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A HERANÇA AFRICANA NO BRASIL E NO CARIBE THE AFRICAN HERITAGE IN BRAZIL AND THE CARIBBEAN MINISTÉRIO DAS RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES Ministro de Estado Embaixador Antonio de Aguiar Patriota Secretário-Geral Embaixador Ruy Nunes Pinto Nogueira FUNDAÇÃO A LEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO Presidente Embaixador Gilberto Vergne Saboia A Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, instituída em 1971, é uma fundação pública vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores e tem a finalidade de levar à sociedade civil informações sobre a realidade internacional e sobre aspectos da pauta diplomática brasileira. Sua missão é promover a sensibilização da opinião pública nacional para os temas de relações internacionais e para a política externa brasileira. Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo, Sala 1 70170-900 Brasília, DF Telefones: (61) 3411-6033/6034 Fax: (61) 3411-9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br CARLOS HENRIQUE CARDIM RUBENS GAMA DIAS FILHO (ORGANIZADORES) A Herança Africana no Brasil e no Caribe The African Heritage in Brazil and the Caribbean Brasília, 2011 Copyright © Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170-900 Brasília DF Telefones: (61) 3411-6033/6034 Fax: (61) 3411-9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br E-mail: [email protected] Capa: Martin Superville "The Artist and His Muse" Equipe Técnica: Henrique da Silveira Sardinha Pinto Filho André Yuji Pinheiro Uema Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Fernanda Leal Wanderley Juliana Corrêa de Freitas Pablo de Rezende Saturnino Braga Programação Visual e Diagramação: Juliana Orem Impresso no Brasil 2011 A herança africana no Brasil e no Caribe = The African heritage in Brazil and the Caribbean / Organizadores, Carlos Henrique Cardim, Rubens Gama Dias Filho. Edição atualizada Brasília : Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2011. 324p. Texto em português, inglês e francês. ISBN: 978.85.7631.295-6 1. Cultura africana - Brasil - Caribe. 2. Civilização africana - Brasil - Caribe. I. Cardim, Carlos Henrique. II. Dias Filho, Rubens Gama. III. Título: The African heritage in Brazil and the Caribbean. CDU 008(=411/=45)(81) CDU 008(=411/=45)(729) Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei n° 10.994, de 14/12/2004. Sumário Apresentação, 9 Embaixador Antonio de Aguiar Patriota Ministro de Estado das Relações Exteriores Presentation, 13 Ambassador Antonio de Aguiar Patriota Minister of External Relations of Brazil 1. Antigua e Barbuda Africas Legacy on Antiguas Shores: The African Presence in Antiguan Cultural Identity, 17 Natasha Lightfoot 2. Bahamas The African Heritages Influence on the Formation of the National Identity of the Bahamas, 33 Gail Saunders 3. Barbados The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and its Legacy for Barbados: Some Cultural Issues, 51 Richard A. Goodridge 4. Belize The African Influence on the National Identity of Belize, Namely the Creoles and the Garinagu, 67 Sebastian Cayetano 5. Brasil Aspectos Culturais e Linguísticos de Africania no Caribe, 89 Yeda Pessoa de Castro Cultural and Linguistic Aspects of Africaness in the Caribbean, 103 Yeda Pessoa de Castro 6. Dominica An Introduction to the African Heritage of the Caribbean, 117 Lennox Honychurch 7. Granada The Influence of African Heritage on the Formation of the National Identities of Brazil and the Member States of CARICOM, 133 Christopher DeRiggs 8. Guiana The African Influence on the Formation of the National Identity of Guyana, 151 Alvin Thompson 9. Haiti Quelques specificités de lInfluence de lHeritage Africain sur la Formation de lIdentité Nationale Haitienne / Necessité dune approche ethnopsychologique pertinente dans les prises en charges scolaires et académiques des strates populaires haitiennes, 167 Viviane Nicolas 10. Jamaica Enslaved Africans and the Transformation of Society in Brazil and the Caribbean: A View from the Churches, 189 D. A. Dunkley 11. Santa Lucia A Brief Respite: Female Runaways and their Survival in the Caribbean, 205 June Soomer 12. São Cristovão e Nevis African Influence on Nevis, 223 Hanzel F. Manners Reflections on the African Influence in St. Kitts, 243 Eartha Vanessa Cassius 13. São Vicente e Granadinas The African Heritage influence on the formation of National Identity in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 265 Curtis M. King 14. Suriname Maroons in Suriname and National Identity: Contributing to the Construction of National Identity in Suriname, 277 Salomon Emanuels 15. Trinidad e Tobago Trinidad and Tobago: Influence of African Heritage on National Identity, 295 Maureen Warner-Lewis Influence of African Heritage on the Formation of National Identity (Trinidad and Tobago), 307 Selwyn R. Cudjoe Apresentação A Herança Africana no Brasil e no Caribe A herança africana no Brasil e no Caribe é obra coletiva que busca identificar e examinar traços comuns à formação das sociedades brasileira e caribenhas. Por meio de artigos preparados por especialistas do Brasil e de cada um dos membros da Comunidade do Caribe a CARICOM , a publicação visa contribuir para o conhecimento mútuo entre nosso país e seus múltiplos vizinhos caribenhos: os países insulares anglófonos do Caribe Antígua e Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Granada, Jamaica, Santa Lúcia, São Cristóvão e Névis, São Vicente e Granadinas, Santa Lúcia e Trinidad e Tobago , além de Haiti, Belize, Guiana e Suriname. São significativos os aspectos históricos, culturais e demográficos compartilhados pelo Brasil e pelas nações caribenhas. Parcelas importantes do litoral brasileiro, mais especificamente os quase 300 km do litoral do Amapá e a porção setentrional da foz do Rio Amazonas, estão localizadas ao norte da linha do Equador, constituindo fronteira lateral com o mar das Guianas. Historicamente, são consistentes os indícios de que, no século XVII, teria ocorrido transferência significativa de capital humano e tecnologia oriunda do Nordeste brasileiro para territórios no Caribe, em momento caracterizado por crise de produção do sistema açucareiro nacional. Tanto o Brasil quanto o Caribe absorveram, ademais, na constituição de suas sociedades, importantes afluxos de populações de origem africana e ameríndia, muitas das quais de raízes e tradições semelhantes. 9 ANTONIO DE AGUIAR PATRIOTA Apenas nos últimos anos, porém, o estreitamento dos laços que nos unem à vizinhança caribenha vem-se sedimentando como ponto destacado da agenda externa do Brasil. Marco fundamental nesse processo foi a decisão do Governo brasileiro, em 2004, de participar e liderar o componente militar da Missão das Nações Unidas de Estabilização do Haiti (MINUSTAH). Precedida de amplas consultas com os países membros da CARICOM, a presença do Brasil na MINUSTAH, desde então, sinaliza maior engajamento no relacionamento que mantemos com o conjunto da região caribenha. Expressão simbólica e, ao mesmo tempo, fator de impulso político do aprofundamento das relações com o Caribe são as visitas de alto nível a países da região, a exemplo de Guiana, Suriname, Jamaica, Trinidad e Tobago, Haiti, Barbados e Granada. Alguns desses países receberam, nos últimos oito anos, a primeira visita de um Chefe de Estado ou Chanceler brasileiro. A abertura de representações diplomáticas residentes nos países da região constituiu etapa adicional no processo de ampliação da presença do Caribe na política externa brasileira. Desde 2005, foram estabelecidas Embaixadas residentes do Brasil em oito países membros da CARICOM, o que faz com que hoje tenhamos representações diplomáticas em todos os países da Comunidade. A aproximação política encontra complementaridade nos planos econômico e de cooperação. Verificam-se crescimento e diversificação significativos nas relações comerciais do Brasil com os países do Caribe. A corrente de comércio entre 2002 e 2008 quase decuplicou, passando de US$ 657 milhões a US$ 5,2 bilhões, e atualmente recupera seu dinamismo, uma vez superados os efeitos mais agudos da crise econômica internacional de 2009. As relações econômicas também avançam no campo financeiro: a conclusão do processo de adesão do Brasil ao Banco de Desenvolvimento do Caribe, como membro não tomador de empréstimos, certamente ampliará as condições para maior interação econômica com os países da CARICOM. O exercício de integração abarca, ainda, uma diversificada agenda de cooperação técnica. Nos últimos anos, o Brasil enviou a todos os países da CARICOM missões preliminares e prospectivas de cooperação, conduzidas pela Agência Brasileira de Cooperação (ABC). Como resultado, constatamos que o Caribe hoje absorve cerca de 10% da crescente cooperação prestada pelo Governo brasileiro em escala global. 10 APRESENTAÇÃO Em paralelo, sobressai o relacionamento entre o Brasil e os principais organismos de integração da região caribenha. O Brasil acedeu à categoria dos terceiros Estados associados tanto da CARICOM como da Organização dos Estados do Caribe Oriental (OECO), com a acreditação de seus Embaixadores em Georgetown (Guiana) e Castries (Santa Lúcia), respectivamente, junto às duas organizações. Com o objetivo estratégico de consolidar um marco político-institucional para os renovados esforços de aproximação entre brasileiros e caribenhos, realizou-se, em Brasília, no dia 26 de abril de 2010, a I Cúpula Brasil-CARICOM. Reuniram-se 10 dos 14 Chefes de Governo da região (Antígua e Barbuda, Dominica, Granada, Guiana, Haiti, Jamaica, Santa Lúcia, São Vicente e Granadinas, São Cristóvão e Névis, Suriname), ademais do Secretário-Geral da CARICOM. A Cúpula, para além de estruturar e sistematizar as iniciativas
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