Les Eaux Souterraines Du Bassin Des Grands Lacs

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Les Eaux Souterraines Du Bassin Des Grands Lacs Les eaux souterraines du bassin des Grands Lacs Rapport présenté à la Commission mixte internationale par son Conseil consultatif scientifique des Grands Lacs Février 2010 Les points de vue exprimés dans le présent rapport appartiennent aux personnes et aux organismes qui ont participé à son établissement. Ce ne sont pas ceux de la Commission mixte internationale. i À citer comme suit : Conseil consultatif scientifique des Grands Lacs de la Commission mixte internationale (CMI), 2010. Les eaux souterraines du bassin des Grands Lacs, 2010. CMI, Windsor (Ontario), Canada. Le rapport est du domaine public, mais la reproduc‑ tion de tout matériel protégé par le droit d’auteur contenu dans le document principal ou dans ses annexes doit avoir été autorisée par les titulaires du droit d’auteur. ISBN 1‑894280‑98‑9 Commission mixte internationale Bureau régional des Grands Lacs 100, av. Ouellette, 8e étage Windsor (Ontario) N9A 6T3 Canada Numéros de téléphone : 519‑257‑6700, 313‑226‑2170 Site Web : http://www.ijc.org Le rapport peut être obtenu en format PDF à l’adresse suivante : http://www.ijc.org/fr/reports/2010/ groundwater‑in‑the‑great‑lakes‑basin This report is available in English in pdf format at: http://www.ijc.org/en/reports/2010/groundwater‑in‑ the‑great‑lakes‑basin ii Table des matières Préface des commissaires v Les eaux souterraines du bassin des Grands Lacs 1 Lettre de présentation 9 Remerciements, activités et réunions, membres 11 Annexes (Les annexes ne sont disponibles qu’en anglais.) 13 Appendix A Progress on Understanding Groundwater Issues in the Great Lakes Basin 13 Appendix B Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin — Pathogens 22 Appendix C Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes ‑St. Lawrence River Basin — Chemical Contaminants 37 Appendix D Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Lakes Basin — On‑Site Wastewater Treatment Systems, Septage, and Sludge 55 Appendix E Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Lakes Basin — Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 69 Appendix F Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Lakes Basin — Hazardous Waste Sites 83 Appendix G Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Lakes Basin — Abandoned Wells 95 Appendix H Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Lakes Basin — De‑icing Compounds 108 Appendix I Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Lakes Basin — Confined Animal Feeding Operations 115 Appendix J Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Lakes Basin — Conveyance Losses 122 Appendix K The Châteauguay Transboundary Aquifer 136 Appendix L Summary of Laws Affecting Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin 141 Appendix M List of Acronyms 153 iii iv Préface des commissaires Les Grands Lacs, qui contiennent environ 20 % des réserves Dans une large mesure, les recommandations que la d’eau douce superficielle du monde, constituent un élément Commission a présentées aux gouvernements en 2006 éminemment reconnaissable de la géographie de la planète, ont été orientées par l’avis que lui ont formulé son Conseil mais une bonne partie des énormes ressources hydriques de consultatif scientifique des Grands Lacs, son Conseil la région est cachée aux regards. L’eau souterraine, emmaga‑ des gestionnaires de la recherche des Grands Lacs et son sinée dans les fissures et les vides du sol, du sable et du roc Groupe de travail des professionnels de la santé. Ensemble, dans le bassin des Grands Lacs, forme un immense réservoir ces trois organes consultatifs ont produit un rapport invisible qui contiendrait, estime‑t‑on, le même volume détaillé sur les eaux souterraines du bassin des Grands d’eau que le lac Michigan, soit quelque 4 920 kilomètres Lacs. Cette collaboration a réuni les expertises différentes, cubes (1 180 milles cubes). mais complémentaires, des trois groupes et a compris quatre consultations distinctes avec d’autres spécialistes. Les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface sont inexo‑ rablement liées, en quantité et en qualité. Par exemple, Le résultat est cet imposant document qui renferme l’annexe 16 qui a été ajoutée en 1987 à l’Accord entre le 13 annexes traitant de multiples sujets, depuis les progrès Canada et les États‑Unis d’Amérique relatif à la qualité de accomplis pour mieux comprendre les enjeux des eaux l’eau dans les Grands Lacs reconnaît que la pollution causée souterraines du bassin jusqu’aux menaces de sources par les eaux souterraines contaminées a un effet sur les diverses qui pèsent sur ces eaux. Il y a des mesures à eaux limitrophes du bassin des Grands Lacs. Cette annexe prendre en priorité : faire porter la recherche sur les précise comment les deux pays doivent coordonner leurs facteurs qui jouent sur la quantité et la qualité des eaux programmes existants pour lutter contre le phénomène. souterraines, améliorer la surveillance et la gestion des données, réglementer l’utilisation des terres, les installa‑ Malgré ce lien, les eaux souterraines obtiennent moins d’at‑ tions autonomes (septiques) de traitement des eaux usées, tention qu’elles ne devraient dans l’Accord. Les programmes les exploitations intensives d’engraissement du bétail et gouvernementaux plus récents de protection des sources les puits abandonnés et fournir une aide financière pour d’eau englobent bien les eaux souterraines, mais l’annexe 16 remédier aux égouts et aux réservoirs de stockage souter‑ est la plus courte de l’Accord. Pour cette raison, dans l’avis rains qui fuient. qu’elle a donné aux gouvernements en 2006 aux fins de leur examen de l’Accord, la Commission mixte internationale a Tel qu’il a été recommandé, la Commission va continuer indiqué que l’action exercée par les eaux souterraines sur de suivre les principales questions cernées dans le rapport les Grands Lacs était plus importante que celle qui avait été et communiquera ses constatations. La Commission est reconnue jusque‑là et elle a recommandé un certain nombre convaincue que les renseignements, les analyses et les de mesures à inclure dans l’Accord nouveau ou révisé1. recommandations présentés dans le rapport seront d’une aide immédiate aux gouvernements, aux groupes de défense L’attention que porte la Commission aux eaux souterraines de l’environnement, à l’industrie et au grand public, et n’est pas nouvelle. Dès son cycle biennal de 1991‑1993, la elle s’attend à ce que les constatations et les conseils qu’il Commission a fait des eaux souterraines une priorité des contient profitent à ceux qui sont chargés de négocier la Grands Lacs2. Il y a dix ans, répondant à une demande des révision de l’Accord relatif à la qualité de l’eau dans les gouvernements d’étudier la protection des Grands Lacs et Grands Lacs. de leur en rendre compte, elle a consacré une partie de son rapport aux eaux souterraines3. Plusieurs autres rapports soumis à la Commission ou présentés par elle ont traité des eaux souterraines. 1 Voir L’Avis aux gouvernements concernant l’examen de l’Accord relatif à la qualité de l’eau dans les Grands Lacs : Rapport spécial pré‑ senté aux gouvernements du Canada et des États‑Unis, Commission mixte internationale, 2006, à http://www.ijc.org/php/publi‑ cations/pdf/ID1604.pdf. 2 Voir Groundwater Contamination in the Great Lakes, Commission mixte internationale, 1993, à http://www.ijc.org/rel/pdf/ gw‑contamination‑1993.pdf_ 3 Voir le Rapport final sur la protection des eaux des Grands Lacs présenté aux gouvernements du Canada et des États‑Unis d’Amérique, 2000, à http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/pdf/ID1561.pdf.] v vi Les eaux souterraines du bassin des Grands Lacs Investigations de la Commission tations ont eu lieu à Lansing, au Michigan (mars 2006), à Syracuse, dans l’État de New York (juin 2006), à Milwaukee, L’année 2007 a marqué le 20e anniversaire de l’intégration au Wisconsin (novembre 2006), et à Chicago, en Illinois de l’annexe 16, « Pollution causée par les eaux souterraines (juin 2007). Un disque compact contenant les exposés et les contaminées », à l’Accord relatif à la qualité de l’eau dans les notes des rapporteurs a été gravé pour chaque consultation Grands Lacs (AQEGL). L’annexe 16 prévoit la coordination et diffusé aux participants et aux collaborateurs. des « programmes actuels de lutte contre les eaux souter‑ raines contaminées qui influent sur la qualité des eaux Après la première consultation, on s’est bien rendu compte limitrophes du bassin des Grands Lacs ». que les enjeux et les préoccupations au sujet des eaux souterraines du bassin des Grands Lacs débordaient La Commission a fait des eaux souterraines une priorité de largement la portée de l’annexe 16, qui envisage l’eau son cycle biennal de 1991‑1993. Le rapport qui en a résulté, souterraine comme source de contamination des lacs. Groundwater Contamination in the Great Lakes Basin, publié en Après la deuxième consultation, les commissaires ont 1993, a surtout porté sur les sources et l’étendue de la conta‑ demandé expressément aux collaborateurs ce qu’ils propo‑ mination des eaux souterraines du bassin et sur la façon dont saient, à l’issue des débats menés jusque‑là, pour aider la cette contamination pourrait atteindre les Grands Lacs. Commission à formuler son avis aux parties concernant l’examen de l’Accord. Les coprésidents du CCS ont ensuite Pour son cycle biennal de 2005‑2007, la Commission a de envoyé une lettre aux commissaires (cette lettre de présen‑ nouveau retenu les eaux souterraines comme une priorité, tation est reproduite à la fin de la présente partie). ce qui a donné lieu au présent rapport, Les eaux souterraines du bassin des Grands Lacs, qui renferme les constatations et les recommandations issues de l’effort actuel. Le rapport déve‑ Constatations loppe et actualise celui de 1993, ainsi que le Rapport final sur la protection des eaux des Grands Lacs, publié par la Commission 1.
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