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The City As a Socio-Economic and Natural System

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The City As a Socio-Economic and Natural System E3S Web of Conferences 259, 02003 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125902003 ICESD 2021 The City as a Socio-economic and Natural System Stela Todorova1,*, Kaloyan Haralampiev2, and Aneliya Parzhanova3 1EDP Sciences, Department of Management and Marketing Department, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 2EDP Sciences, Department of Sociology, Sofia, Bulgaria 3EDP Sciences, Department of Administration &Management, Varna, Bulgaria Abstract. The modern city is increasingly seen as a socio-economic and natural system - they must be seen as complex entities. They differ in their development and size. Their identity, though rooted in history, is constantly changing. Over time they have undergone evolution caused by new needs. The modern city is a mirror of socio-economic problems, on the one hand. When exploring the city, it is necessary to apply a holistic approach and consider it as a system. The aim of this study is to develop a complex indicator for urban development which requires the application of a methodology for normalization, categorization and aggregation of data. The obtained result gives a concrete assessment of the development of the city in numerical expression on the basis of complex criteria, which allows adequate and clear comparison between the cities. 1 Introduction only on weekends, but for longer - in search of a healthier, less polluted environment, a new job or more coziness In the etymological origin of the word citta (Italian), cite and comfort [1]. (French), ciudad (Spanish), (rooted in the Latin "civitas") The tendency to increase the share of the urban are two fundamental semantic components - the city as a population leads to the transformation of cities into material, archaeological, topographical and urban. economic and administrative centers, as well as to places concept - as a human center, and the city according to the where the main functions of the human life cycle - Italian encyclopedia Treccani as a "historical and legal habitation, work, recreation, servicing and related phenomenon that has emerged as a characteristic core of technical infrastructure - are prioritized [2]. society." The Greek word "polis" also contains two concepts - the medieval territorial meaning of a collection of buildings and spaces, and the legal meaning of a 2 City as a socio-economic and eco- human community organized politically to achieve system common goals. Currently, the city is increasingly identified with the The modern city is considered as a socio-economic and "municipality" (municipality, commune, muni-cipio, ecosystem. Urban spaces for living, recreation, work and Gemeinde, comune), understood as an "autonomous transport need to be built and operate in an integrated territorial formation comprising a community of residents network. With the emergence of spatial segregation, with certain interests", a "settlement center" with isolation and impaired accessibility, urban fabric is organized construction, utilities and own administration ". destroyed, its vulnerability increases and its sustainability However, cities are complex entities. They differ decreases. The problems in the socio-economic sphere of significantly in their development and size. Their identity, the city are also a projection on space and complicate the though rooted in history, is constantly changing. Over possibilities for sustainability of the urban structure. All time, most cities have evolved due to new needs, ideals, this presupposes the search for and substantiation of lifestyles, living standards, and quality of life. generalized indicators for sustainable development, called Urbanization and urban sprawl are creating new problems. indicators and indices, which characterize the state, As early as the beginning of the 19th century, and thanks dynamics and interaction between the social, economic to the Industrial Revolution, millions of people moved to and ecosystem. the cities, attracted by the opportunity to find work and Parameters and criteria for the sustainability of the accumulate material and spiritual gains, turning their city according to the UN formulations include the backs on their poverty. following components of the sustainability of the built This process is still ongoing in many European environment [3]: countries. In others, especially in recent years, there has • social component - characteristics, development and been decentralization and reverse migration from the city management of human resources as an urbanized society; to areas close to the city - suburbs, settlements, and not * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 259, 02003 (2021) ICESD 2021 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125902003 ICESD 2021 • economic component - macro- and microeconomic Indeed, translated from Latin, "index" means an indicator frameworks of development of the city and the urbanized that characterizes the relative difference of a quantity territories; with respect to a level accepted as a basis for comparison. • natural component - ecologically treated natural At least two values are required for the construction of an environment, developed in balance with the built index, each of which is a specific value of a given environment; indicator. From this point of view, the indicators are • security component - preventive organizational, those "elementary particles" from which the indices are institutional, legislative and financial measures to formed. anticipate risk and reduce vulnerability to the impact of In the present study, the term "indicator" is defined as destructive natural, technological and anthropogenic a quantitative quantity that expresses the state of a factors on urban areas. studied phenomenon (process) and gives an idea of the According to Peter Marinov each system or expected direction for changes in it. The indicator covers subsystem must be developed and operated solely in the the primary data from conducted observations on direction of an environmentally sound lifestyle. The complex phenomena, presenting in a form allowing its symbiosis between society and the natural environment generalization through complex measures (indices). can function in an urban environment [4]. The creation of a unified system of indicators will Sustainable development is separated into an allow for the collection of homogeneous information, independent area, to which a number of special allowing the preparation of comparative analyzes and international forums are dedicated, which address the monitoring of individual and general trends in urban issues of environmental indicators and indices. As a development in the context of national, European and result of the joint efforts of scientists from many world economic and geopolitical environment. In order countries around the world, agreement has been reached for the system of indicators to be clear and transparent, it on the common basic characteristics (criteria) that these is necessary to be accompanied by a specific indicators must have. For the following four methodology, indicating how the indicator is calculated, characteristics are accepted: (1) sensitivity, (2) where the source information about it is taken from, etc. aggregation ability, (3) clarity of interpretation, and (4) The aim of this study is to develop a complex scientific validity. indicator for urban development which requires the It should be noted that the criteria on the basis of application of a methodology for normalization, which certain indicators are declared as indicators are categorization and aggregation of data. The obtained largely unjustified, and the values introduced in the role result gives a concrete assessment of the development of of indicators very often do not satisfy the above four the city in numerical expression on the basis of complex main requirements. All this inevitably leads to dilution criteria, which allows adequate and clear comparison and a sharp increase in the number of indicators between the cities. themselves, which further complicates their definition - instead of limiting and unifying information, there is an expansion of its scope and volume, and hence an increase 3 Methodological framework: the in uncertainty. In addition, the possibilities for construction of the composite index. aggregation of indicators relating to even the same field of study are reduced, clarity and simplicity of Since there are not available data on city/town level, we interpretation are lost and management decisions are calculated the percentage of the municipality center made more difficult. On the other hand, there are population toward the entire municipality population practical difficulties in developing these indicators, which according the data from the National Census as shown in stem from the lack of data, local potential, dialogue Table 1. We decided to use only the municipalities in between scientists and decision-makers. which more than 90% of population live in the The successfully identified indicators for sustainable municipality center. Thus, the data about the municipality development in their respective hierarchical arrangement are good approximation for the municipality center. allow the development of systems of models aimed at Table 1. Percentage of the population in the municipality creating a unified methodological apparatus. It must centres provide an opportunity
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