote studied is in fact considerably higher that December 2012 and March 2013, the Eu- sustainable development (see Fig 1) . the available data suggests . ropean Association for Information on Local Development (AEIDL) undertook a This number could be considered to be con- Significantly, however, the number of these preliminary investigation, which led to the servative, however, as it is difficult to get groups and the number of people engaged gathering of information on community- information on all existing initiatives, some in their associated activities is growing rap- based action on climate change in 13 EU of which have a low public profile and are idly (see Fig . 2), unleashing a heretofore countries . poorly documented . There are also many latent resource that is making an increas- other groups that are engaged in activities ingly valuable contribution to wider efforts to This study built on previous information and with an indirect impact on climate change combat climate change . contacts developed by AEIDL experts over and sustainable development, which was a three year period, which helped to identify outside the scope of this study . The common characteristic of these initia- countries where community-based initia- tives is that they are established and driven tives were known to exist . By way of example, research carried out by local people (bottom-up), acting on their for the Carnegie Trust in 2008 found that in own initiative and guided by the desire to This publication presents the results of this the UK alone there were between 2,000 and take action within their own communities to research and seeks to quantify the scale of activities (the number of active groups) in the countries concerned, their rate of de- Transition Ecovillage pro- Country Other velopment, the kinds of actions being un- Initiatives jects or networks dertaken, the key actors or organisation Belgium 10 3 10 concerned and, where they exist, the struc- tures that have evolved to assist and sup- Denmark 30 10 50 port local efforts . Finland - 7 50 France 130 13 4 Germany 60 20 50 Ireland 20 2 10 Italy 80 18 150 Netherlands 80 8 100 Poland - 4 80 Portugal 14 7 20 Spain 30 17 9 Sweden 20 7 9 UK 367 1 500 Total 841 116 1042 Fig. 1: Estimated number of local, community-based groups focusing on climate action in 13 EU countries. Local communities leading the way to a low-carbon society – AEIDL 5 respond to the threat of climate change and energy efficiency, local food production ecological degradation . and sustainable transport . The focus