Earth and Space Sciences Annual Report 2016 Dear Reader

Earth and Space Sciences Annual Report 2016 Dear Reader,

This is the one and only final annual report from the department of Earth and Space Sciences. From 1 May 2017 we will have a new name, namely the Department of Space, Earth, and Environment, and the number of staff will roughly double.

It is a strange feeling to say thank you and goodbye although we know from experiences

Gunnar Elgered, in life, as well as from our research, that nothing is forever. For a while I was thinking of Head of Department summarising the most remarkable experiences, both the good and the bad ones, but it would take up too much space. Instead I would like to make a short statement that the 17 years as head of department, with its outstanding personnel, have been fantastic. But hey, wait a minute, isn’t this a typical statement from a retiring person? So what else can be added to make you the reader believe it?

What was produced by the department during 2016? More than 160 reviewed papers were published in scientific journals, including three in the high-status journal Nature. That is indeed remarkable, but is it good or bad? In these days it is rather common to hear statements about how measure quality. What does that mean? In order to do so we need a unique link from quality to quantity. It is not at all clear that these links exist for all areas where we want to assess quality. In fact I have only heard of one such link that I easily accept. I cite, in my own words, our chairman of the department’s advisory board, Göran Netzler. “The quality of your work is inversely proportional to the number of complaints you receive related to what you produce”. In research we produce scientific papers. The complaints you get can be found through citations. Hm, there must be a misunderstanding here, because I once heard someone saying that a very good scientist receive many citations ... academic life is obviously complicated.

As tradition requires the annual report is also introduced by some highlights from the year. A highlight could be anything that I have found special.

– The Odin satellite celebrated 15 years in space – The radar remote sensing group built an experimental tower (see the front page) – Sebastien Muller was given the competence of associate professor (docent) in Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics on 26 April – Lars Ulander was appointed Director of the master’s program Wireless, Photonics, and Space Engineering. He also became an IEEE Fellow (both effectively from 1 January 2017, but decided in 2016) – Pär Strand was appointed ITER Science Fellow – The twin telescopes at the observatory were installed and at the end of 2016 they were ready for the receivers to be mounted – Two “Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)” were given: Sensing Planet Earth – From Core to Outer Space, and Sensing Planet Earth – Water and Ice

There are also many additional individual highlights in the form of thesis works. They are presented on pages 10-11.

Finally, I am pretty sure that the staff in today’s department will continue, in the new department, to produce highly interesting research as well as to teach and motivate our students in order to prepare them for interesting lives.

Production: Dept. of Earth & Space Sciences, Chalmers Printed by Arkitektkopia 2017. Copies: 500 2 The Cover

A new research station, BorealScat, was established during 2016 in an experimental forest at Remningstorp, located between Skara and Skövde in southern Sweden. It consists of a 50 m high tower with radar and meteorological instruments. The antenna array with 20 ultra-wideband elements at the top of the tower allows tomographic and polarimetric radar imaging of the forest below. The objective is to acquire long-term time series of radar and meteorological measurements to investigate variations of electromagnetic scattering from the vegetation.

The project is motivated by a research effort, led by the European Space Agency (ESA), to map global forest biomass using data from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites. The biomass estimates are affected by changes in the forest due to season, weather and other environmental conditions. Measurements from BorealScat will give a better understanding of electromagnetic scattering from boreal forests and will improve the accuracy of forest biomass maps. The station is operating since December 2016. Photo: Albert Monteith

Contents Public Outreach...... 4 Press Clippings ...... 5 First Degree & Master’s Studies. The inside of the BorealScat tower, 50 m high, based in ...... 6 Remningstorp test forest. Bachelor´s Thesis Reports...... 7 Photo: Albert Monteith Master’s Thesis Reports ...... 7 Master´s Programmes...... 8 Doctoral Programme...... 10 Licentiates ...... 10 Doctoral Dissertations...... 11 Advanced Receiver Development...... 12 Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling...... 13 Optical Remote Sensing...... 14 Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy...... 15 Radar Remote Sensing...... 16 Space Geodesy and Geodynamics...... 17 Extragalactic Astrophysics...... 18 Galactic Astrophysics...... 19 Onsala Space Observatory...... 20 Publications...... 22 Facts and Figures...... Interest in our research attracts a new public. 29 Photo: Albert Monteith Organisation...... 30

3 Public Outreach In our outreach programme we engage with the public in order to communicate the excitement and importance of science to people of all ages.

Our first two Chalmers MOOCs (massive open online courses), titled Sensing Planet Earth were a great success. The two courses, From Core to Outer Space and Water and Ice, each attracted over 3000 students from 129 countries, most from the US, India and Sweden, and achieved the highest completion rates yet for Chalmers MOOCs. We communicated news from Onsala facilities and research by Chalmers scientists to the media in collaboration with Chalmers press office and partner organisations. News reports from Sweden Santiago Arellano at the Gothenburg Scientific Festival. Photo: Thomas Nilsson and around the world featured the Band 1 feed for SKA, the precessing black hole jet in galaxy Department scientists gave a number of public NGC 1377, a tidal disruption event observed by talks during the year. On the Physics day during the EVN, and ALMA observations of disk winds Gothenburg Scientific Festival Santiago Arellano from a young star, and a forming triple-star system. held a lecture on how general physics can help us Astronomers Susanne Aalto and Hans Olofsson understand volcanic eruptions through models, also contributed to the 16-part radio series experiments and obervations. Several talks were Bildningsbyrån: Rymden produced by UR (the given on Sweden’s Day and Night of Astronomy Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company). on October 8, at events in Gothenburg, Växjö, Onsala Space Observatory was the focus of a Trollhättan, Stenungsund and Fjärås. In November programme on Swedish national public radio Eva Wirström talked about the science of planets (Vetandets värld) about radio astronomy and with 550 schoolchildren at Härlanda/Örgryte China’s FAST telescope. library, Gothenburg, in conjunction with National Children’s Book Week. During the year 1900 people visited Onsala Space Our SALSA radio telescopes were booked for an Observatory, its telescopes and exhibition. Most average of 21 hours per week, on average came as part of a total of 65 guided tours, of which 3.5 h per booking, by students, teachers and school groups of all ages accounted for 25 of the amateur astronomers from ten countries. This tours. Many visitors to Onsala came as part of includes Sweden but also from as far away as two public open days, during the Gothenburg the US, Israel and Ecuador. Most users study the Science Festival and on the Mothers’ day in May. movements of interstellar gas in the Milky Way. We provided supervision for Swedish high school projects using SALSA. The SALSA telscopes are used to demonstrate and teach radio astronomy to the general public in multiple outreach activities, both in Onsala and elsewhere.

In December 2016, (from left to right) Ludvig och Oliver Norrman and Thea och Tyra Lillhage, all from Onsala Montessoriskola, became the first twins to visit the Onsala Twin Telescopes. Photo: Anna Sterning

4 Press Clippings

China Fighting Air Pollution in Air, Land, and Sea China is keen to learn best practices for marine fuel enforcement regulation from Chalmers scientists. Huffington Post, May.

Triple star caught in unique image An international team of scientists has Three projects could be Sweden’s next taken a picture that could make the world’s science satellite hobby photographers feel pretty small. Space missions SIW and DICE are two of three SVT Vetenskap, Oct. possible successors to national climate satellite MATS. Populär Astronomi, Dec.

Telescopes have millimeter-precision tabs on the Earth’s distances Two identical telescopes are being built in Onsala. Soon they’ll measure distances across the Earth - to the millimetre. Sveriges radio Vetenskapsradion, June Susanne Aalto was interviewed by SVT Väst on 31 July about ALMA’s observations of a swirling black hole jet. Credit: SVT

Odin celebrates 15 years in space - working overtime For 15 years, seven times its expected lifetime, the Swedish satellite has circled earth. Rymdkanalen, Feb.

LA-area refineries emit up to 12 times more The research satellite Odin has circled earth toxic chemicals than reported 81 942 times in 15 years! Photo: Sara Sällström SR Refineries in greater Los Angeles are emitting up to 12 times more toxic chemicals than previously reported, according to a new study by Swedish Their technology makes the world’s biggest researchers and the South Coast Air Quality telescope work Management District. Miroslav Pantaleev and Jonas Flygare are part 89.3 KPCC Southern California Public Radio, Nov. of the Swedish team developing cutting-edge tech for the international telescope project SKA. DN, Aug.

5 First Degree and Master’s Studies

The department is active at several levels of courses. One example is the small radio telescope teaching: we give courses for students at Chalm- SALSA, which astronomy students use to observe Magnus Thomasson, Vice Head of Department ers’ Foundation Year, the three-year engineering atomic hydrogen gas in the Milky Way. and responsible for the programme in Electrical Engineering and five- We have long strived to increase the department’s undergraduate teaching year master of engineering programmes in Electri- teaching, in particular on the bachelor’s level. In cal Engineering, Automation and Mechatronics 2016, we were given the responsibility for the course Engineering, and Engineering Physics. Most of Circuit analysis for first year electrical engineering our courses are at the master’s level, and many of students. them are also open for students at the University The department is involved in two master’s of Gothenburg (GU). We also cooperate with the programmes: Physics and Astronomy (together Department of Physics at GU by giving courses at with the Department of Fundamental Physics) bachelor’s level in basic astronomy. and Wireless, Photonics and Space Engineering In 2016, the department was responsible for more (together with the Department of Microtechnol- than 20 courses at Chalmers, plus thesis projects ogy and Nanoscience). on bachelor’s and master’s level. Our teachers also Two of the department’s teachers are also respon- participated in courses given by other departments. sible fot education programmes as Chalmers: Arto Heikkilä, The subjects range from basic electrical engineer- Cathy Horellou is Director of the Master’s Head of the ing to courses closely related to our research in, Programme in Physics and Astronomy, and Arto Programme in e.g., astrophysics, remote sensing, receiver develop- Electrical Engineering Heikkilä is Head of the Programme in Electrical ment, and plasma physics. An important subject Engineering. In addition, Lars Ulander was ap- is measurement techniques. We have our own pointed Director of the Master’s program Wireless, laboratory, which is used exclusively for teaching Photonics, and Space Engineering in 2016, but his and where students get hands-on experience with actual work as Director of the programme will measurement instruments. Also the instruments start 1 January 2017. at Onsala Space Observatory are used in several

Chalmers courses given during 2016 (NB: many of the master’s courses were also open to students at the University of Gothenburg) Cathy Horellou, Director of the A Foundation Year Master’s courses and equivalent Master’s Programme Physics, part B Active microwave circuits (parts of the course) in Physics and Physics project (parts of the course) Electromagnetic waves and components Astronomy Engineering programmes Experimental physics: spectroscopic methods Electrical engineering (parts of the course) Electrical engineering project Galaxies and observational cosmology Telecommunication Image processing Master’s thesis in Earth and Space Sciences Master of Engineering programmes, year 1–3 Microwave engineering (parts of the course) Bachelor’s thesis in Earth and Space Sciences Millimetre wave and THz technology Circuit analysis Modern astrophysics Electric circuits and electric power (part of the Plasma physics with applications course) Remote sensing Engineering measurements (for Automation and Mechatronics Engineering) Radar systems and applications Engineering measurements (for Electrical Radioastronomical techniques and Engineering) interferometry Environmental measurement techniques Satellite positioning High frequency electromagnetic waves Satellite communications Planetary sciences Space science and techniques Stellar physics The interstellar medium and star formation

6 Bachelor’s Thesis Reports

Erik Börjesson, Julia Jansson, Carl von Rosen Johansson Test and implementation of a laser based sea level sensor Supervisor: Gunnar Elgered

Carl, Julia och Erik by the tide guage at Onsala Space Observatory. Julia is carrying the laser sensor later installed in the tide gauge well seen to the left. Photo: Gunnar Elgered Master’s Thesis Reports Mariana Alves David Anton Nilsson The gravitationally lensed blazar PKS 1830- Probing galactic haloes using background 211 seen by ALMA determination of the time polarized radio sources delay between the lensed images Supervisor: Cathy Horellou Supervisors: Sebastien Muller and Ivan Martí-Vidal Jonas Flygare A wideband quad-ridge flared horn feed design Torbjörn Rathsman for the Square Kilometre Array band 1 A software toolkit for generating ice and snow Supervisors: Miroslav Pantaleev and Bhushan paritcle shape data Billade Supervisor: Patrick Eriksson Sven Eriksson Madeleine Yttergren Real-time kinematic positioning of UAS - Gravitational instabilities in nearby star- possibilities and restrictions forming galaxies Supervisors: Thomas Hobiger and Rüdiger Haas Supervisor: Alessandro Romeo Paul Gnilsen Katarina Raaholt Larsson Scheduling for VGOS twin telescopes Retrieval of descent rates in the polar vortex Supervisors: Rüdiger Haas and Johannes Böhm during the arctic winter 2012/2013 (Vienna University) Supervisor: Kristell Pérot Christos Drosinos Eleftherios Simon Pfreundschuh GNSS signal reflections off sea ice invlib: A generic implementation of bayesian Supervisor: Thomas Hobiger methods for inverse problems in remote sensing Supervisor: Patrick Eriksson

Jonathan Arvidsson GPS based flight motion capture Supervisors: Patrik Dammert (Saab) and Thomas Hobiger

Justin Salér Ramberg The outflow of the Boomerang nebula: the coldest object in the universe Supervisors: Wouter Vlemmings and Theo The SKA Band 1 feed horn mounted on the DVA1 dish at Khouri the CNRC-DRAO facility near Penticton, British Columbia, Canada, seen here with Onsala Space Observatory engineers Jonas Flygare (left) and Magnus Dahlgren. (Photo: Onsala Space Observatory/CNRC-DRAO/J. Flygare)7 Master’s programme given by us and the Department of Fundamental Physics (from 2016 Department of Physics). Master’s programme Master’s programme PHYSiCS anD aSTronoMY WirELESS, PHoToniCS anD SPaCE EnGinEErinG

CarEEr oPPorTUniTiES CarEEr oPPorTUniTiES The skills in problem solving and advanced The programme provides a master’s education for a experimental techniques, as well as collaboration future career in engineering branches that rely heavily and presentation skills, acquired in this program are on electromagnetic waves, e.g. telecommunication, highly valued both in the academic world and on the automotive electronics, space engineering, job market. medical applications of microwaves and photonics, remote sensing, solid state lighting, environmental Previous students have found positions in for Electron beam lithography in Diffractive optics Photonics laboratory GaN MMIC X-band transceiver fabricated at Chalmers monitoring, navigation, and radio astronomy. example industrial research, consulting, product Chalmers clean room You will find career opportunities in industry, at and production development, management and universities, or at research institutes. From elementary particles to a complex universe administration, financial analysis. Electromagnetic waves in research and everyday life Understanding the basic laws of physics has been a fascinating The interested student will also be well prepared Wireless, Photonics and Space Engineering with their many UniQUE FEaTUrES to enter a doctoral programme at Chalmers or at The programme offers a unique opportunity to study problem since the birth of modern science. It is of great intrinsic another university in both Sweden and worldwide. applications are large industries and strong research fields both a combination of subjects where Chalmers has interest and also forms the basis of other branches of science. in Sweden and worldwide. world‐class facilities: Onsala Space Observatory UniQUE FEaTUrES with radio telescopes and equipment to study the Earth and its atmosphere, the Nanofabrication Trying to probe the smallest structures of matter and the largest Close connections to leading research laboratories The master’s programme will prepare you for a career in this Laboratory with a clean room for micro and like the accelerator facilities at CERN and GSI, and structures of the Universe also drives the development of new nanotechnology, and state‐of‐the‐art photonics and the Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy: field through studies of wireless and optical communication microwave measurement equipment in research technologies. Onsala Space Observatory. components and systems, RF and microwave engineering, laboratories.

Physics and Astronomy is intended for students with a keen SPECiaLiZaTion photonics (phenomena and applications utilizing photons), and CoUrSES interest in either the theoretical or experimental aspects of front- Through the choice of elective courses it is possible space science and techniques. The programme starts with five compulsory courses. to specialize in theoretical and/or experimental Through semi-compulsory courses, students line physics and astronomy. aspects of particle physics, subatomic physics or can specialize in wireless, photonics or space astrophysics. engineering, or a combination thereof. To provide opportunities to study related fields, there is also a wide range of elective courses. Year 1

Advanced Quantum Quantum Field Theory Quantum Electro- Mechanics Mechanics dynamics Astroparticle Gravitation Physics and Cosmology Advanced Experimental Subatomic Physics: Modern Physics Interstellar Spectroscopic Astrophysics Medium & Galaxies Year 1 Methods Star Format. & Observat. Cosmology Electromag- Antenna netic Waves Microwave Fundamentals Engineering Elective Elective and Engineering of courses courses Components Photonics Laser Autumn Spring Engineering Active Micro- Wireless and Space wave Circuits Photonics Science Radar Year 2 System and Systems Engineering Techniques Remote and Phys. Beyond Sensing Applications String The research satellite Odin the Standard Theory Autumn Spring Model Modern Year 2 Subatomic Astrophysical Detectors Dynamics Design of Mm-wave & Master’s Thesis MMIC THz Techn. 30 or 60 Credits Plasma Elective Physics Opto- Fiber Optical courses electronics Communic. Master’s Thesis Elective Elective Elective Satellite Satellite courses courses courses Communic. Positioning Autumn Spring Semiconduct. Elective Devices courses Spring Semi-compulsory courses, select 4–8 of 12 Elective The order of the courses might be changed. Eleven feed antenna for radio telescopes courses The airborne radar system CARABAS The airborne radar system CARABAS Orionnebulosan Semi-compulsary courses, select 3–7 of 12

8 Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden, Phone +46 31 772 10 00, chalmers.se Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden, Phone +46 31 772 10 00, chalmers.se Master’s programme given by us and the Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience. Master’s programme Master’s programme PHYSiCS anD aSTronoMY WirELESS, PHoToniCS anD SPaCE EnGinEErinG

9 Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden, Phone +46 31 772 10 00, chalmers.se Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden, Phone +46 31 772 10 00, chalmers.se Doctoral Programme The doctoral programme is organised as the research school Radio and Space Science. One of the three specialisations; Astronomy, Environmental Science, and Electrical Engineering may be added to reflecting the diversity of the research carried out at the department. The school strives to give the students a thorough understanding of the research area they have chosen with in depth studies in a particular subject. The students should also take part in some teaching activities as well at other de- Donal Murtagh, Deputy partmental work with the aim of achieving Chalmers goals for postgraduate education. There are cur- Head of Department rently about 26 research students in the programme — most of whom are employed by the department, and responsible for the although a few have positions in industry or at other institutes. During the past year 7 PhD degrees and doctoral programme. 5 licentiate degrees have been awarded, while 3 new post-graduate students were recruited. We also strive to engage the PhD students in the department and have organised PhD student fora once per year. This years was a full day in May. Here we discussed such subjects as the results of the introduction of new students, the personnel questionnaire, generic and transferable skills courses and how to spread knowledge, such as good programming, among each other. Licentiates

Niko Petteri Kareinen Carsten Rieck Geodetic analysis for the very long baseline Real-time time metrology using space interferometry global observing system geodetic methods February June Supervisor: Rüdiger Haas Supervisor: Rüdiger Haas

Sascha Krause Judit Fogasy Ultra-thin niobium nitride films for hot electron The environment of high-redshift AGN bolometer and THz applications June February Supervisor: Kirsten Kraiberg Knudsen Supervisor: Vincent Desmaris

Frida Eriksson Nonlinear dynamics of frequency sweeping energetic particle modes in tokamaks March Supervisor: Hans Nordman

10 Doctoral Dissertations

John Johansson Sagi Kazutoshi Optical remote sensing of industrial Decadal analysis of stratospheric ozone gas emission fluxes depletion using data assimilation and February Odin/SMR measurements Supervisor: Johan Mellqvist May Supervisor: Donal Murtagh

Taissa Danilovich Lukas Lindroos Mass loss and molecules: studies of galactic Stacking of interferometric data- a submillimetre AGB stars and radio view on the evolution of distant galaxies February August Supervisor: Kay Justtanont Supervisor: Kirsten Kraiberg Knudsen

Sofia Wallström Joachim Wiegert The death throes of massive stars Circumstellar dust emission from nearby April solar-type stars Supervisor: Sebastien Muller September Supervisor: René Liseau

Hawal Marouf Rashid Eskil Varenius Towards ultimate performance of THz heterodyne Investigating the origin of radio emission in nearby receivers: SIS frequency multiplier and wideband starburst galaxies via high-resolution metre and passive components centimetre observations April October Supervisor: Vincent Desmaris Supervisor: John Conway 11 Advanced Receiver Development

Research group leader The Group for Advanced Receiver Development (GARD) is a research and engineering group Victor Belitsky working on Terahertz technologies and instrumentation. GARD research activities are focused on superconducting electronics, material science and thin-film processing. The results and experience from the research facilitate development and building of state-of-the-art instruments used in radio astronomy and environmental science.

Staff Academic Activities by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) Victor Belitsky GARD participated actively in teaching within the at the level of about 13 MC for 5 years. Maria Bylund (Apr-) Chalmers Master Program “Wireless, Photonics The ALMA Band 5 European Consortium Vincent Desmaris and Space Engineering” and at the undergraduate collaborates with the National Radio Astronomy Andrey Ermakov level (a total of five different courses). S. Krause Observatory (NRAO), USA, providing the local Sven-Erik Ferm has presented his Licentiate thesis in February oscillator system and warm cartridge assembly. Mathias Fredrixon 2016 and H. Rashid defended his PhD thesis in By the end of 2016, more than 37 Band 5 receiver Igor Lapkin April 2016. GARD has produced 13 publications cartridges have been delivered to the ALMA Denis Meledin during the year. Project. The installed Band 5 receivers have passed Alexey Pavolotsky scientific commissioning and the ALMA Band 5 Sareh Shafiee ALMA Band 5 Full Production Project receivers will be offered for observations during Magnus Strandberg At the beginning of 2013, GARD has been cycle 5 (2018). Erik Sundin awarded the contract to build Band 5 receivers for the entire Atacama Large Millimeter/ APEX Project submillimeter Array (ALMA). The Project aims GARD has performed four missions to APEX Doctoral students to produce 75 receiver cartridges in collaboration telescope, which included the de-installation Parisa Aghdam with the Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor and re-installation of the new SEPIA receiver Sascha Krause Astronomie (NOVA), Netherlands, and is funded (Swedish-ESO PI Instrument for APEX) to a Hawal Marouf Rashid (-Apr) share position at the telescope with other PI instruments. The SEPIA receiver is a completely new instrument that allows using ALMA receiver cartridges (up to 3) and consisted, at the start, of a cryostat and a pre-production ALMA Band 5 receiver cartridge that covers the frequency range 158 GHz - 211 GHz, built under EC FP6 funded project, and upgraded by GARD. ESO has contributed to the SEPIA with the hardware (including LO/WCA purchased from NRAO) and commissioning. During 2016, GARD in collaboration with NOVA added a new receiver cartridge: the ALMA Band 9 receiver covers the 600 GHz – 720 GHz RF band. SEPIA is actively used by astronomers of all APEX partners and through ESO by the entire astronomy community, while SEPIA Band 5 receiver is in big demand as a pathfinder for coming use of ALMA Band 5 observations starting in 2018.

The first superconducting tunnel junction based frequency multiplier chip designed by Hawal Rashid. This frequency multiplier has demonstrated to produce sufficient power for practical use by generating about 50 nW of power around 190 GHz. This work was published in IEEE Terahertz Science and Technology magazine and has been nominated by reviewers as “The best publication of the year”. Credit: H. Rashid.

12 Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling Research group leader The Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling group focuses on the production Donal Murtagh and interpretation of global data-sets. To a large extent these originate from the Swedish-led Odin satellite project, where we are the main data processing centre for the submillimetre radiometer instrument providing the atmospheric community with quality-assessed data. On the scientific side we have continued with studies of the chemical and dynamical processes affecting the atmosphere. As in earlier annual reports, we chose to highlight one or two aspects of this research each year. MATS, SIW and DICE During the past year we have been looking to the future. As always this is guided by the opportunities that present themselves. Sweden’s National Space Board issued a call for new small innovative satellite ideas as a follow-up on MATS (Mesospheric Aerosol/Airglow Tomography Satellite) to which we submitted two ideas; SIW (Stratospheric Inferrred Winds) and DICE (Dual- band Ice Cloud Explorer) both of which were selected in December to go forward together with a proposal from KTH Royal Institute of Technology to a pre-study that is intended to ensure that the technical and financial risks are well understood before a final selection toward the An example of a large tropical ice cloud of the type that end of 2017. can be investigated by DICE. The group has been working on the simulation Photo: © NASA Staff waves in the oxygen airglow which is one of the Patrick Eriksson phenomena that will be observed by MATS. of frequencies information on the amount of water Hannah Imhof DICE builds on current work within the group tied up in ice particles as well as some information Ashley Jones about the size can be obtained. The idea with in preparation for the ICI (Ice Cloud Imager) Michael Kahnert DICE is to perform similar measurements but (adj. prof.) with a higher horizontal resolution that better Donal Murtagh matches the types of structures seen in ice clouds Kristell Perot and to do this from an orbit that is not fixed David Simpson in local time so that the evolution of the cloud (adj. prof.) structures can be followed throughout the day. Ole Martin Christensen (guest scientist) Such data will provide important tests of climate and weather prediction models. SIW also uses microwave spectroscopy but in this case we are interested in the shifts in the frequency of the emission lines cause by the Doctoral students wind field though the phenomenon known as the Emma Andersson Doppler effect. Using data from the SMILES Robin Ekelund instrument that functioned on the International Joonas Kiviranta The figure shows how the SIW instrument will in turn Julia Ringsby observe first in the backward direction observe the Space Station between Oct. 2009 and March 2010 cold sky as part of the calibration method then in the we were able to demonstrate that stratospheric Kazutoshi Sagi (-May) foward direction and finally the warm calibration target. and mesospheric winds can be measured with an Credit:Omnisys accuracy of 5-10 ms-1. SIW is designed to allow instrument that will fly on the next generation us to measure full vector winds over the height European operational weather satellites. This range 30-80 km and will also provide profiles of includes detailed studies of the radiative transport ozone and other related compounds, such as HCl of microwave radiation of different frequencies and HNO3, that will continue these important in clouds with different particle shapes and observations after the current satellite instrument orientations. With measurements at a number has ceased to function. 13 Optical Remote Sensing

The optical remote sensing group is working with development and application of ground- based optical remote sensing methods for atmospheric measurements. we focusb on tailoring instruments and measurement strategies to address specific measurement problems related Research group leader to environmental research and monitoring needs. The work is very international and field- Bo Galle oriented, and spans a large variety of disciplines.

China), measurements of volatile hydrocarbons in Los Angeles from fossil fuel related activities and standardization of remote optical techniques for

Staff the quantification of gas emissions (CEN WG 38). Santiago Arellano Gas and particle emissions from shipping Jörg Beecken Several methods, including both optical and Vladimir Conde (Feb-) sniffer technology, have been developed for Johan Ekholm remote airborne and ground based measurements Bo Galle of gas and particle exhaust emissions from ships. John Johansson (Feb-) The aim with the systems is to control whether Johan Mellqvist ships comply with new environmental regulation Glenn Persson and to quantify emissions per fuel burnt. The work A drone, equipped with an in-situ SO2/CO2 instrument, is funded by several EU projects (CompMon, Doctoral student used for sampling the volcanic gas plume at volcanoes EnviSum), the Danish environmental authorities John Johansson (-Feb) in Papua New Guinea. Photo: Santiago Arellano and Chalmers Transport area of advance. During the period 2014-2016, measurements were carried Volcanic gas measurements out from fixed stations at the harbor of Göteborg, Since 2001 we are strongly involved in develop- the Öresund Bridge, the Great Belt bridge and the ing methods to quantify gas emission from active port of Los Angeles. In addition airborne meas- volcanoes. The EU-project NOVAC (Network urements of ships were carried out around Den- for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric mark and at the entrance of the English channel. Change), coordinated by Chalmers, was initiated in late 2005. This project aims at establishing a network of instruments for gas measurements and today comprises 41 of the most active volcanoes in the world. In 2013 a new project DECADE (Deep Earth Carbon Degassing) was initiated, aiming at improving the knowledge on CO2 emission from volcanoes as part of a large scale international effort DCO, Deep Carbon Observatory. During September 2016 a field campaign was carried out in Papua New Guinea with the aim to quantify the gas emission, SO2 and CO2, from the Bagana, Ta- Photo taken when conducting airborne optical remote vurvur and Ulawun volcanoes. There we tested for sensing measurements through a ship emission plume on Kattegatt. More than 200 ships were inspected the first time performing measurements using a during the second half of 2015. Photo: Johan Mellqvist drone system. Successful measurements of plume composition were made up to an altitude of Stratospheric ozone depletion and satel- 1800 m above the ground. lite validation Gas emissions from industry and trans- Since 1994 we have operated a high resolution port FTIR spectrometer for solar measurements at Unique optical methods have been developed for Harestua in southern Norway. The instrument the quantification of emissions of volatile hydro- is part of NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change), and its carbons, NO2 and SO2. We are using these techniques worldwide for bottom-up and top-down main purpose is to study the composition of the studies of gas emissions from various sources. atmosphere in relation to climate gases and to This includes gas measurements in north China gases that induce stratospheric ozone loss. During during 2016 to assess industrial emissions and 2016 regular measurements have been carried out, gas fluxes from Beijing (VR project Photosmog- financed by the Swedish Environmental Protec- tion Agency.

14 Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy The group Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy is focused on theoretical research on the physics of magnetically confined hot fusion plasmas. The research is strongly integrated with the international research activities, in particular the EU and ITER program, for the Research group leader realisation of fusion energy as a safe, clean, and sustainable energy source. Hans Nordman

Instabilities and transport in fusion plasmas The strong gradients in temperature present in magnetically confined fusion plasmas drive Staff instabilities and turbulence in the plasma. This in Dan Andersson (prof. turn leads to large transport of heat and particles emeritus) across the confining magnetic field. The large Markus Billeter (May-) turbulent transport crucially affects the size and Yueqiang Liu performance of a fusion device. Our current work (adj. prof.) in this area is focused on modelling of experiments Hans Nordman at the largest tokamak in operation, the Joint Michael Oberparleiter European Torus (JET, UK), using both large Eva Palmberg (Lecturer scale gyrokinetic turbulence simulations (see emeritus) picture) and predictive simulations of density and Pär Strand temperature profiles using reduced fluid models of Dmitriy Yadykin turbulent transport.

While turbulence is responsible for most of Doctoral students the transport in a fusion plasma, collisions of Frida Eriksson the plasma particles and the curvature of the Daniel Tegnered magnetic field also drive the usually weaker neoclassical transport. A better understanding of synergy between the two transport phenomena in gyrokinetic simulations is an ongoing effort in the Density fluctuations as computed by the GENE code fusion research community. In our current work shown together with the background density profile in we study the role of this interaction for energy a pellet fuelled JET experiment. Superimposed on a transport and how it is influenced by the plasma computer generated cross section of JET. Credit: JET image © EUROfusion, licensed under parameters. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. One important objective for the next generation GENE to be able to utilize current and future tokamak ITER is the study of alpha particle supercomputers. A significant portion of the transport and associated heating. The fast alpha computation power of these supercomputers particles produced in the fusion reactions are is provided by non-conventional processing prone to excite wave instabilities which may units such as GPUs (graphics processing units), subsequently lead to severely degraded alpha and more recently, in the form of MICs (many particle confinement and reduced heating of the integrated core architectures). The recent tier- plasma. Within this field, our research activity 0 European supercomputer, Marconi, includes focuses on theory development and modeling of a partition with 3600 Intel KNL chips, with 68 the effects of alpha particles on plasma instabilities cores each. These 244800 cores provide for a peak and transport. performance of Computational modelling of plasmas 11 Pflops, or roughly fice times the peak Computational modelling of turbulent transport performance of the partition with conventional is very demanding, requiring the use of CPUs. Ongoing work focuses on efficiently supercomputers. Modelling larger plasmas, for utilizing these resources in GENE, as well as example in ITER, with sufficient detail, and creating a foundation to move to new architectures approaching the goal of predictive simulations, more easily in the future. pushes computational demand even further. To meet these challenges, the group is also involved in developing the simulation code

15 Radar Remote Sensing The objective of our research is to investigate and develop advanced radar methods and their applications. Current application domains include forestry, glaciology and oceanography. The group specialises in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and algorithms for image formation, autofocus and information extraction. Large-scale forest mapping is an important application motivated by the need for improved climate change prediction, Research group leader storm-damage assessment and sustainable management in commercial forestry. Ocean Leif Eriksson surface winds and currents, and sea ice are other applications with importance for the climate system, but also for supporting ship routing and other maritime activities. Staff Jan Askne (prof. emeritus) Radar tower for time series measure- to months, over a forest site in order to collect Anders Berg (-Feb) the data needed for parameter retrieval. Under- Gisela Carvajal ments standing how the radar polarimetric response Leif Eriksson The European Space Agency is funding and devel- Maciej Soja oping the BIOMASS satellite to be launched into changes during observation intervals is necessary Jan Torgrimsson low-Earth orbit in 2021. The payload is a SAR for improving retrieval algorithms. The system Lars Ulander instrument which will be the first of its kind oper- currently operates in five frequency bands from Monika Wozniak (-Oct) ating at a centre frequency of 435 MHz and will be 420 MHz to 1375 MHz. Céline Heuzé (guest dedicated to global forest mapping. The radar scientist) remote sensing group is part of the research team developing the mission. As part of the prepara- Doctoral students tions, the 50 m high BorealScat tower has been Wiebke Aldenhoff erected at the Remningstorp forest test site Erik Blomberg between Skara and Skövde in southern Sweden. Anis Elyouncha Equipped with an array of 5 x 4 ultra-wideband Albert Monteith antenna elements and a 20-channel radar, the system provides fully polarimetric, tomographic electromagnetic imaging of the forest every 5 min- utes. The research station is also equipped with Visit on the ship bridge before the demonstration of the meteorological and moisture sensors. This will SpaceNav navigation support system. provide much needed information about how the Photo: Leif Eriksson radar response of boreal forests changes throughout the diurnal cycle, seasons and in the weather Satellite data for ship navigation support conditions at northern lattitudes. The BorealScat During the past three years, the research group experiment aims to improve the understanding has participated in the SpaceNav project. and accuracy of parameter estimation such as The objective has been to use satellite data to forest biomass and vertical canopy structure using derive information about wind, waves and ocean SAR satellites. These satellites perform multiple currents and to use this information to compute imaging passes, separated by fractions of a second a ship route that minimizes fuel consumption and gas emissions. The optimum route is transmitted to the ship via a satellite link and presented in a graphical user interface developed in the project. Algorithms for ingestion, processing and merging of satellite and model data from a large number of external sources have been developed by the radar remote sensing group, while models for fuel consumption and route optimization have been imple- mented at Chalmers’ Department of Shipping and Marine Technology. The project has been funded by the EU seventh framework program and was concluded in November 2016 with a demonstration of a navigation support system installed on a large cruiseferry. The work continues in the EO- Nav project, where the goals are to increase the number of ships that use the navigation service, test the service globally and build up a spin-off company that brings the service to the market. The 20-element antenna array at the top of the 50 m high BorealScat tower. Photo: Albert Monteith 16 Space Geodesy and Geodynamics Our main interests are geodynamic phenomena and atmospheric processes. We study e.g. deformations of the Earth’s crust due to mass redistribution, inter- and intra-plate tectonics, loading effects, and variations in the Earth’s orientation and rotation. We also Research group leader study spatial and temporal variations of water vapour in the atmosphere. We address Rüdiger Haas these research topics using a variety of observational techniques together with theoretical modelling. Staff Sea level measurements from inverse Gunnar Elgered modeling of GNSS-R data Rüdiger Haas We developed an advanced method to derive sea Thomas Hobiger surface height from reflected Global Navigation Jan Johansson (adj. prof.) Hans-Georg Scherneck Satellite System (GNSS) data. It is based on inverse modelling of signal to noise data recorded by Doctoral students coastal GNSS equipment. The temporal variations Niko Petteri Kareinen of the sea surface are represented as B-splines in Grzegorz Klopotek order to account for its continuity. A non-linear Joakim Strandberg least-squares analysis of the signal to noise data Carsten Rieck (industrial with a consistent choice of model parameters student – June) Results of UT1-UTC residuals with respect to the IERS enables the combination of multiple GNSS in one Jonas Flygare (Dec –) 08 C04 series for CONT11 (top) and CONT14 (bottom). single inversion process. Compared to previ- Shown from top to bottom are the CONT ultra-rapid results ous analysis approaches using spectral analysis, (CONT-UR, blue dots), the INT results from the analysis of the new method leads to a significant increase in BKG (INT-B, green squares), GSFC (INT-G, green upward precision of the sea level retrievals due to a better triangles), and USNO (INT-U, green downward triangles), as well as the CONT post-processing results with 1-h temporal spatial and temporal sampling of the reflecting resolution (CONT-1h, small red dots) and the IVS quarterly surface. The method was tested with data from the solutions with 24-h temporal resolution (IVS-Q, large red coastal GNSS sites at Onsala, Sweden, and Spring dots). The data sets are offset by multiples of 200 μs from each other to improve visibility. Bay, Tasmania. It leads to a significant improve- ment with respect to previous studies, in terms of Ultra-rapid earth rotation determination accuracy, precision and coherence, when compar- during continuous VLBI campaigns ing against independent sea level observations We investigated the quality of the ultra-rapid re- from co-located tide gauges. sults for the difference between astronomical and Robust ambiguity estimation for the atomic time, usually described as UT1-UTC, that analysis of geodetic VLBI observations were derived on the baseline Onsala – Tsukuba We developed a strategy to improve the automat- during the continuous VLBI campaigns CONT11 ed analysis of geodetic Very Long Baseline Inter- and CONT14 using an automated near-real time ferometry (VLBI) observations. This is achieved analysis strategy. The ultra-rapid results were by implementing a robust estimation procedure to compared to corresponding results from post- determine the delay ambiguities in the VLBI data. processing of the complete CONT networks and Compared to the traditional analysis strategy, the the results from dedicated intensive VLBI sessions new strategy leads to a significantly higher number on other single baselines. The accuracies of the of good quality earth rotation solutions and lower ultra-rapid results showed to be roughly a factor of post-fit residuals. three worse than results from the dedicated single- baseline sessions and/or the results from complete network analysis. The reason is that the CONT sessions were not optimized for earth rotation determination on just a single baseline.

Wavelet coherence between tide gauge measurements at Spring Bay, Tasmania, and the sea surface heights retrieved by the inverse modeling (left) and the Lomb- Scargle method (right). The grey mask marks the areas where boundary effects impact the wavelet analysis, and the black contour marks the 5 % significance level against red noise. The inverse modeling shows much higher coherence (white colour) for periods between 6 and 36 hours, than the Lomb-Scargle method.

17 Extragalactic Astrophysics

Our research covers a wide range of topics from star formation and spiral structure in nearby galaxies, the growth of supermassive black holes in galaxy nuclei to the evolution of galaxies and clusters in the early universe. We carry out observations, theoretical research and develop numerical simulations. We also help to develop Research group leader future telescopes on the ground and in space. Here we present a few examples of the Susanne Aalto group’s very recent results.

Galaxies, star formation and active galactic nuclei Staff We have explored the role that gravitational Susanne Aalto instability plays in NGC 1068, a nearby Seyfert Rebeca Aladro galaxy that exhibits unusually vigorous starburst Roy Booth (prof. emeritus) John Conway activity. Our results show that the starburst Francesco Costagliola disk is subject to unusually powerful instabili- Cathy Horellou ties. Suzy Jones Seyfert galaxies have nuclei that are powered Kirsten Kraiberg Knudsen by accreting supermassive black holes – a so- Sabine König called AGN (Active Galactic Nucleus). AGNs LOFAR image (right) of the low frequency emission of the Alessandro Romeo often have powerful jets. We have modelled the ultraluminous merging galaxies Arp220 (optical image, left). LOFAR reveals a previously unknown radio halo and Gustaf Rydbeck (prof. broadband emission of our own Galaxy nucleus shocked outflows/winds from the two merger nuclei. emeritus) with a new improved version of a jet code to probe Flora Stanley Credit: NASA/ESA; E. Varenius/LOFAR to what extent black hole accretion and growth Magnus Thomasson processes are similar and independent of black Clusters of galaxies and the high-redshift hole mass. Universe Doctoral students Using the ALMA telescope, we have discovered a The first results of the XXL survey (a deep Niklas Falstad jet-like molecular outflow in the lenticular galaxy Judit Fogasy extragalactic survey of 50 square degrees of the Jean Baptiste Jolly (Apr-) NGC1377. The jet seems to be swirling which sky carried out with the X-ray space observatory Lukas Lindroos (-Aug) may be very unusual. We have detected radio XMM-Newton) have been published. XXL is Eskil Varenius (-Oct) continuum and X-ray emission for the first time in sensitive to clusters of galaxies and AGN out to this extremely radio-quiet galaxy. We found that cosmological distances. Catalogues of the brightest star formation alone cannot drive the observed 100 galaxy clusters and 1000 AGNs were released. molecular outflow and that this is likely associated In addition, five superclusters (clusters of clusters with a peculiar, faint radio jet from a hidden AGN. of galaxies) were discovered and one of them, We have recently mapped emission from multiple which is likely in the process of merging, was stud- molecular species in NGC5195, a small disturbed ied in detail. We have also observed 42 massive companion galaxy to the large spiral M51, with clusters with a bolometer camera installed on the the CARMA interferometer and the Onsala 20 m APEX telescope in Chile. telescope. We find that NGC5195 is forming stars Using ALMA, significant progress has been made at a normal rate and that the filling factor of dense in the studies of some of the most distant galaxies gas is rather low. Surprisingly, the luminosity of the that have been seen so far. Deep observations CN radical is abnormally high which may be due have revealed a faint detection of ionized carbon to a buried AGN. in the galaxy A383-5.1), while the dust emission of the A1689-zD1 has been resolved revealing sub-kpc scale structure. Exploring the recently developed interferometric stacking code, statisti- cal studies have been conducted of distant galaxies that are very faint at radio and mm wavelengths. The studies focused on the sizes and ALMA’s close-up view of the centre of galaxy NGC 1377 (upper left) size evolution for galaxies that are reveals a swirling jet. In this colour-coded image, reddish gas clouds are moving away from us, bluish clouds towards us, relative to the galaxy’s normally evolving. The methodology centre. The ALMA image shows light with wavelength around one and algorithm is continuously been millimetre from molecules of carbon monoxide (CO). A cartoon view (lower improved and new features are now right) shows how these clouds are moving, this time seen from the side. being investigated, among them the CTIO/H. Roussel et al./ESO (left panel); ALMA/ESO/NRAO/S. Aalto (middle panel); S. Aalto (right panel), Credit: Robert Cumming possibility of stacking spectral line data. 18 Galactic Astrophysics

Our research focuses on our own galaxy and its various constituents, including planetary atmospheres, the physics and chemistry of the interstellar medium and the evolution of stars, from star formation to stellar end products. We use a wide variety of observational tools covering a large wavelength range and perform detailed theoretical work and numerical simulations. Here we present a few examples of our Research group leader recent work. Wouter Vlemmings

The interstellar medium, star- and planet formation Staff The general lack of oxygen in molecular clouds Per Bjerkeli is an enigma in astrochemistry which, if resolved, John Black (-May) (Jun- could shed light on many other poorly understood Emeritus) issues. By observing very dense, cold cores with Elvire De Beck (Sep-) the HIFI instrument of the Herschel Space Malcolm Fridlund (Affiliated) Observatory it has been possible to refute a Arto Heikkilä proposed theory for how oxygen atoms and Theo Khouri molecules bind to grain surfaces. Other Herschel Kay Justtanont and Spitzer Space Telescope observations, in the René Liseau (-Oct) (Nov- infrared, have solved the puzzle of the massive Emeritus) star IRAS 19312+1950. This star shows conflicting Robin Lombaert (-Oct) signs of being both extremely old and extremely Tuomas Lunttila young. Based on a analysis of the new data we Matthias Maercker have revealed that it is indeed an embedded Hans Olofsson Carina Persson protostar, rather than a late-stage star shedding its Magnus Persson (May-) outer layers. Daniel Tafoya ALMA has also been used to make the first Wouter Vlemmings observations how an outflow is launched from Anders Winnberg (prof. the rotating disc of gas and dust surrounding emeritus) a young low mass star. These observations ALMA observations of the red- and blue-shifted Eva Wirström provide the first direct evidence of the disk- molecular outflow from the protostar TMC1A. Dust in the disk from where the outflow is launched is shown in Doctoral students wind mechanism, where material is flung from green. the disk along magnetic field lines. With other Daria Dall’Olio ALMA observations, we have also been able to we used an advanced radiative transfer code to Taïssa Danilovich (-Feb) catch a young multiple-star system in the act of model Herschel data of molecular lines in the far Mitra Hajigholi forming. The observations directly support the infrared. Boy Lankhaar idea of forming close multiple systems through Our ALMA studies of evolved stars also Maryam Saberi fragmentation of circumstellar disks. continued. New ALMA observations were used to Sofia Wallström (-Apr) investigate the detached shell around the evolved Joachim Wiegert (-Sep) Evolved stars star R Sculptoris, and constrained the most recent We have also continued the study of the dust thermal pulse. The total amount of mass lost in this and molecules in, and the morphology of, the process may be significantly higher, constraining circumstellar envelopes of asymptotic giant the amount of new elements it can produce. branch stars. The sulphur compounds SO and We also reported detections with ALMA of the SO2 have not been widely studied in these pure-rotational J=3-2 transition of CO within its envelopes. By modeling a large number of SO and first vibrationally-excited state from five AGB SO2 lines, we determined for the first time their stars. This transition had been detected in only circumstellar abundances and distributions for one AGB star previously. We show it to be a good stars of different mass-loss rates. We concluded probe of the gas in the poorly-understood region that the observations are consistent with current where AGB winds are accelerated. chemical models for neither SO nor SO2. In We also studied the inner dust envelope of the a further study of seven evolved stars we find asymptotic giant branch star R Dor using the new signatures of gaseous aluminum monoxide (AlO) extreme adaptive optics polarimeter, SPHERE, on close to the stellar surface. This gas reservoir the very large telescope (VLT). The observations likely serves as the feeding grounds for the first were modeled to investigate the dust distribution dust seeds around these stars, which are essential close to the star and its role in driving the outflow for propelling the stellar wind. It has also been of R Dor. possible to set new constraints on the abundances of H2O in the circumstellar envelope. For this, 19 Onsala Space Observatory Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) is the Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy. In Onsala, the observatory operates two parabolic radio telescopes, a 25 m diameter cm-wave dish and a 20 m diameter mm-wave dish, and the Swedish LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) station. The observatory is also one of three partners in the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), a 12 m diameter submillimetre-wave telescope in Chile, and provides the channel through which Sweden is involved in Director John Conway large international radio astronomy projects, such as EVN (European VLBI Network), LOFAR, ALMA (Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array), and SKA (Square Staff Kilometre Array). The Nordic ARC node, which provides ALMA support services to Per Bergman Nordic and Baltic astronomers, is based at OSO. Bhushan Billade In addition to radio astronomy, geoscience activities are an official part of the Per Björklund mission of the observatory. The geoscience equipment consists of receivers Tobia Carozzi for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), several tide gauge sensors, a Simon Casey superconducting gravimeter, a seismometer (owned by Uppsala University), and John Conway radiometers for aeronomy. The 20 m telescope is partly used for geodetic VLBI (Very Robert Cumming Long Baseline Interferometry). The observatory also contributes to establishing the Elvire De Beck (-Aug) official Swedish time, by hosting two hydrogen maser clocks and one cesium clock. Lars Eriksson Ingemar Evertsson APEX Magnus Dahlgren NOVA (NL) and NRAO (US). Band 5 (157– Jens Dahlström A celebration of APEX’s 10 years of operation 212 GHz) includes a spectral line from the im- Jonas Flygare was held at the APEX base in Sequitor, Chile, portant water molecule. In 2016, the first ALMA Peter Forkman in late January. The celebration coincided in observations in Band 5 were made. Roger Hammargren time with an international evaluation of the The observed objects include the colliding galax- Leif Helldner APEX project. The report noted the high current ies Arp 220, a massive region of star formation Karl-Åke Johansson scientific productivity of APEX and the innova- close to the centre of the Milky Way, and a dusty Jan Karaskuru tive plans for future instrumentation. The report red supergiant star approaching the supernova Ulf Kylenfall enthusiastically recommended the continuation of explosion that will end its life. To process the data Mikael Lerner the APEX project through the 2018−2022 period. and check its quality, astronomers and technical Michael Lindqvist In February of 2016, an ALMA Band 9 receiver specialists gathered at the Nordic ARC node in Iván Martí-Vidal for the frequency band 600−722 GHz was in- Onsala for a “Band 5 Busy Week”. The final re- Sebastien Muller stalled into the SEPIA cartridge on the APEX sults were made freely available to the astronomi- Michael Olberg telescope. The installation was a joint effort by cal community worldwide. Henrik Olofsson teams from NOVA and OSO’s Group for Ad- ALMA has now observed the sky for more than Simon Olvhammar vanced Receiver Development (GARD). Science five years, and has produced large amounts Miroslav Pantaleev verification observations of the Band 9 receiver of data accessible to the entire astronomical Glenn Persson on Swedish time took place in June and August, community. The Nordic ARC node in Onsala Lars Pettersson and the first regular observations on Swedish time Jonas Wahlbom now supports the Nordic community in archive Lars Wennerbäck were successfully carried out in August. searches, data retrieval, calibration, and imaging, Ronny Wingdén ALMA Band 5 and archive mining and advanced analysis of the results. Bo Wästberg (-Mar) The Group for Advanced Receiver Development VLBI Jun Yang (GARD) has continued to deliver Band 5 receiv- Astronomers using the European VLBI Network ers to the ALMA telescopes, in cooperation with (EVN), and the Arecibo Observatory, have for Staff shared with research groups the first time pinpointed the location of a Gunnar Elgered so-called fast radio burst (FRB 121102) Rüdiger Haas − a type of short-duration radio flash of Thomas Hobiger enigmatic origin. The observations re- Hans-Georg Scherneck vealed that the galaxy hosting the FRB is Magnus Thomasson surprisingly small, a so-called dwarf gal- Wouter Vlemmings axy located at a distance of over 3 billion light-years. The physical nature of FRBs A majority of the Group is not known, but the location of for Advanced Receiver Development (p.12) is also FRB 121102 in a dwarf galaxy might be a part of the observatory. clue to their origin. SKA A feed horn for the Square Kilometre With radio telescopes (incl. the 25 m telescope at OSO) linked together, astronomers have localized a fast radio burst’s exact Array (SKA) Band 1 (350–1050 MHz), position within its host galaxy. developed and built at OSO, was deliv- Credit: Danielle Futselaar (www.artsource.nl) ered for testing in Canada in June 2016. 20 Retrieved volume mixing ratio of CO and O3 (ppm) for the measurement period. The white lines mark where the a priori affects the result with 20 % (< 20 % between the lines). Credit: Peter Forkman

brings down air from the thermosphere into the mesosphere, which increases the mesospheric CO abundance. This down-welling is strongest inside the polar vortex, and the variation of CO seen from day to day is mainly explained by move- ment of the polar vortex. The time series of O3 in the lower plot both show the upper part of the stratospheric peak and a nighttime peak at altitudes above 70 km. The observed mesospheric diurnal peak is a mixture of both “the secondary ozone It will eventually be fitted on each of the 133 peak” at 90 km and “the tertiary ozone peak”, dish antennas at the SKA’s South African site in located at 72 km. the first phase of deployment of the SKA. The OSO in Horizon 2020 projects feed horn has a so-called quadridge design, with OSO is part of three Horizon 2020 projects four ridges on the inside, and an opening almost funded by the EU (proposals submitted and ac- one metre across. The horn is combined with an cepted in 2016): RadioNet, AENEAS and Jump- advanced low-noise amplifier (developed by the ing JIVE. Gothenburg-based company Low Noise Factory RadioNet joins together 28 radio astronomy in collaboration with OSO and the Gigahertz institutes. OSO will be part of the Transnational Centre at Chalmers). Access program via APEX and EVN, partici- The Onsala twin telescopes pate in the Networking Activities, and will play During June and July the equipment was installed a major role in all of the Joint Research Activi- in the cabins and the telescope foundation towers, ties which includes both software and hardware and the reflectors were attached to the elevation development. cabins. An important milestone was reached on The large scale, rate, and complexity of the data 18 August when the reflectors were mounted that the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will on top of the towers. The work continued with generate, present challenges in data manage- further installation, adjustment of the reflector ment, computing, and networking. The AENEAS panels and commissioning of the telescope drive project will develop a concept and design for a systems. In parallel, the electronics lab at OSO distributed European Science Data Centre to worked on the production of two VGOS-compat- support the astronomical community in achieving ible receiver systems, one with a quadridge feed the scientific goals of the SKA. and one with an Eleven feed, covering a common Jumping JIVE aims to prepare and position Euro- frequency range of 3–14 GHz. The site accept- pean Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) ance test for the two telescopes was conducted in for the SKA era, and to plan the role of JIVE, early December. After that the work continued as well as the EVN, in the future European and with fine-tuning of the drive systems and the global landscape of research infrastructures. installation of the signal chains, including the time-and-frequency distribution and the receivers. The goal is to achieve “first light” in early 2017 and to celebrate the official inauguration on 18 May 2017. Aeronomy The first simultaneous measurements of mesospheric O3 at 110.8 GHz and CO at 115.3 GHz made by a ground-based, double-sideband, and frequency-switched radiometer system operated at OSO was presented in 2016. The figure shows the retrieved vertical profiles of CO and O3 from October 2014 until April 2015. The general structure of the CO distribution is seen in the upper plot with a sharp increase in volume mixing in the The Onsala twin telescopes Credit: Onsala Space Observatory/Roger Hammargren upper mesosphere. The time series mainly covers the winter period when the general circulation 21 Publications The list contains peer reviewed journal publications that were actually published during 2016. The publications are presented for each research group and in alphabetical order based on the first author´s last name. A few publications with authors from more than one research group are listed in each group. In order to have a list of a reasonable size, we have chosen to only include peer reviewed journal publications on these pages. PhD and licentiate theses are presented on pages 10 and 11. A complete list for 2016, and in most cases also links to the full papers, can be found at: publications.lib.chalmers.se/cpl/lists/publications/departments.

Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling Andersson, E.; Kahnert, M. (2016) Coupling aerosol optics to the MATCH (v5.5.0) chemical transport model and the SALSA (v1) aerosol microphysics module. Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1803-1826. Photo: Victor Belitsky Advanced Receiver Development Biver, N.; Moreno, R.; Bockelee-Morvan, D.; … ; Hjalmarson, Å.; … ; Murtagh, D.P.; et al. (2016). Humphreys, E.M.L.; Vlemmings, W.; Impellizzeri, Isotopic ratios of H, C, N, O, and S in comets C/2012 F6 C.M.V.; ... ; Olberg, M.; Conway, J.; Belitsky, V.; et al. (Lemmon) and C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy). (2016). Astron. Astrophys., 589, A78. Detection of 183 GHz H2O megamaser emission towards NGC 4945. Christensen, O.M.; Benze, S.; Eriksson, P.; … ; Astron. Astrophys., 592. Murtagh, D.P.; et al. (2016). The relationship between polar mesospheric clouds and Krause, S.; Afanas’ev, V.; Desmaris, V.; Meledin, D.; their background atmosphere as observed by Odin- Pavolotsky, A.; Belitsky, V.; et al. (2016). SMR and Odin-OSIRIS. Ambient temperature growth of mono- and Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12587-12600. polycrystalline NbN nanofilms and their surface and composition analysis. Forkman, P.; Christensen, O.M.; Eriksson, P.; Billade, IEEE T. Appl. Supercon., 26. B.; et al. (2016). A compact receiver system for simultaneous Rashid, H.; Desmaris, V.; Pavolotsky, A.; Belitsky, V. measurements of mesospheric CO and O3. (2016). Geosci. Instrum. Methods Data Sys., 2016, 27-44. THz Frequency Up-Conversion using Superconducting Tunnel Junction. Hallquist, M.; Munthe, J.; Hu, M.; Mellqvist, J.; … ; IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., 26, 831-833. Simpson, D.; et al. (2016). Photochemical Smog in China: Scientific challenges Rashid, H.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V. (2016). and implications for air quality policies. Design of Wideband Waveguide Hybrid with Ultra- Natl. Sci. Rev. Low Amplitude Imbalance. IEEE Xplore: IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol., 6, 83-90. Hubert, D.; Lambert, J.C.; Verhoelst, T.; ... ; Murtagh, D.P.; ... ; Urban, J.; et al. (2016). Rashid, H.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Ground-based assessment of the bias and long-term Pavolotsky, A.; Belitsky, V. (2016). stability of 14 limb and occultation ozone profile data Frequency Multiplier Based on Distributed records. Superconducting Tunnel Junctions: Theory, Design, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2497-2534. and Characterization. IEEE Xplore: IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol., 6; 724- Khosrawi, F.; Urban, J.; Lossow, S.; ... ; Murtagh, D.P.; 736. et al. (2016). Sensitivity of polar stratospheric cloud formation to Rashid, H.; Desmaris, V.; Pavolotsky, A.; Belitsky, V. changes in water vapour and temperature. (2016). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 101-121. Harmonic and reactive behavior of the quasiparticle tunnel current in SIS junctions. Larsson, R.; Milz, M.; Rayer, P.; ... ; Eriksson, P.; et al. AIP Adv., 6. (2016). Modeling the Zeeman effect in high-altitude SSMIS Yadranjee Aghdam, P.; Rashid, H.; Pavolotsky, A.; channels for numerical weather prediction profiles: Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V. (2016). Comparing a fast model and a line-by-line model. Dependence of the scatter of the electrical properties Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 841-857. on local non-uniformities of the tunnel barrier in Nb/ Al-AlOx/Nb junctions. Moradi, I.; Arkin, P.; Ferraro, R.; Eriksson, P.; et al. J. Appl. Phys., 119, 0545021-0545026. (2016). Diurnal variation of tropospheric relative humidity in tropical regions. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6913-6929.

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28 Facts and Figures 2016

Other; 3,240 First degree & Chalmers master’s studies; foundation; 0 Income (SEK 1,000) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 6,679 Research grants 98,056 95,977 91,513 90,298 86,816 Research, faculty funding 44,447 41,339 41,543 38,099 37,561 Research, faculty funding; 44,447 First degree & master’s studies 6,679 7,637 7,720 6,602 5,980 Other 3,240 4,419 2,308 4,003 3,531 Research grants; Chalmers foundation – 1,481 1,771 – 125 98,056 Total 152,422 150,853 144,855 139,002 136,025

Investments; 5,591 Other; 15,851 Travel; 4,822 Used grants (SEK 1,000) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Personnel 89,670 85,490 78,622 74,068 68,504 Premises; 8,834 Internal overhead, IT, etc. 19,467 18,232 17,561 17,410 18,144 Fees (APEX, JIVE, etc.); Fees (APEX, JIVE, etc.) 6,322 10,043 10,322 9,274 9,580 Personnel; 89,670 6,322 Premises 8,834 8,780 9,505 9,322 8,656 Other 15,851 14,372 12,724 14,279 12,685 Internal overhead, IT, etc.; 19,467 Investments 5,591 6,325 5,919 6,174 6,472 Travel 4,822 5,816 4,110 4,086 3,818 Total 150,557 149,058 138,763 134,613 127,859

Intl. Org. – ESA, ESO, VINNOVA (Swedish Govt. Agency CNES; 9,258 for Innovation Systems); 1,832 External funding (SEK 1,000) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Swedish Research Council 46,987 51,921 46,128 46,006 49,007 Other; 12,714 European Community 12,758 9,185 11,821 6,238 12,885 Swedish Research Swedish National Space Board 17,118 18,251 16,516 17,429 12,621 Swedish National Council; 46,987 Space Board; 17,118 Other 12,714 11,741 9,863 10,735 7,413 European Intl. Org. – ESA, ESO, CNES 9,258 7,821 – 7,404 2,391 Community; VINNOVA (Swedish Govt. Agency 12,758 for Innovation Systems) 1,832 1,817 2,547 4,553 4,112 Total 100,667 100,736 95,318 92,365 88,429

Ammanuens; 1 Professors; 14 Adjunct Professors; 6 Personell (31 Dec) 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Associate Professors 14 16 15 14 12 Doctoral professors/ Adjunct Professors 6 6 7 7 6 students; 21 University Administrative staff; 7 Lecturers; 9 Associate professors/ Assistant Professors; 2 University Lecturers 9 9 10 8 10 Technical staff; 13 Assistant Professors 2 1 1 3 3 Researchers; 4 Post Doc; 21 Researchers 4 3 3 2 2 Post Doc 21 20 13 10 8 Research engineers; 32 Research engineers 32 28 26 24 21 Technical staff 13 15 12 12 16 Administrative staff 7 7 7 7 7 Doctoral students 21 27 25 30 31 Ammanuens 1 1 2 Total 130 133 119 117 118

29 Organisation

Local Collaboration Head of Department Departmental Management Group Teaching staff Group (Gunnar Elgered) Advisory Group

Deputy Head and Director of Graduate Studies HR Specialist (Donal Murtagh) (Sandra Hesselmar/ Anna Engkvist) Vice Head and Director of Undergraduate Studies Onsala Space (Magnus Thomasson) Observatory (John Conway)

The Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy

Global Environmental Advanced Receiver Optical Remote Plasma Physics and Radar Remote Radio Astronomy and Space Geodesy and Administration Measurements and Development Sensing Fusion Energy Sensing Astrophysics* Geodynamics (Sofie Halldén) Modelling (Victor Belitsky) (Bo Galle) (Hans Nordman) (Leif Eriksson) (Susanne Aalto) (Rüdiger Haas) (Donal Murtagh)

* In August 2016 the Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics research group was divided into two research groups: Extragalactic Astrophysics with Susanne Aalto as group leader and Galactic Astrophysics with Wouter Vlemmings as group leader.

Departmental Advisory Group Internal representatives 2016 • Gunnar Elgered, Head of Department The advisory team’s task is to identify and take a • Camilla Andersson, Secretary standpoint on overall strategic issues that are of relevance • Alessandro Romeo, Teachers’ representative to the long-term development of the department, and to • Leif Eriksson, Teachers’ representative support the department’s steering group in other matters • Alexey B. Pavolotsky, Technical/Administrative that may arise. The team met three times during 2016. staff’s representative • Mathias Fredrixon, Technical/Administrative External representatives 2016 staff’s representative • Göran Netzler, Chairman • Niklas Falstad, PhD Student’s representative • Göran Berndes, Chalmers’ President’s representative • Simon Nilsson, Students’ representative • Thomas Lewin, Ericsson Research • Filippa Hallqvist, Students’ representative • Sven Grahn, Swedish Space Corporation • Kirsten Kraiberg Knudsen, Substitute teachers’ • Marie Rådbo, University of Gothenburg representative

Management Group Teaching Staff The management group handles strategic as well as The teaching staff had on the average over 2016 operational matters for the department as a whole. approximately 24 members. Alessandro Romeo It meets every third week. The group consists of: was the Chairman and Hans-Georg Scherneck the Head of Department, the Deputy Head, the was the Vice Chairman up to the summer. The Vice Head, a Secretary, the Head of Administration group has an advisory function on research and and Finance, the Personnel Officer, the Director educational issues and met 3 times during the year. of the Onsala Space Observatory and our seven research group leaders.

Local Collaboration Group The Local Collaboration Group is a forum for discussing all issues concerning the management of the department: appointment of staff members, matters related to the premises and general working conditions, including the work environment (physical as well as psychosocial) and gender equality. The group consist of the Head of Department, the Head of Administration and Finance, the Personnel Officer, three representatives from our unions, a work environment ombudsman and an equality ombudsman, and meets every sixth week.

30 Administration and Finance The group works with organisational and financial planning and follow-up, accounting, study administration, HR administration, purchasing, web and other forms of communication, as well as any other services needed by the research and teaching staff. On December 31 the group consisted of: • Sofie Halldén • Camilla Andersson Head of Administration/Communications Administrator Officer • Paula Rosell • Maria Karlsson Administrator Department Financial Officer • Paulina Sjögren • Katarina Norheim Administrator Financial Officer

Eva Wirström and Jana Mendrok were happy winners of the Shuffleboard competition at the yearly department day in September. Photo: Leif Eriksson

November sunset at Onsala Space Observatory with the twin telescopes to the left and the 25 m telescope to the right. Photo: Sofie Halldén

31 Department of Earth and Space Sciences Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden Telephone: +46 31-772 10 00 Internet: www.chalmers.se/rss