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Scheda Paese Isole Marshall SCHEDA PAESE ISOLE MARSHALL DATI DI BASE Nome Ufficiale: Repubblica delle Isole Marshall (Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ) Capitale: Majuro, situata sull’omonimo atollo Superficie: 181 Km2 Popolazione: 70.983 (maggio 2015) Forma di Governo: Repubblica presidenziale in libera associazione con gli USA Capo dello Stato e Capo del Governo: Hilda Heine Ministro degli Affari Esteri: John M. Silk Sistema legislativo: Assemblea bicamerale Sistema legale: Ordinamento misto derivato da quello statunitense e dalla Common Law britannica, insieme al diritto consuetudinario e statuti locali Suffragio: Universale (18 anni) Gruppi etnici: Marshallesi (92,1%), Misti Marshallesi (5,9%), Altri (2%) Religioni: Protestanti (55%), Assembly of God (26%), Cattolici (8%), Mormoni (2%) Lingue: Marshallese e Inglese Partiti politici principali: Non esistono partiti politici legalmente riconosciuti, solo raggruppamenti non ufficiali: Aelon Kein Ad, United People's Party, United Democratic Party Prossime elezioni: 2021 (ultime elezioni Gennaio 2016). Voto Moratoria Universale della Pena Favorevole di Morte (2014): CENNI STORICI Le Isole Marshall si trovano immediatamente a ovest della Linea internazionale del cambio di data e a nord dell’equatore, a circa 4100 km dal Giappone, 4100 km dalle Hawaii e 3000 km dalla Papua Nuova Guinea. Le isole Marshall sono formate da 24 atolli (i municipi) e 1156 isole: questi due gruppi di arcipelaghi vengono chiamati Ratak e Ralik (“alba” e “tramonto”), e sono rappresentati dalle due striscie presenti sulla bandiera nazionale. I primi navigatori micronesiani giunsero sulle Isole Marshall in un periodo imprecisato nel secondo millennio a.C. Il primo europeo ad avvistare le isole fu lo spagnolo Alonso de Salazar nel 1526. In base al Trattato di Tordesillas del 1494, il controllo dell'intera Micronesia spettava alla Spagna, e in mano spagnola le Isole Marshall rimasero fino al 1885, quando attraverso mediazione papale furono vendute alla Germania, che vi istituì un protettorato. Nel frattempo un altro navigatore, il capitano inglese John Marshall, aveva attraversato le isole nel 1788: da allora le carte britanniche iniziarono a indicare l’arcipelago con il suo attuale nome. Nei primi decenni del XIX secolo iniziarono ad arrivare anche mercanti e balenieri e nel 1857 giunsero i primi missionari protestanti, che costruirono chiese e scuole, minando gradualmente la tradizionale autorità dei capi locali. La Germania, come detto, annetté le Marshall nel 1885, ma non vi collocò funzionari statali fino al 1906, lasciando che le isole fossero gestite da un gruppo di potenti compagnie commerciali tedesche. Nel 1914, durante la Prima guerra mondiale, il Giappone, schierato a fianco dell’Intesa, occupò la colonia tedesca. Con il Trattato di Versailles, la Germania perse tutti i suoi possedimenti nel Pacifico, che furono affidati in mandato al Giappone (quelli a nord dell’equatore) e a Nuova Zelanda e Australia (quelli a sud). A differenza della Germania, i cui interessi nel Pacifico erano esclusivamente economici, il Giappone si servì di questi nuovi territori come valvola di sfogo per una popolazione in forte crescita. Oltre 1.000 giapponesi furono pertanto spostati nell’arcipelago, ma a differenza di quanto accadde nelle Marianne o a Palau il numero degli emigrati non superò mai quello della popolazione indigena. Anche in termini amministrativi le cose cambiarono radicalmente, poiché i giapponesi nominavano direttamente i leader locali. In più, i colonizzatori cercarono di diffondere tra la popolazione locale la loro lingua e la loro cultura. Nel 1933 il Giappone uscì dalla Società delle Nazioni, ma continuò a occupare i mandati per tutti gli anni trenta, costruendo basi aeree e fortificazioni su alcuni atolli. Durante la Seconda guerra mondiale gli Stati Uniti invasero e occuparono l’arcipelago, che divenne parte dello US Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Nel 1944, gli USA assunsero il controllo militare delle Isole Mrashall dal Giappone. Tra il 1946 e il 1958 gli USA usarono le Marshall, in particolare le isole di Bikini e Enewetak, per testare 67 armi nucleari, rendendo il paese il luogo di gran lunga il più contaminato a mondo per le radiazioni. Gli effetti di quegli esperimenti sulla salute della popolazione locale si fanno sentire ancora oggi. Nel 1979 venne formato il primo governo e promulgata la Costituzione. POLITICA Parte dello US Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands dagli anni ’50 fino all’indipendenza, l’arcipelago delle isole Marshall divenne una repubblica nel 1979. L’attuale costituzione, entrata in vigore nel 1979, prevede che il potere legislativo sia attribuito a due camere: il Parlamento Nazionale, o Nitijela, è composto da 33 “senatori” eletti ogni quattro anni a suffragio universale; nel Consiglio di Iroji, con funzioni consultive riguardo norme della tradizione, siedono i 12 capi tribali scelti dalle Isole. Il Parlamento nomina fra i suoi membri il Presidente, che svolge anche la funzione di capo del governo e che a sua volta sceglie i dieci membri che formeranno il Gabinetto. Il primo presidente delle Isole Marshall è stato Amata Kabua. Figura particolarmente carismatica, Kabua è stato rieletto presidente nel 1983, 1987, 1991 e 1996. Morto durante il suo ultimo mandato, gli è succeduto nel 1997 il cugino Imata, poi scalzato nel 1999 dal leader del Partito Democratico Unito, Kessai Note, primo commoner a ricoprire la più altica carica dello Stato. Note è stato rieletto nel 2004. Le consultazioni elettorali svoltesi nel 2007 hanno segnato un cambio di governo e una trasformazione profonda del panorama politico. Il partito dell’opposizione, Aelon Kein Ad, ha infatti conquistato la maggioranza. Sebbene sia stato necessario attendere alcune settimane prima di avere risultati certi, a causa di ripetuti conteggi delle schede, nel 2008 il Parlamento ha nominato Presidente l’ex Speaker Litokwa Tomeing, che ha ottenuto 18 voti contro i 15 di Kessai Note. Si è trattato delle elezioni più controverse e maldestramente gestite della storia del paese. Poco prima delle elezioni, infatti, il governo aveva modificato le procedure di voto all’estero rendendo il sistema più complesso, con forti ritardi per la ricezione delle schede dei numerosi espatriati. Da un punto di vista più propriamente politico, apprensione avevano suscitato le altalenanti e controverse dichiarazioni dell’opposizione circa l’intenzione di migliorare le condizioni in base alle quali gli Stati Uniti utilizzano l’atollo di Kwajalein, ma soprattutto relativamente alla volontà, più volte espressa, di procedere al riconoscimento diplomatico della Cina dopo nove anni di relazioni con Taiwan. Nessuna di queste intenzioni ha comunque avuto seguito. Nel 2011 era stato eletto Presidente della Repubblica Christopher Jorebon Loeak. Successivamente, una consultazione elettorale tenutasi il 4 Gennaio 2016 si era conclusa con l’elezione di Casten Nemra a Presidente del Paese. La precarieta’ della maggioranza con cui era stato eletto (17 a 16) ha portato parte dei neoeletti senatori a presentare una mozione di sfiducia nei confronti del Presidente ad appena una settimana dalla sua proclamazione (l’11 Gennaio 2016). A seguito dell’accoglimento della stessa, il 27 Gennaio la Dott.ssa Hilda Heine, gia’ Ministro dell’Istruzione nel precedente Governo, e’ stata eletta a nuovo Presidente della Repubblica delle Isole Marshall. La neoproclamata Presidente, prima Marshallese a conseguire il dottorato ed una delle sole tre donne a sedere in Parlamento, e’ ufficialmente la prima donna a ricoprire il ruolo di Presidente del Paese tra tutti gli Stati insulari in via di sviluppo del Pacifico. ECONOMIA Come accade a molti altri Stati del Pacifico, lo sviluppo economico delle Isole Marshall è frenato dalla natura degli atolli, dall'isolamento e dalle risorse limitate. La qualità del suolo è povera, adatta alla coltivazione della noce di cocco e del taro, radice commestibile. L'agricoltura e la pesca a livello di sussistenza rappresentano le principali fonti di reddito. Ancor più limitati sono la manodopera specializzata e il settore manufatturiero. L’agricoltura, di sussistenza, si concentra in piccole fattorie. Le importazioni sono molto superiori alle esportazioni, che si limitano ad essere rappresentate dalla vendita di noci di cocco, della copra e del frutto dell’albero del pane; l’industria si limita all’artigianato locale e alla lavorazione del tonno. Il turismo ha potenziale, ma non viene sfruttato a dovere. A parte il minimo apporto di turismo, artigianato e pesca, l’economia è fortemente dipendente dall’assistenza finanziaria degli USA e dagli aiuti esterni. Più dell’80% delle entrate del governo è legato, direttamente o indirettamente, ai prestiti statunitensi. Attualmente gli insediamenti militari degli Stati Uniti nell’arcipelago impiegano circa 1200 addetti locali come camerieri, cuochi, giardinieri e operai. Il governo rimane il maggior imprenditore del paese: un terzo della popolazione locale è occupato nel settore pubblico mentre due terzi del PIL derivano dagli aiuti statunitensi. Il tasso di disoccupazione è storicamente molto elevato e la bilancia commerciale presenta un forte saldo negativo. La quota maggiore delle esportazioni è rappresentata dai prodotti della pesca e dalle noci di cocco, mentre tra le importazioni figurano soprattutto alimenti, carburanti e mezzi di trasporto. Il più importante partner commerciale è rappresentato dagli Stati Uniti, seguiti da Guam, Giappone, Australia, Nuova Zelanda e Singapore. Le Isole Marshall soffrono per la mancanza
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