Subject Index

MNL41-EB/Nov. 1999

Subject Index

A API 579, 402 compressive stress on API specifications, J-55 and residual stress, 262-263 AASHTO Charpy V-notch K-55 casing, 4'82-483, tensile stress on residual requirements, 356-357 487 stress, 262 AASHTO fatigue-design Arc welding, 273-274 Austenitic stainless steels, curve maximum temperature of fatigue-crack welded beams, 260-270 weld metal, 274 propagation, constant welded bridge components, ASME Code Section III, 265, amplitude load 265-267 354 fluctuation, 201-202 AASHTO Fracture Control ASME Section XI Rules, 338, Plan for Steel Bridges, 396, 401-402 B 414 A508 steel, Kc-CVN-CTOD- J adequacy, Bryte Bend correlations, 129 Barge, see Ingrain Barge Bridge, 423-427 A516 steel Kc-CVN-CTOD-J Beam in bending, stress- Bryte Bend Bridge design, correlations, 128 intensity factors 418-423 A517 steel Kc-CVN-CTOD-J equation, 41-42 AASHTO fracture toughness correlations, 130 Bridge components, welded, requirement, A533 steel, Kc-CVN-CTOD-J AASHTO fatigue verification, 357 correlations, 129 design curves, 265-269 AASHTO Guide Specification ASTM A-328, 457 Bridges, see Steel bridges for Steel Bridge ASTM E-23, 119 Brittle failure Members, 354 ASTM E-399, 77, 95, 98, 102, aircraft, 5 AASHTO Guide bridges, 5-8 Specifications for 106, 405, 416 ASTM E-561, 78 characteristics, 9, 11 Fracture Critical Non- vs. ductile, 9-11 Redundant Members, ASTM E-813, 78 minor, 16-17 419 ASTM E-1152, 78 history, 3-9 AASHTO Standard ASTM E-1221, 78 ships, 4-8 Specifications for ASTM E-1290, 78 Brittle fracture, 3 Highway Bridges, 419 ASTM E-1737, 78 Bryte Bend Bridge, 414-418 AASHTO Standard ASTM E-1820-96, 78-79, 91 failure by, analyzing Specifications for ASTM E-1921, 79, 81, 93-94 structure, 136-137 Welding Structural As-welded components, possibility, factors to be Highway Bridges, 355 fatigue behavior, 253- controlled, 139-140 Aircraft, failures, 5-6 264 prevention, 338 Aluminum, fatigue-crack composition effect, 258, 260 Bryte Bend Bridge, 413-427 propagation, constant geometry effect, 256-258 AASHTO Fracture Control amplitude load postweld heat treatment Plan for Steel Bridges, fluctuation, 202-203 effect, 263-264 414 ANSI/AASHTO/AWS D1.5- residual stress effect, 260- adequacy of AASHTO 96 Welding Code, 263 Fracture Control Plan, Section 12, 355 superposition of applied 423-427

effect of details on Charpy V-notch impact Corrosion-fatigue-crack fatigue life, 424-426 energy, versus propagation, 305-307, implied versus temperature behavior, 309-324 guaranteed notch 11-12 behavior below Kl~c, 313- toughness, 423-424 Charpy V-notch impact 320 brittle fracture, 414-418 energy absorption cyclic frequency effect, 311 critical detail at, 421 curve, steels, 472-473 cyclic-stress waveform design aspects related to Charpy V-notch impact test effect, 319-321 AASHTO Fracture predicted dynamic fracture environmental effects Control Plan, 418-423 toughness, 477-478 during transient layout, 417 steel casings, 468-470 loading, 320-323 superstructure, 414-415 temperature shift, 114-116 generalized behavior, 323- BS5500, 265 Charpy V-notch-Kid-Kc 324 BS7608, 265 correlation, two-stage, near-threshold rate, 309- Burst tests, steel casings, 468- 119-122 310 487 Charpy V-notch specimens, reduced cyclic crack- failure analysis, 472-480 fracture toughness, opening displacement, flaw geometry, 469, 471 weldments, 277-279 310 fracture mechanics Circular crack, embedded, in threshold, 306-307, 309-313 equation, 474 infinite plate, stress- Corrosion-fatigue failures, material and experimental intensity factors prevention, 324-326 procedures, 468-469 equation, 37-39 Crack metallographic analysis, Cofferdam, 455 growing from round holes, 476, 478, 481-483 critical fracture toughness, stress-intensity factors 462-463 equation, 40-41 nonpropagating crack, 462- C inclined, stress-intensity 463 factors, 44-45 Column instability, 19-20, instability, 19-20, 142-143 Cantilever-beam specimen 142-143 irregularly shaped, K~cc tests, 287, 289 Compact-specimen test, estimating stress- stress-corrosion cracking, setup, 83 intensity factors, 45-47 284-286 Constant-amplitude loading, probability of detection, Case studies, 26 165-166 444-445 see also Bryte Bend Bridge; Constraint sharp, constraint ahead of, Ingram Barge; Lock- affecting fracture 105-107 and-dam sheet piling; toughness, 71-76 subjected to point or Trans Alaska Pipeline effect pressure loading, Service oil tankers fitness for service stress-intensity factors Charpy V-notch analysis, 389-394 equation, 42-43 AASHTO requirements, fracture toughness, 101- see also Fatigue cracks 356-357 109 Crack arrest effect of temperature and structural behavior, designing for, 388 loading rate, 97, 99- Ingram Barge, 428-431 fitness for service analysis, 100 Corrosion-fatigue-crack- 404-408 energy absorption, growth, rate as Crack arresters, 352 correlation with plane- function of RMS Crack blunting, 107-109 strain impact fracture stress-intensity factor, Crack closure, mechanisms, toughness, 119-120 311-312, 316-319 196-197 temperature shift, 109-110 Corrosion-fatigue-crack Crack-closure model, 221 upper-shelL correlation initiation, 296-305 Crack extension with Klc, 120-124 behavior, steels, 298-305 energy-balance approach, Charpy V-notch energy cyclic-load frequency 60 absorption, structural effect, 301-302 under loading conditions, steel, 12-13 equation for predicting, 222 Charpy V-notch fracture 303-305 Crack front, constant K, 177 toughness, lock-and- long-life behavior, 303 Crack growth, 22 dam sheet piling, 461 stress ratio of effects, 302 effect of Charpy V-notch impact test specimens and cyclic-stress range, 172- criterion, ship steels, experimental 173 370-373 procedures, 296-298 initial crack length, 174 Subject Index 509

local residual stresses fracture toughness tests, Double cantilever clip-in effect, 343 461 displacement gage, 84- phases, 255 stress-intensity factors 85 ship steel behavior, 449 relationship, 126-127 Driving force, 14-15 stress-corrosion, fatigue temperature-transition definition, xv and, 19-23 curve, 128, 130-131 Drop weight NDT test, 123 Crack-growth rate Crack-tip opening Ductile failure as function of R_MS stress- displacement vs. brittle behavior, 9-10 intensity-factor range, parameter, relation to characteristics, 9, 11 223-225 f-integral, 63 Ductile plastic fracture, 368 subcritical, relation to Crack-tip plasticity model, 61 Dugdale Model, CTOD, 60- stress-intensity factor, Critical member, nonfracture 63 295 impact test Dynamic loading Crack-growth-rate tests, requirements, 359 fracture-toughness stress-corrosion Cyclic-load frequency, effect transition behavior, cracking, 284, 294-296 on steels, 476, 481 Crack initiation, 21-22 corrosion-fatigue-crack impact transition curve, fitness for service analysis, initiation, 301-302 368, 373 404-408 fatigue-crack propagation, Crack length, critical, 463 206-209 E Crack propagation, 21-22 Cyclic-stress waveform, effect fitness for service analysis, on corrosion-fatigue- Edge crack, stress-flaw-size 404-408 crack propagation, stages, weldments, 248-249 318-321 relation, 418, 420, 422 unstable, 334 Elastic-plastic behavior, as Crack-shape parameter, 152- fracture criterion, 364 Elastic-plastic conditions, 153 D Crack size 405-406 critical, 138 Elastic-stress-field for critical details, Trans Delayed retardation, 220 distribution, ahead of Alaska Pipeline Service Design crack, 73-74 oil tankers, 443-444 definitions, 133-134 Elliptical crack, embedded in as function of yield effect of lowering stress, infinite plate, stress- strength and fracture fracture-control plan, intensity factors tougbaless, 144-145 347 equation, 37-39 initial, inspection fatigue-crack propagation Environment-material capability, Trans example, 212-216 system, corrosion- Alaska Pipeline Service fatigue curves, 182 fatigue-crack growth oil tankers, 444445 high-strength steel selection rate dependence on, Crack surface displacements, for pressure vessel, 313, 315-316 modes, 31-32 150-158 Euler column instability, 142- Crack tip fracture-mechanics 143 coordinate system and design, 151-157 stress components, 34 general analysis, 157-158 F deformation modes, stress tradition approach, 150- and displacement 151 Fail-safe design, 135 fields, 32-33 see also Fracture-mechanics Failure of "infinite" sharpness, design assessment diagram, 397- limiting constraint, 107 Direct current electric 399 opening mode stresses potential probes, 469, at component connections, near, short- vs. deep- 471 237-238 crack specimens, 391 Discontinuities, weld, their consequences, 368-370 Crack-fip-blunting model, 220 effects, 243, 245-250 elapsed cycles to, 20-21 Crack-tip deformation, 50-52 Distortion, weldments, 240- modes, 333 Crack-tip opening 241 Fatigue, 163-181 displacement, 55-56, Distribution curves, definition, 163 88-89 unimodal, fatigue- effect of stress calculation, 93 crack growth, 227-228, concentration, 184-187 critical value, 62 230-232 history, 3-9 Dugdale Model, 60-63 Distribution functions, 218 loading, 164-167 510 FRACTURE AND FATIGUE CONTROL IN STRUCTURES

constant-amplitude, 165- tests, 168-172 Fatigue loading 166 threshold histogram, Trans Alaska variable-amplitude, 166- dependence on yield Pipeline Service oil 167 strength, 189, 260-262 tankers, 445-447 performance, factors independence from stress reduced, effect, Trans affecting, 164 ratio, 188 Alaska Pipeline Service stress-corrosion crack predicting, 187-189 oil tankers, 450-453 growth and, 19-23 Fatigue-crack propagation, Fatigue-strength-reduction testing, 167-176 194-232 factor, 182 fatigue-crack-initiation analysis, 254-255 Ferrite-pearlite steels, 177, tests, 168-172 background, 194-196 179 fatigue-crack-propagation bottom shell plates, Trans fatigue-crack propagation, tests, 172-174 Alaska Pipeline Service constant amplitude strain-life tests, 170, 172 oil tankers, 447-450 load fluctuation, 200- stress-life test, 168-171 constant amplitude load 201 tests of actual or fluctuation, 199-203 Fitness for service, 25-26, simulated structural aluminum and titanium 384-408 components, 174-176 alloys, 202-203 definition, 25, 384-385 Fatigue control, 23-24 austenitic stainless steels, evaluations, 388 Fatigue crack 201-202 existing procedures, 396- characteristics, 175-181 ferrite-pearlite steels, 402 marks, schematic 200-201 API 579, 402 representation, 176-177 martensitic steels, 199- ASME Section XI, 396, multiple, initiation, 176-177 200 401-402 originating from internal design example, 212-216 PD 6493, 396-400 discontinuities, 247- effect of proof or hydro-test to 248 cyclic frequency and establish continued propagation, 177 waveform, 206-209 service fitness, 402-404 striations, 177, 180 mean stress, 203-206 Fitness-for-service analysis Fatigue crack behavior, stress ratio, 205 difference between weldments life, 163 initiation and arrest smooth welded dependence, 254 fracture toughness components, 250-253 regions, 194-195 behavior, 404-408 as welded components, in shadow of notch, 207 fracture mechanics use, 253-264 steel weldments, 210-212 385-396 Fatigue-crack growth tests, 172-174 constraint effect, 389-394 calculations, 215 threshold, 196-199 effect of many factors, controlling, 352-353 effect of factors, 197 394-396 effects of stress variable-amplitude load loading rate effect, 386- concentration, 207, fluctuation, 216-221 389 209-210 fatigue-crack growth, 218 Fixtures, test, 82-85 retardation, 220 ordered-sequence cyclic Flaw size steels, 225-229 load, 225 critical under unimodal probability-density relation with stress and distribution curves, distribution, 216-219 material fracture 227-228, 230-232 random-sequence, 223 toughness, 336 under variable-amplitude root-mean-square model, service temperature loading, 218 221-225 effect, 343-344 Fatigue-crack initiation, 182- single and multiple high- effect on life under fatigue 192 load fluctuations, 218, loading, 349-350 behavior of steels, 187, 299 220-221 initial, effect of reducing, dependence on nominal- Fatigue life 347-348 stress fluctuations, determination, calculations, maximum, 136 185-186 271-272 relationship with life, 163 effect of details, Bryte Bend critical stress-intensity predicting from notches, Bridge, 424-426 factor, 136, 141 189-192 stages, 182 stress and material sites, weldments, 246-250 storm avoidance and, 438 toughness, 18 Subject Index 511

Fracture leak-before-break criterion, Fracture mechanics equation, behavior, regions, 79-80 378-381 474 factors controlling original 15-ft-lb CVN Fracture mechanics susceptibility to, 346- impact criterion, ship methodology, see Trans 347 steels, 370-373 Alaska Pipeline Service history, 3-9 parts, 366 oil tankers identification, fracture- selection, 364-365 Fracture paths, multiple-load, control plan, 340-342 steel bridges, 381-382 351-352 weldments, primary cause, through-thickness yielding Fracture toughness 335 criterion, 374-378 behavior, weldments, 272- Fracture control, 23-24 transition-temperature 279 guidelines, historical, 337- criterion, 373-374 bridge steel requirements, 339 varying for different 355-356 Fracture-control plan, 23-24, structure types, 369 crack blunting, 107-109 348-350 Fracture instability, prediction crack depth effect, 390-393 comprehensive, 360-363 with critical plane- crack size effect, 480 design consideration strain stress-intensity criterion recommendations, factors, 60 critical stress intensity 353-354 Fracture mechanics, 14-16 factor, 381 design methods, 351-353 driving force, 14-15 through-thickness developing, 336-337 fatigue crack propagation yielding before effect of analysis, 254-255 fracture, 377-378 lowering design stress, fundamental principle, 31 definition, 68 347 resistance force, 15-16 difference between reducing the initial flaw Fracture-mechanics approach, initiation and arrest size, 347-348 stress-corrosion behavior, 404-408 using material with cracking, 283 effect of better fracture Fracture-mechanics design, constraint, 101-109 toughness, 348-349 16-19, 133-158 loading rate, 98-101 elements, 339-340 analysis of failure of 260- temperature and loading fracture identification, 340- in.-diameter motor rate, 114 342 case, 146-150 temperature and strain historical background, 337- basic information, 135 rate, 16, 71, 73 339 discontinuities in, 135 effect on life under fatigue K~scc, design use, 343, 345 factors controlling loading, 349-350 relative contribution susceptibility to elastic-plastic behavior, 69- establishment, 342-346 fracture, 335 70, 72 relative efficiency fail-safe, 135 fracture criterion, 366-367 determination, 346-353 high-strength steel selection fully plastic behavior, 69, steel bridges, 354-360 for pressure vessel 71-72 AASHTO Charpy 151-157 as function of a/W ratio, V-notch requirements, assumption that a flaw is 391-395 356-359 present, 151-152 loading rate design, 354-355 crack-shape parameter, effect on behavior of fabrication, 355 152-153 structures, 387-388 high-performance steels, design stress, 153 slow, initiation at, 408 357 magnification factor, lowest value, 68-69, 72 material, 355-356 154-155 materials with low values, verification of AASHTO materials selection, 142, use, 346 fracture toughness 144-146 microstructure effect, 273 requirement, 357 Kic/O'ys ratio, 144 plane-strain impact, Fracture criteria, 24-25, 364- procedure, 17-18 correlation with CVN 382 for terminal failure, 136- energy absorption, consequences of failure, 142 119-120 368-370 safe-life, 135 relation with elastic-plastic behavior, 364 specifying more fracture static and dynamic, 405 general levels of toughness than stress and critical flaw performance, 366-368 required, 367 sizes, 336 512 FRACTURE AND FATIGUE CONTROL IN STRUCTURES

requirements, specifying, constraint effect on evaluating remaining life, 367 structural behavior, 388 service conditions affecting, 428-431 fracture toughness, effect 69-76 failure, 431-436 on behavior of shear lip size and, 102-103 triaxial stress loading, 429- structures, 387-388 temperature and strain rate 430 reduction, fracture-control effect, 386-387 Initiation life, relation to plan, 353 test, weldments, 277-279 propagation life, 212- Loading-rate shift, see also Trans Alaska Pipeline 213 Structural steels Service oil tankers, Instrumentation, test, 82-85 Load-line displacement, 84, 441-443 Interim Guidelines for 86 transition behavior, steels, Welded Steel Moment Load-load-line displacement, static and impact Frame Structures, 338 85-87 loading, 476, 481 Irwin, George R., Lock-and-dam sheet piling, under linear-elastic comprehensive 455-467 condition, 68-69, 72 fracture-control plan, failure analysis of sheet 55, values of steels, 150 360-363 462-466 see also Stress-intensity failure description, 457, factors J 459-461 Free surface correction factor, steel properties, 457, 461- 35 J integral, 54-55, 63-64 462 stress-intensity factors, 44 calculation, 91-93 Long-life behavior, corrosion- Frequency-of-occurrence data, stress-intensity factors fatigue-crack initiation, 217-218 relationship, 126-127 303 Low-cycle fatigue, tapered G K welded specimen, 251- 253 Good design practice, 140 K~scc, 286-290 Lower-transition region, Griffith analysis, 35 corrosion-fatigue-crack- short- vs. deep-crack Griffith fracture criterion, 59- propagation behavior specimens, 391-393 60 below, 313-320 Griffith Theory, 58-60 cutoff time effect, 290 M date for material- H environment systems, 291-294 Magnification factor, 154-155 design use, 343, 345 Martensitic steels, fatigue- Heat treatment tests using cantilever-beam crack propagation, effect on Ki~cc,287, 290 specimen and bolt- constant amplitude postweld, effects on as- loaded WOL load fluctuation, 199- welded components, specimens, 287, 289 200 fatigue behavior, 263- Materials selection, 142, 144- 264 L 146 Histogram, fatigue loading, economics, 145 Trans Alaska Pipeline Leak-before-break criterion, Klc/Cry~ ratio, 144 Service oil tankers, 378-381 Material toughness 445-447 Load-crack-mouth-opening kisco 22 Holes, subjected to point or displacement, 85-87 relationship with stress and pressure loading, Loading rate flaw size, 18 stress-intensity factors affecting fracture Metallographic analysis, steel equation, 42-43 toughness, 70-72 casings, 476, 478, 481- Hydro-test, to establish effect on 483 fitness for continued fitness for service Microstructure service, 402-404 analysis, 386-389 effect on fracture-toughness fracture toughness, 98- behavior, 273 101 weld metal and heat- stress-intensity factors, effected base metal, Ingrain Barge, 428-437 96-100 274-279 Subject Index 513

Mohr's circle of stress, 105, Plane-stress, limiting test fixtures and 429-43O conditions, 374-376 instrumentation, 82-85 Motor case, 260-in.-diameter, Plastic flow, constraint effects test specimen failure analysis, 146- on fracture toughness, notch, 82 150 102-104 size, 80-82 Multiple-load fracture paths, Plasticity, microscopic, 109 Retardation, fatigue-crack- 351-352 Plastic zone size, 50-52 growth, 220 large, effective stress- Roberts-Newton lower-bound N intensity factors, 51-54 CVN-KIc relation, 126- Point Pleasant Bridge 127 Nil-ductility temperature test, fracture, 6-8 Root-mean-square model, 13 Pop-in, 388 221-225 Nil-ductility transition Probability-density Rotating-beam fatigue tests, temperature, Kid value, distribution, 216-219 169 123-126 Proof test, to establish fitness Rough machining, 252 Northridge earthquake, 394- for continued service, 395 402-404 S Notched geometries, Propagation life, relation to constraint to plastic initiation life, 212-213 SAC Report 95-09, 395 flow cause by, 429-430 Safe-life design, 135 Notches R Service conditions, affecting cause stress intensification, fracture toughness, 69- 183 Random-stress loading, 165 76 predicting fatigue-crack Rayleigh curves, 218 constraint, 71-76 initiation, 189-192 Reaction stresses, 239 loading rate, 70-72 single-edge, stress-intensity Reduction factor, 443-444 temperature, 70 factor equation, 35-37 Residual stress Shear stress Notch toughness, 10-14 beneficial and detrimental, planes, 104 brittle fractures and, 9 239 relationship with normal criterion specification, 366- development in stress, 104-105 367 weldments, 240-241 Ship failures, 4-6, 338 fracture-control plan, 351 effect on constraint experiences, 431 implied vs. guaranteed, crack growth, 343 see also Ingrain Barge; 423-424 fatigue crack behavior, Trans Alaska Pipeline measurement, 11 as-welded Service oil tankers relation to structural components, fatigue Ship steels, CVN impact performance, 364-365 behavior, 260-263 criterion, 370-373 transition temperatures, elimination, 263-264 Single-edge notch, stress- 12-13 induction, 239 intensity factors measuring, 240 equation, 35-37 O redistributed under cyclic Smooth welded components, loading, weldments, fatigue crack behavior, Oil tankers, see Trans Alaska 248 250-253 Pipeline Service oil superposition of specimen geometries and tankers applied compressive test methods, 250-251 Out-of-plane constraint, 389- stress, 262-263 surface roughness effects, 390 applied tensile stress, 262 251-253 weldments, 238-241 S-N curve, 168-171, 212 P Residual-stress model, 220 initiation and propagation Resistance force, 15-16 components, 21, 183 PD 6493, 338, 396-400 definition, xv Specimen notch, 82 failure assessment diagram, analysis of results, 85-87 Specimen size, 80-82 397-399 ASTM Standard Fracture SR16 Impact Testing, 473 Plane strain, 32-33 Tests, 76-79 Static loading limiting conditions, 374- critical, in terms of stress- fracture-toughness 376 intensity factors, 90 transition behavior, macroscopic, 109 overview, 67-69 steels, 476, 481 514 FRACTURE AND FATIGUE CONTROL IN STRUCTURES

transition region, 368, 373 normal, relationship with critical, 67-68 Steel bridges shear stress, 429 intermediate load, rate failures, 5-6 principal, 104 shift, 111 fracture-control plan, 354- relation with intermediate-loading 360 critical flaw sizes and rate, 100 AASHTO Charpy V- material fracture limiting thickness for notch requirements, toughness, 336 plane-strain behavior, 356-359 flaw size and material 106-107 design, 354-355 toughness, 18 predicting using CVN fabrication, 355 Stress amplitude, 165-166 impact tests, 119-121 high-performance steels, Stress analysis, cracks in relationship with upper- 357 elastic solids, 31-32 shelf CVN test results, material, 355-356 Stress concentration 120-124 verification of AASHTO caused by grooves, slow-loading, effect of fracture toughness scratches, and loading rate, 98, 100 requirement, 357 cracklike surface thickness effect, 101-103 fracture criterion, 381-382 irregularities, 252 under plane strain, 74-76 see also Bryte Bend Bridge effect on critical crack size as Steel casings fatigue, 184-187 function of, 144-145 API specifications, 482-483, fatigue-crack growth, for critical details, Trans 487 207, 209-210 Alaska Pipeline Service chemical composition, 468- magnitude, 242-243 oil tankers, 443-444 469 effects of dimensions, critical resistance force in Steels 258 terms of, 90 chemical composition, regions, 244 critical value, 15-16 restrictions, 5 weldments, 241-245, 246 CTOD relationship, 126- fatigue-crack growth, 225- Stress-concentration factor, 127 229 29-30 effective, large plastic zone fracture-toughness Stress-corrosion cracking, size, 51-54 transition behavior, 281-296 effect on incubation time, static and impact cantilever-beam specimen, 290-291 loading, 476, 481 284-286 general form, 34 high-performance, fracture- crack-growth-rate tests, impact, 457 control plan in 294-296 value at NDT bridges, 357 experimental procedures, temperature, 123-126 properties, 457, 461-462 283-288 increased by fatigue to Steel weldments, fatigue- fracture-mechanics critical stress intensity crack propagation, approach, 283 factor, 141 210-212 K~scc, 286-290 J-integral relationship, 126- Storm avoidance, fatigue life date for material- 127 and, 438 environment systems, Kit-Kid impact-loading-rate Strain-controlled test 291-294 shift, 110-111 specimen, 172 test duration, 290-291 limiting values, 67 Strain-life tests, 170, 172 test geometries, 282 materials selection, Stress Stress intensification, 183 economics, 145 allowable, 133-134 planar discontinuities, 243 nearly related to stress, 33 design, 153 surface discontinuity, 243 for place strain, 88 effect on life under fatigue Stress intensity factor prediction using CVN-KId- loading, 349-350 analysis K~-J and S relations, flow lines, 242 lock-and-dam sheet piling, 126-131 history, 216-217 463-465 relation to limiting values, 67 Stress-intensity factors, 15, nominal stress and flaw mean, effect on fatigue- 28-64 size, 136, 141 crack propagation, applied, 135 subcritical-crack-growth 203-206 calculation, 28, 67, 91 rate, 295 nominal, relation to critical vs. crack length, lock-and- root-mean-square stress-intensity factor, dam sheet piling, 464- corrosion-fatigue-crack- 136, 141 465 growth rate as Subject Index 515

function of, 311-312, Kic and K~a impact- influence of specimen 316-319 loading-shift, 110-111 geometry, 286, 288 crack-growth rate as Kk(t)intermediate-loading- tests, stress-corrosion function of, 223-225 shift, 111 cracking, 284 studying stress-corrosion predictive relationship Titanium alloys, fatigue-crack cracking, 283 for temperature shift, propagation, constant surface flaw, 403 112 amplitude load temperature and loading regions of fracture fluctuation, 202-203 rate effects, 96-99 behavior, 77 Total fatigue life, 163 temperature shift, 109-110 significance of temperature Trans Alaska Pipeline Service value of crack geometrics, shift, 112-116 oil tankers, 438-454 137 Surface crack, stress-intensity application of methodology Stress-intensity factor factors equation, 39-40 to a detail, 441-450 equations Surface crack model, 447 critical details, cracks growing from round Surface finish, effect on the identification, 441 holes, 40-41 fatigue limit of steels, fatigue crack embedded elliptical or 254 propagation in bottom circular crack in Surface flaw, stress intensity shell plates, 447-450 infinite plate, 37-39 factor, 403 fracture toughness, 441- estimation of other factors, Surface roughness, fatigue 443 42, 44-47 crack initiation effects, histogram of fatigue holes or cracks subjected to smooth welded loading, 445, 447 point or pressure components, 251-253 inspection capability for loading, 42-43 initial crack size, 444- single crack in beam in T 445 bending, 41-42 stress intensity factors and critical crack size, single-edge notch, 35-37 Temperature superposition, 47-50 443-444 affecting fracture background, 439 surface crack, 39-40 tougl~tess, 70 through-thickness crack, 35 fracture mechanics effect on stress-intensity methodology, 439-441 Stress-life test, 168-171 factors, 96-100 Stress raisers, 177 reduced fatigue loading reference, establishing effect, 450-453 Stress range, 165 master curve, 93-94 effective, 272 storm avoidance, 438 Temperature shift, 119 Transient loading, vs. fatigue life, 255-256 between Kid and Kc, 126 maximum, 184 environmental effects Thermal stress relief, 263 during, corrosion- Stress ratio, 166 Three-point bend test, setup, dependence of fatigue- fatigue-crack 83 propagation, 320-323 thresholds stress- Threshold stress-intensity- intensity-factor range Transition temperature, notch factor range, 196-199 toughness, 12-13 on, 198-199 dependence on stress ratio, effect on Transition-temperature 198-199 criterion, 373-374 corrosion-fatigue-crack Through-thickness crack initiation, 302 Transition temperature shift constraint conditions, 105- loading rate and, 113 fatigue-crack 106 propagation, 205 predictive relationship, 112 stress-flaw-size relation, significance, 112-116 Stress-strain curve, ductile 138-140 and brittle materials, Triaxial tensile state of stress, stress-intensity factors 101 9-10 equation, 35 Structural failures, brittle, 3-9 Two-stage CVN-KId-K~c Through thickness crack correlation, 126-127 Structural steels growth model, 448 inherent fracture Through-thickness stresses, toughness, 101 U temperature and Through-thickness yielding loading rate and, 95 criterion, 374-378 loading-rate shift, 109-116 plane stress condition, 376- Uniaxial tension test, 429 CVN temperature shift, 377 Useful life, structural 109-110 Time to failure component, 334 516 FRACTURE AND FATIGUE CONTROL IN STRUCTURES

V theh" effects, 243, 245-250 reducing magnitude of distortion, 240-241 stress concentration, Variable amplitude cyclic fatigue crack behavior, 258 loads, 166-167 250-264 residual stresses, 238-241 weldments, 269-272 smooth welded steel, fatigue-crack example problem, 270- components, 250-253 propagation, 210-212 272 as welded components, stress concentration, 241- 253-264 245 W weld termination, 248- variable amplitude cyclic 249 loads, 269-272 fracture-toughness example problem, 270- Waveform, effect on fatigue- 272 crack propagation, behavior, 272-279 fracture-toughness test, Welds, defective, 4-5 206-209 Williams stress function, 394 Welded bridge components, 277-279 gouges and weld- WOL specimens, bolt-loaded, AASHTO fatigue Klscc tests, 287, 289 design curves, 265-267 imperfection stress raisers, 267 Weldments, 237-279 Y arc-welding, 273-274 methodologies of codes crack extension, 369 and standards, 264- Yielding, 104 discontinuities, 243, 245 269 Yield strength categories, 245-246 AASHTO fatigue design critical crack size as effect on fatigue curves for welded function of, 144-145 behavior, 247 bridge components, fatigue-crack initiation fatigue crack initiation 265-269 threshold dependence sites, 246-250 primary cause of fractures, on, 189, 260-262 geometric, 257-258 335 values of steels, 150