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Celebrating and Growing a Diverse Economy in Cape Town, South Africa

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Celebrating and Growing a Diverse Economy in Cape Town, South Africa Fostering new spaces: Celebrating and growing a diverse economy in Cape Town, South Africa A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Development Studies Emma Noëlle Hosking School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Victoria University of Wellington 2015 Cover photo: Wandisile, Chwayita, Mama Bokolo and I sit together in Hubspace Khayelitsha. Unfortunately Stefan was absent. Source: Emma Hosking (2014) Dedicated to Chwayita, Mama B, Stefan, Wandisile and Ludwe You are ever hopeful and excited by possibility. You have transformed and inspired me through your persistent pursuit of justice and Ubuntu. You have enabled me to articulate my sense of the world in these pages. “We are transformed, individually, collectively, as we make radical creative space which affirms and sustains our subjectivity, which gives us new location to articulate our sense of the world” – bell hooks (1990: 153) Abstract This thesis explores and celebrates diverse understandings and experiences of the economy through the narratives of four people working in Cape Town, South Africa. The diversity and multiplicity of the economy has been made invisible by a capitalocentric economic discourse which casts alternative ways of being as uncredible and weak. Thus, from a post- development/community economy perspective, I seek to foster a space in which non- conventional economic and political practices are seen as relevant and valid sites for action, where hope for a better future can be enabled. Living in the segregated city of Cape Town, I began to question the polemic framing of the country‟s “two economies”, a framing which disregards the actions of ordinary people who are improving the well-being of their communities directly, in favour of neoliberal pro- growth strategies. Therefore, I interrogate the binaries used to describe the economy and scale of action so as reimagine other possible trajectories for transformation. In so doing, I trace some of the relational connections that the participants articulated and employed on a daily basis so as to foster a sense of place beyond dualistic notions of scale and politics. I also contend that if we are to appreciate the community economy as a significant and persistent site of struggle, there is a need to understand politics as happening beyond the horizon of direct mobilisation. Through these reframings I work to reinsert the experiences and perspectives of spatially and economically marginalised people and places into implications in broader issues. I approach this research from a post-structural, feminist stance, not only to deconstruct the supposed dominance of the capitalist economy, but also to contribute to a project of growing a diverse economic discourse and enabling people to occupy this terrain and reclaim their agency. Hence, using ethnographic and visual collaborative methodologies I aim to promote and value the agency and autonomy of ordinary people who are performing, dreaming, enacting, connecting and enabling a broad horizon of opportunities in hybrid, multi-scalar ways. Therefore, alongside its conceptual contribution of enabling other economic possibilities, I hope that this thesis adds to a conversation about the need for methodologies to be realised as part of a broader movement towards transformation and change. iv v Acknowledgements To Chwayita, for your excitement about this project and for the youthful exuberance and joy that you gave to it. To Mama Bokolo, for sharing your stories and for letting your garden work its profound magic and healing on me. To Stefan, for your sage advice, listening ear and for sharing your faith so humbly with me. To Wandisile, for fish and chips, being my pretend tour guide and for the brightly rainbow-ed skies that you have painted on my horizon. To Ludwe for your poetic way of speaking and for your kind spirit. To Marcela, your wise observations, astute reflections and your profound sense of the world have inspired my thoughts and given me the ability to think and write about things in new ways. Thank you for your deep mentorship, broad-minded conversation and for your generosity with you precious parental leave. Little Maia, thank you for your patience and always burping at the right time. Also, thanks must go to the Research Trust of Victoria University of Wellington, for the financial support that you have given me this year. To the Spatial Praxis and Social Practice research group who enthused me with fortnightly doses of superb geographical thinking and gave me a platform to muse about my ideas. To my wonderful thesis-writing friends, for the endless laughing through office walls, Bananagram lunches, the daily quiz and horoscope session, contemplations on masters-life and just being super people to be alongside in this massive undertaking. To Rebecca and Kathy, who laboured carefully through many first drafts. Thank you also to my bean-growing compatriots - you kept it alive this year. To Clare, Shang-Chin, Lisa and Sarah for making Wellington a home to me, for keeping me sane with cooking, wine and Miranda and for being rather marvellous human-beings. To my geographically distant friends, for keeping near. To my family: Des and Clare, for your stimulating conversation and interest in my work. To my brother, Nick, for his brief wanderings into my life here. Notably, to my magnificent parents, for the way that they question the world and have moulded me into a questioner too. I have also been blessed with a marvellous faith family at St Michaels, Kelburn. Your prayers and support have kept me nourished. To God, the deepest love and praise for remaining my rock and refuge, for creating me to be the person that I am in this spectacular world of possibility; for boundless hope. vi Table of contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. vi Table of contents ............................................................................................................... vii List of acronyms .................................................................................................................. x List of figures ...................................................................................................................... xi Glossary ............................................................................................................................ xiii Prelude ................................................................................................................................. 1 Introducing my research project ........................................................................................ 3 Situating my research in theory ......................................................................................... 3 Research questions ........................................................................................................ 6 Situating my research in place ........................................................................................... 6 South Africa: The Rainbow Nation? ............................................................................. 9 Cape Town: A segregated city ..................................................................................... 12 Scope of my research and thesis outline........................................................................... 17 Introducing the participants ............................................................................................. 21 Mama (Mabel) Bokolo, Abalimi and the Nyanga People‟s Garden Centre ....................... 22 Ludwe Qamata ................................................................................................................ 25 Stefan Louw and Innovate the Cape ................................................................................ 26 Chwayita Wenana and Rescue for Nature ........................................................................ 29 Wandisile Nqeketho and the 18 Gangster Museum .......................................................... 32 Tracing my epistemological and methodological becomings ........................................... 35 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 35 The biography of my epistemological and philosophical approach .................................. 36 Power and possibility: How knowledge is constrained and enabled ............................. 37 Performing possibility: Making a difference ................................................................ 39 This mess is an epistemology ....................................................................................... 39 Positioning myself in the research ................................................................................... 40 Inventive methodologies ................................................................................................. 45 vii The research process ....................................................................................................... 48 Who did I talk to and how did these conversations come about? .................................. 48 This mess is a method .................................................................................................. 50 Transcribing,
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