2014 Invasive & Native Monitoring Report

Prevention, early detection, monitoring, rapid response, & control efforts

OFFICE OF MAUNAKEA MANAGEMENT

Prepared By: Jessica Kirkpatrick, Fritz Klasner February 6, 2019 Darcy Yogi,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ...... 4 Introduction ...... 5 Prevention ...... 5 Inspections ...... 5 Study Area ...... 5 Methods ...... 5 Results and Discussion ...... 6 Early Detection Monitoring ...... 6 Facility Surveys ...... 7 Study Area ...... 7 Methods ...... 7 Results & Discussion ...... 7 Conclusion ...... 14 2012 Addendum ...... 15 Rotating Panel Surveys ...... 15 Study Area ...... 15 Methods ...... 17 Results & Discussion ...... 17 Conclusion ...... 18 Annual Alien Invertebrate Monitoring ...... 18 Introduction ...... 18 Study Area ...... 19 Methods ...... 19 Results & Discussion ...... 20 Conclusion ...... 34 Incidental Early Detection Monitoring ...... 34 Introduction ...... 34 Study Area ...... 34 Methods ...... 34 Results and Discussion ...... 36 2012 Addendum ...... 38 2013 Addendum ...... 39 Native & Established Species Monitoring ...... 40 Annual Wēkiu Bug Monitoring ...... 40 Introduction ...... 40 Study Area ...... 40 Methods ...... 40 Results and Discussion ...... 41 Conclusion ...... 44 Follow-up Wēkiu Bug Monitoring...... 44 Introduction ...... 44

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Study Site ...... 45 Methods ...... 45 Results and Discussion ...... 45 Conclusion ...... 47 Cinder Movement Monitoring ...... 47 Introduction ...... 47 Study Site ...... 47 Methods ...... 49 Results and Discussion ...... 49 Honey Bee Monitoring ...... 49 Introduction ...... 49 Study Site ...... 49 Methods ...... 49 Results and Discussion ...... 49 2014 Swarm Trap Activity Log ...... 50 Rapid Response ...... 50 Case 1: Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) ...... 51 Case 2: Little Yellow ( alluaudi) ...... 51 2013 Rapid Response Reports ...... 53 Control ...... 53 Vespid Control ...... 53 Study Area ...... 54 Methods ...... 54 Results & Discussion ...... 54 Vespid Trap Capture Abundance ...... 55 Mongoose Control ...... 55 Introduction ...... 55 Study Area ...... 56 Methods ...... 56 Results and Discussion ...... 56 Vegetation Control ...... 56 Introduction ...... 56 Study Area ...... 56 Methods ...... 56 Results and Discussion ...... 57 Conclusion ...... 58 Control ...... 59 Introduction ...... 59 Acknowledgements ...... 60 References ...... 61 Appendices ...... 62 Appendix A: UH Management Areas on Maunakea ...... 63 Appendix B: 2014 Annual Survey Location Maps ...... 64

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Appendix C: 2014 Annual Alien Arthropod & Wēkiu Bug Trap Coordinates* ...... 75 Appendix D: 2014 Wēkiu Bug Capture Data ...... 77 Appendix E: 2014 Wēkiu Bug Capture Rates ...... 79 Appendix F: 2014 Annual Survey Arthropod Capture List ...... 80 Appendix G: Rapid Response Record for Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi ...... 82 Chronological Log ...... 82 Recommendations ...... 97 References ...... 97 Appendix H: Detection and Distribution of obtusus in the Science Reserve on Maunakea, Hawaiʻi- Report 2013 ...... 98

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Office of Maunakea Management (OMKM) manages State of Hawai‘i owned lands leased to the University of Hawai'i (UH) on Maunakea, Hawai'i. Management areas include the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR), Astronomy Precinct, mid-level facilities at Halepōhaku (HP), and the Summit Access Road Corridor encompassing a total of 11,288 acres (Appendix A). The 2009 Comprehensive Management Plan (CMP) is the guiding management document and provides policy framework for UH to address measures to protect the cultural, natural, research, and recreational resources on UH managed lands. The Natural Resources Management Plan (NRMP), a sub-plan of the CMP, addresses the threat and potential impacts of non-native , , and diseases to the natural resources on Maunakea. The NRMP requires an Invasive Species Management Program/Plan (ISMP) to prevent, detect, monitor, respond, and control any new and established invasive species within the UH management area. This report documents invasive species actions (including native species monitoring) in the 2014 calendar year and is organized similar to the ISMP.

Sections in this report include Prevention, Early Detection, Monitoring, Rapid Response, and Control. During 2014, 46 inspections were conducted, early detection surveys were completed at 132 different sites (capturing over 6,500 , 52 of which were wēkiu bugs that were captured and released) and over 300 facility traps were placed and retrieved.

NOTE

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) requires monitoring of invasive species at the TMT site, its access way, the Batch parking lot, and Halepōhaku locations (locations where TMT activity occurs). TMT contracted the Big Island Invasive Species Committee (BIISC) to implement prevention efforts and monitoring of invasive species per the TMT permit. As specified in the CDUP, monitoring efforts are conducted frequently at TMT activity locations and mirror OMKM’s prevention and monitoring methods. BIISC/ TMT CDUP compliance efforts are included in this report but in most cases are displayed as separate tables.

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INTRODUCTION

The Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan (ISMP) was in draft in 2014. Elements of the plan and associated procedures were revised based on field trials and feedback during the calendar year. 2014 was the second year of OMKM implementation of the ISMP which was approved by the Maunakea Management Board in 2015.

This report documents implementation of protocols that have been finalized, and protocols that were still under development. Some of these methods may have changed during the course of the year. Sections in this report emphasize plant, vertebrate, and invertebrate threats. These threats are explained in detail in SOP D: Maunakea Plant Threats, Identification, Collection, & Processing Guide, SOP B: Maunakea Vertebrate Threats, Identification, Collection, and Processing Guide, and SOP C: Maunakea Invertebrate Threats, Identification, Collection, & Processing Guide. Wēkiu bug ( wekiuicola) and alien invertebrate monitoring portions are a continuation of work done previously by the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.

PREVENTION

Preventative measures are the first line of defense for invasive species management on Maunakea. The prevention procedures for plants and arthropods are based on a comprehensive effort to identify and analyze the risk associated with potential invasion pathways. Management actions include inspection requirements and strict sanitation procedures for contractors and staff throughout UH Managed Lands. The main purpose of inspections is to reduce the risk of introducing new invasive species on Maunakea. This section summarizes all inspections conducted. Sanitation guidelines are found in the Maunakea ISMP. Rapid response activities described later in this report ensure that any new invasive species are addressed swiftly and appropriately, anywhere they are found.

Inspections

Study Area Most inspections occurred in Hilo at delivery base yards and facility warehouses. Less frequently, inspections occurred in Kona and Waimea. Examples of inspected items include: snorkel booms, scissor lifts, low boy trailers, semi-trucks, wooden crates, hardi planks, vents, chiller units, and lumber.

Methods Inspections are conducted to ensure that the delivery, materials, supplies, and or vehicle(s) are clean and free of (including arthropods), plant, and earthen materials. Inspections are done by simple observation, and in some cases involve baiting. Specific inspection methods vary depending on the item. For example, pallets and crates require a closer look at corners and crevices, while larger vehicles and equipment inspections focus on dirt collecting areas such as wheel wells, tires, mudflaps, etc. Bait is used when a delivery item is stored outdoors for more than a week.

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Peanut butter, jelly, and spam baited index cards are left out for at least 20 minutes and observed for invertebrate activity. After an inspection is completed, concerns are reported to the inspection requestor. Most concerns can be handled by the facility staff and require a subsequent self- inspection, but some situations will require a re-inspection after completed remediations.

Results and Discussion A total of 46 inspections were conducted in 2014 by Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) approved biological inspectors. More specifically, OMKM conducted 33 inspections and BIISC completed 13 inspections. Below is a table that displays the number of inspections and remediations for each facility throughout 2014. Some facilities did not require inspections this year. All inspections that required remediation took corrective action (pressure wash, vacuum, etc.) and passed subsequent inspection.

2014 Invasive Species Inspections Majority of Inspection Facility Number of Inspections Number of Remediations locations MKSS Hilo 11 1 Gemini Hilo 12 3 IRTF None 0 0 CFHT None 0 0 Keck None 0 0 Subaru Hilo 8 0 SMA None 0 0 CSO None 0 0 JCMT None 0 0 UKIRT None 0 0 UH88 Hilo 1 0 UH24 None 0 0 VLBA None 0 0 TMT Kona & Waimea 14 8

EARLY DETECTION MONITORING

An early detection monitoring system provides the opportunity to prevent establishment of new invasive species on UH managed lands, whether they are new to the island or encroaching from lower elevations. In the case of species new to the island, early detection decreases the likelihood of dispersal out of UH managed lands. Early detection methods directed toward management activities are linked to regular monitoring activities and is necessary for effective management. The goals of the early detection program are to detect and prioritize control for new invasive plant and animal species before they become established on UH managed lands. In 2014, early detection efforts emphasize the following taxonomic groups: invertebrates, plants, and vertebrates. In future years we anticipate these efforts will expand into other taxa and intensify within existing taxa. Early detection monitoring is divided into 3 main sections: Facility Surveys, Rotating Panel Surveys, and Annual Alien Arthropod Surveys.

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Facility Surveys

Study Area Since 2012, all facilities on UH managed lands have been monitored for invasive arthropod species. In the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR) traps were placed in all 12 telescope facilities (most facilities have 2 or more traps), the summit lunch room, Batch Plant parking lot, and the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) construction site. At Halepōhaku (HP) traps were placed in the commons building, kitchen, dorms, maintenance building, parking lots, Visitor Information Station (VIS), ranger offices, and VIS storage warehouse and presentation room.

Methods The main purpose of facility trap surveys are to detect new invertebrate species in or around facilities, with the main concern being . Facility monitoring includes indoor and outdoor sticky traps along with perimeter searches. OMKM uses HoyHoy cockroach traps that were cut in half and baited with spam (protein), jelly (carbohydrate), and peanut butter (lipid). Baited sticky traps were placed in areas such as lounge rooms, loading bays, parking lots, control rooms, and other areas with human activity. Any outside traps were covered with a plastic container for weather protection. Six facility traps in the HP commons and kitchen areas are continuously deployed with a monthly replacement cycle, while all other traps (63 traps total) were placed quarterly and retrieved within a week. Perimeter searches are conducted quarterly around all HP facilities and parking lots. Searches entail hand searches, invasive weed pulls, and baiting with peanut butter, jelly, and spam vials. Perimeter surveying and removal of invasive plants occurs concurrently with all facility surveys. Finally, identifications to the lowest possible taxonomic unit were made for all arthropod specimens collected in order to determine whether the species was a threat.

TMT compliance methods used both facility trapping methods and annual monitoring methods (see the Monitoring section). Results for both of these methods are grouped together and displayed below (see TMT Compliance section).

Results & Discussion The facility survey data is displayed separately by method, location, and region. In 2014, 323 facility traps were deployed with a total capture of 1,755 arthropod individuals in 13 taxonomic orders. Perimeter searches first began in April 2014 and continue to occur quarterly at 20 HP locations and 10 MKSR locations. 2014 perimeter searches detected 22 invertebrate taxa (9 threats) and 7 invasive plant species (all previously recorded on UH lands). TMT compliance surveys in 2014 resulted in 1,052 captures in 12 taxonomic orders.

Facility surveys in both MKSR and HP regions allowed for the detection of numerous (Coleoptera) threats, several new record arthropod species, and a couple of native arthropod species that have never been detected before on a trap. During HP perimeter searches two threat species, Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi (Formicidae) and Apis mellifera (), required further management action (see Arthropod Control section and Honey Bee Monitoring section respectively). A small dead gecko was also observed during a perimeter search in the MKSR (see Incidental Early Detection Monitoring section for more details). During a 2014 TMT compliance survey at the TMT site, an Old World ant individual () was observed in a baited vial. Rapid response

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 7 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management measures followed this detection with delimiting surveys and continued monitoring. See the Rapid Response section titled Case 2: Little Yellow Ant (Plagiolepis alluaudi) for rapid response survey methods. To date, there have been no further detections of this ant species. Therefore, we hypothesize that the ant individual either (1) fell off of a vehicle or (2) came up with vegetation placed at the adjacent ahu.

Below is a summary table followed by a list of arthropods captured in the MKSR, HP, and TMT monitoring compliance1 surveys. Invertebrate threats are identified in bold font and shaded rows identify new records2. New record threats are shaded with bold font. Nativity can either be non- native, native, or non-native & native within that taxonomic group. Following the capture and observation tables are graphs representing abundance and range data for the various survey efforts.

Facility Trap Summary Table Facility type and location Arthropod Individuals Captured Taxonomic Orders Identified Inside Facilities – MKSR 188 7 Outside Facilities – MKSR 800 7 Inside Facilities – HP 302 11 Outside Facilities – HP 465 13 Totals 1,755 13 Outside Facilities – TMT compliance 1,052 12

Mauna Kea Science Reserve Facility Trap – Capture List Inside Facility Traps Order Family Scientific name Nativity Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Saprinus lugens Non-Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Pseudopachybrachius basalis Non-Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Plutellidae Plutella spp. * Non-Native & Native Outside Facility Traps Order Family Scientific name Nativity Coleoptera Cleridae Necrobia rufipes Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native

1 TMT Compliance results are summarized in this report. 2 New record captures to the Management Area. Some of the species are known to be present within the management area, but have never been captured in a trap and documented (these species are identified with *).

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Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Miridae Hyalopeplus pellucidus Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Cicadellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Diadegma blackburni Non-Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. * Non-Native & Native

Halepōhaku Facility Trap – Capture List Inside Facility Traps Order Family Scientific name Nativity Acari Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Agelenidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Blattodea Blatellidae Blattella germanica Non-Native Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Tribolium spp. Non-Native Coleoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Neanuridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Psychodidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Miridae Orthotylus sophoricola* Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae melanoneura* Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrotis xiphias* Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Tineidae Unknown Non-Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Outside Facility Traps

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Order Family Scientific name Nativity Acari Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Clubionidae arcifera Non-Native Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Blattodea Blatellidae Blattella germanica Non-Native Coleoptera Carabidae Trechus obtusus Non-Native Coleoptera Cleridae Necrobia rufipes Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Curculionidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Dermestidae Dermestes spp. Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Tribolium spp. Non-Native Coleoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Neanuridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Anthocoridae* Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius lichenicola Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Miridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Pseudococcidae* Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Lithiobiomorpha Lithobiidae Lithobius spp. Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

Perimeter Search – Invertebrate Observations Order Family Scientific name APR MAY AUG NOV Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis MKSR Araneae Unknown Unknown HP Blattodea Blaberidae Nauphoeta cinerea MKSR Coleoptera Carabidae Trechus obtusus HP Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata MKSR Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens MKSR Coleoptera Curculionidae Unknown MKSR Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Onthophagus nigriventris MKSR Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia HP Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown MKSR Diptera Muscidae Unknown MKSR Diptera Syrphidae Unknown MKSR

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Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis HP Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor MKSR Hemiptera Lygaeidae Unknown MKSR Homoptera Aphididae Unknown HP Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera HP Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown MKSR Hymenoptera Formicidae Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi HP HP Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae HP MKSR Psocodoea Psocidae Unknown HP Stylommatophora Succineidae Succinea konaensis HP

Perimeter Search – Vegetation Observations & Species Common name Halepōhaku MKSR Erodium cicutarium Alfilaria, pin clover X Heterotheca grandiflora Telegraph weed X Oenothera stricta Chilean evening primrose X Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel X Senecio madagascariensis Fireweed X X thapsus Common mullein X Verbascum virgatum Wand mullein X

Inside Facility Capture Abundance By Order The pie chart below shows the capture abundance by order for all inside facility traps combined. The majority of individuals captured inside facilities were cockroaches (Blattodea) and (Diptera). The ‘n’ value in the upper right is the total number of individuals captured inside facilities. Inside Facility Capture Abundance n = 490 All other orders 7% Blattodea 37% Diptera Hemiptera 47% Coleoptera 5% 2%

Collembola 2%

Acari Araneae Blattodea Coleoptera Collembola Diptera Hemiptera Homoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Psocoptera

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Inside Facility Capture Abundance by Facility The graph below shows the percentage of individuals (displayed as orders) captured in each facility. HP facilities captured the most individuals and had the greatest diversity of orders. The numbers on the top of the bars represent ‘n’ or the number of individuals captured in that facility. Inside Capture Abundance Order by Facility n=46 12 302 13 2 15 2 38 43 5 2 8 2 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% PercentAbundance 10% 0%

Facility

Acari Araneae Blattodea Coleoptera Collembola Diptera Hemiptera Homoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Psocoptera

Outside Facility Capture Abundance By Order The pie chart below shows the capture abundance by order for all outside facility traps combined. The majority of individuals captured outside facilities were seed bugs (Hemiptera), flies (Diptera), springtails (Collembola), and mites (Acari). The ‘n’ value in the lower left is the total number of individuals captured outside facilities.

Outside Facility Capture Abundance

All other orders Acari 12% Coleoptera Hemiptera 6% 32%

Diptera Collembola 15% n = 1,265 25%

Acari Araneae Blattodea Coleoptera Collembola Dermaptera Diptera Hemiptera Homoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Lithiobiomorpha Psocoptera

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Outside Facility Capture Abundance by Locality The graph below shows the percentage of individuals captured outside each facility. HP facilities captured all orders. The numbers on the top of the bars represent ‘n’ or the number of individuals captured within a certain order. Outside Capture Abundance by Locality by Order n=122 21 1 75 187 12 321 409 56 44 11 2 4 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% PercentAbundance 10% 0%

Order Batch Plant HP Keck Subaru Summit Lunch

TMT Compliance – Capture List Order Family Scientific name Nativity Acari Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa spp. Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Cleridae Necrobia rufipes Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Tachinidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Miridae Lygus elisus Non-Native Hemiptera Miridae Orthotylus sophoricola Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Diaeretiella rapae Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

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Hymenoptera Eurytomidae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Formicidae Plagiolepis alluaudi Non-Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Scelionidae Baeus spp. Non-Native Hymenoptera Scelionidae Unknown Non-Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Siphonaptera Pulicidae Unknown Non-Native Thysanoptera Thripidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

TMT Compliance Abundance By Order The pie chart below shows the capture abundance for all TMT compliance monitoring. Captures were mainly comprised of seed bugs (Hemiptera), flies (Diptera), psyllids (Homoptera), and wasps (Hymenoptera). The ‘n’ value represents the total number of individuals captured during TMT compliance surveys.

TMT Compliance Capture Abundance

All other orders Hymenoptera 4% Diptera 7% 27%

Homoptera 14% Hemiptera 48%

n = 1,052

Acari Araneae Coleoptera Collembola Diptera Hemiptera Homoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Psocoptera Siphonaptera Thysanoptera

Conclusion Inside facility traps captured a total of 490 invertebrate individuals (1% native, 45% non-native [6% threats], 54% undetermined3 [13% potential threats]) consisting mainly of cockroaches and flies. Outside facility traps captured a total of 1,265 invertebrate individuals (1% native, 41% non- native [6% threats], 58% undetermined [17% potential threats]) with most being seed bugs, flies, springtails, or mites. HP contained all orders and the greatest abundance of arthropods when compared to other facilities. Perimeter searches detected 7 invertebrate threats. TMT compliance surveys captured 1,052 invertebrate individuals (1% Native, 44% non-native [2% threats], 55%

3 All specimens are identified to the lowest taxa possible (usually to family) to determine whether the species is a threat. The term “undetermined” identifies that have both native and non-native species within that taxonomic group.

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 14 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management undetermined [11% potential threats]) with the most abundant being N. palor, flies, psyllids, and wasps.

2012 Addendum During the very first round of facility trapping in 2012, a single ant identified as the white-footed ant, Technomyrmex albipes was captured in a sticky trap placed under the kitchen sink in the HP Commons building. Halepōhaku kitchen staff reported small black ants had been found on fresh produce from the Hilo Farmers Market and were cleaned off in the sink (above the location of the sticky trap) a week prior to trap retrieval. The single ant individual observed in the trap likely fell from the fresh produce. No further ant individuals were captured during follow-up surveys with State of Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture Ant Monitoring protocols.

Rotating Panel Surveys

Study Area Rotating panel early detection plant and invertebrate surveys were conducted concurrently with State-mandated historic property monitoring. Rotating panel survey locations vary on a yearly, every 3 years, or every 5 years basis. In 2014, a total of 43 sites were monitored within the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR). More sites were scheduled for monitoring, but both inclement weather and other safety concerns forced us to halt survey sites until 2015. The map below shows rotating panel monitoring locations in 2014.

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Methods The main purpose of invertebrate and plant early detection surveys is to detect, document, and monitor invasive species threats at sites across a variety of under UH management jurisdiction. All collected invertebrates were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit necessary to determine if the species was a threat.

Invertebrates At each site, four spam, jelly, and peanut butter baited vials were placed in opposing cardinal directions and left out for 5-10 minutes. While waiting for the vials, a 10 minute hand search (overturn rocks and visual inspection) was conducted no more than 10 meters out from each site. All known observed invertebrates were recorded and unknown specimens were collected and identified in the lab.

Vegetation Vegetation was observed within a 10 meter radius of the site for native and non-native plants. Non-native vegetation were pulled, documented, and disposed. The roots of pulled plants were carefully observed for ants and other potential invertebrate threats. All vegetation including lichens4 (color) were recorded.

Results & Discussion Rotating panel surveys ran from September 14-15 and October 13-16. We monitored 43 sites, utilized more than 150 baited vials, and observed over 200 specimens. No new threats were identified in 2014. Below are lists of invertebrate and vegetation observations at historic properties in the MKSR. Invertebrate observations include both hand search and baited vial observations. Invertebrate and vegetation threats are identified in bold font and shaded rows identify new records5. New record threats are shaded with bold font.

Rotating Panel Survey – Invertebrate Observations Order Family Scientific name Nativity Acari Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Onthophagus nigriventris Non-Native & Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Diptera Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptea Lygaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native

4 color was recorded in the field as green, yellow, or black. 5 New record captures to the Management Area.

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Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Geometridae paludicola Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Unknown Non-Native Neuroptera Hemerobiidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

Rotating Panel Survey – Vegetation Observations Morphology Family Scientific name Nativity Fern Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Native Fern Aspleniaceae Asplenuim trichomanes Native Fern Woodsiaceae Cystopteris douglasii Native Grass Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Native Grass Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native Herb Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Non-Native Herb Asteraceae Senecio madagascariensis Non-Native Herb Asteraceae Taraxicum officinale Non-Native Lichen Unknown Unknown (Green Lichen) Native Lichen Unknown Unknown (Yellow Lichen) Native Lichen Unknown Unknown (Black Lichen) Native

Conclusion No new invertebrate or vegetation threats were observed during rotating panel monitoring. One new species (or first time observed) to the Management Area is the brown lacewing (Neuroptera), which most likely blew up to the MKSR from lower elevations. OMKM field staff observed approximately 270 invertebrate individuals during the surveys (2% native, 72% non-native [11% threats], 26% undetermined6 [19% potential threats]). The most frequent invertebrate observations were N. palor (Hemiptera) and H. convergens (Coleoptera). Most of the vegetation observed were native species with grasses being the most prominent plant form. A small number of non-native plants were observed and removed at survey sites, however snow cover on the ground during our sample effort may have limited visibility.

Annual Alien Invertebrate Monitoring

Introduction The Bishop Museum was contracted by OMKM in previous years (2007-2012) to conduct biological surveys that monitor native and established non-native invertebrates in addition to invertebrate threat detection. Since 2013 OMKM has been doing the surveys internally. The 2014 field season replicated locations and methods in 2013 survey efforts. This section includes results for all species captured during the annual 2014 survey effort. Detailed wēkiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola) data and analysis can be found in the Native & Established Species Monitoring section below.

6 All specimens are identified to the lowest taxa possible (usually to family) to determine whether the species is a threat. The term “undetermined” identifies taxon that have both native and non-native species within that taxonomic group.

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Study Area Alien invertebrate surveys were conducted concurrently with wēkiu bug monitoring surveys to reduce impacts to the environment. Alien invertebrate study areas included the Halepōhaku (HP) staff headquarters at 2,850 m (9,300 ft) elevation, the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve (NAR), the road corridor, the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR), and pu‘u (cinder cones) within the Astronomy Precinct that extend to the summit at 4,205 m (13,796 ft). Survey location maps are in Appendix B: Annual Survey Location Maps and tables in Appendix C: 2014 Annual Alien Arthropod & Wēkiu Bug Trap Coordinates contain GPS coordinates, elevations, and trap types of survey locations. Coordinate and elevation data was retrieved from GPS units in the field using the WGS 84 datum. It should be noted that most location names are not official, but rather label sites to easily identify specific areas of the vast summit region on Maunakea. Unless otherwise stated, pu‘u names were derived from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) geology maps and the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS).

Methods The objectives for 2014 fieldwork were to document alien species found within UH managed lands and neighboring lands (especially the NAR) and identify species that could be threatening to cultural sites, natural resources, and human health and safety. All arthropod specimens were identified by comparisons to previous catches. Collected specimens were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit necessary to determine if the species was a threat.

To accomplish our objectives, we sampled over a broad range of habitats at the summit including undisturbed wēkiu bug and nearby disturbed habitat types that are associated with past or present human activities. Each trapping area had 1-12 sites, with each site containing at least one trap type. Trap areas were defined using Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) soil survey data (http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx). Exceptions were made to address potential management impacts such as sites within the road corridor or Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) site.

2014 traps mirrored 2013 traps and included yellow pan traps, baited pitfall traps, un-baited wet pitfall traps, and peanut butter, jelly, and spam sticks (PBJS sticks). All specimens (except wēkiu bugs that were captured, recorded, and released) that were collected in traps were kept for further analysis. All traps were retrieved within 3-4 days.

Yellow Pan Traps Yellow pan traps were used to capture flying that are attracted to the color yellow. Pan traps were placed on the substrate and filled with food-grade propylene glycol and water. Propylene glycol prevents freezing during nighttime temperatures, remains safe for the environment, and acts as a preservative for captured specimens.

Un-baited Wet Pitfall Traps Un-baited wet pitfall traps were used to capture crawling arthropods. In an attempt to reduce wēkiu bug mortality, un-baited wet pitfall traps were not placed in potential or known wēkiu bug habitats. To install this trap, a small hole was dug and a plastic cup was positioned level with the

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 19 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management surface substrate. Then, a quarter of the cup was filled with a propylene glycol-water mixture. A cap rock was placed over the traps to prevent rain or snow from filling the traps.

Baited Pitfall Traps Baited pitfall traps were used to capture crawling arthropods that are attracted to putrid bait. These traps keep arthropods alive by providing them with food and water until they are retrieved. Baited pitfall traps were placed in all habitats. Two nested plastic cups with a wick were placed in a hole in the substrate and the rim of the cup was made level with the substrates surface. Once the cups were set, about 1 cm of water was placed into the bottom cup and the other upper cup was inserted back into the bottom cup. By doing so, water from the bottom cup moves up through the wick into the top cup, providing water for captured arthropods to access. A few rocks were placed in the cup for shelter (no more than ½ full) and the rim and cap rock was baited with tuna. The baited cap rock was placed over the trap to prevent rain or snow from filling the traps.

Peanut Butter, Jelly, & Spam Sticks PBJS sticks are used to survey for ants and the use of different baits allow for attraction variation in different ant species. Chopsticks were baited with peanut butter, jelly, and spam and were encompassed by a wire cylinder to keep the trap secure.

Hand Search Hand searching is practiced on the ground level and includes turning over rocks and brushing your hand over the substrate in search for invertebrate threats and other native species.

Vegetation Survey The presence of native and non-native (including invasives) plants were surveyed within a 10 m radius of each trapping site. Non-native (including invasives) plants observed in the NAR and MKSR were removed and documented. The roots of non-native pulled plants were carefully observed for ants and other invasive arthropods. All vegetation near trapping sites within the MKSR and NAR were recorded.

Results & Discussion OMKM alien invertebrate surveys ran from June 6-16, 2014. We surveyed 99 sites, set about 300 traps, and collected a total of 5,847 invertebrate individuals (does not include hand search collections) in 14 taxonomic orders. Annual wēkiu bug abundances this year were surprisingly low, capturing only 52 wēkiu bugs (2013 abundance 5,290). Eight new invertebrate taxa were identified in the Management Area including 2 natives (Trupanea spp., Udara blackburni), 5 non-natives (Aphelinidae, Gnaphosidae, Chloropidae, Pieris rapae, Vanessa spp.), and 5 species with unknown nativities (Plutella spp., Neuroptera, Anthocoridae, Psychodidae, Pseudococcidae).

We identified 2 new taxa threats (Aphelinidae wasp and a Gnaphosidae ) at three different locations: HP, North VLBA (pu‘u north of Very Long Baseline Array), and Pu‘upōhaku (during a hand search). Both taxa threats have “low” control feasibility as identified in the ISMP. The Aphelinidae wasp is completely new to the Management Area, whereas the Gnaphosidae spider is known to be established at HP and not yet in the MKSR. The Gnaphosidae spider is of concern because it was found in wēkiu bug habitat (North VLBA). Control options for are limited

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and are not very effective, especially in a vast environment like Maunakea. We continue to monitor for the species.

Below are brief descriptions of invertebrate capture and vegetation observation results organized by trap location. See Appendix B for maps with trap locations. Vegetation for HP was not recorded because it was not the focus of this survey. If a trap type is not listed in the tables below, then that trap type was not used at that location. Invertebrate threats are identified in bold font. New species records7 are shaded. Species that are both threats and new records are shaded with bold font. Nativity8 can either be non-native, native, or non-native & native within that taxonomic group.

Annual Alien Invertebrate Monitoring – Capture List Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Batch Plant Baited Pitfall Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Un-Baited PF Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native PBJS Stick Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Rhopalidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrotis spp. Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Halepōhaku Baited Pitfall Araneae Gnaphosidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native

7 New records to the Management Area (either new to HP or new to the MKSR). 8 Nativity was determined using the HI Database

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Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lithobiomorpha Lithobiidae Lithobius spp. Non-Native & Native Un-baited PF Acari Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Gnaphosidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native PBJS Stick Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Tachinidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Sphecidae Ectemnius spp. Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Neuroptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Halepōhaku Hand Search Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native

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Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Sphecidae Ectemnius spp. Native Lepidoptera Oecophoridae Thyrocopa spp. Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. Non-Native & Native Poi Bowl Baited Pitfall Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hand Search Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Tephritidae Trupanea spp. Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Vanessa spp. Non-Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native Pu‘uhaukea Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hand Search Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Rhopalidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. Non-Native & Native Pu‘uhaukea Hand Search Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native

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Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Pu‘uhauoki Baited Pitfall Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Psychodidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Thripidae Unknown Non-Native & Native PBJS Stick Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native Pu‘ukea Baited Pitfall Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Un-baited PF Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Pu‘ukea Un-Baited PF Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

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Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native PBJS Stick Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Cleridae Necrobia rufipes Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Hydrophillidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Thripidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Pu‘upōhaku Baited Pitfall Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Un-baited PF Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Pu‘upōhaku Un-Baited PF Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native PBJS Stick Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native

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Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Tachinidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Araneae Gnaphosidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Pompilidae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Lycaenidae Udara blackburni Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Pu‘upoli‘ahu Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Chloropidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Pu‘upoli‘ahu Baited Pitfall Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native PBJS Stick Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native

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Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Chloropidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Acari Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Rhopalidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Pu‘uwai‘au Baited Pitfall Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Un-baited PF Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native PBJS Stick Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Chironomidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Pu‘uwai‘au Hand Search Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Cicadellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

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Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Rhopalidae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Thripidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Pu‘uwēkiu Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native PBJS Stick Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Thripidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Anthocoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Road Corr. Baited Pitfall Acari Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Acari Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 28 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management

Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Un-baited PF Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila suzukii Non-Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Carabidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native TMT Site Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native TMT Site Baited Pitfall Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Un-baited PF Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 29 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management

Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Chloropidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native PBJS Stick Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Yellow Pan Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Hydrophillidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Chloropidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Anthocoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Rhopalidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Pseudococcidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Thripidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native TMT Site Hand Search Coleoptera Cleridae Necrobia rufipes Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 30 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management

Trap Sample Location Type Order Family Scientific name Nativity Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Cicadellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native VLBA N. Baited Pitfall Araneae Gnaphosidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native Un-baited PF Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius lichenicola Native Thysanoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hand Search Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native VLBA S. Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hand Search Acari Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Plutellidae Plutella spp. Non-Native & Native

Annual Alien Invertebrate Monitoring – Vegetation Observations Site Family Scientific name Nativity

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 31 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management

Batch Plant Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes Native Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Native Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native Pu‘uhaukea Unknown Unknown (Orange Lichen) Native Unknown Unknown (Green Lichen) Native Pu‘upoli‘ahu Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native Pu‘uwai‘au Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Non-Native Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum Non-Native Road Corridor Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Native Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes Native Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Non-Native Asteraceae Tetramolopium humile humile Native Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Native Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native Non-Native TMT Site Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Native VLBA N. Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native VLBA S. Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Native Unknown Unknown Lichen Native * Hawaiʻi weed risk assessments for introduced plant species on Maunakea was ongoing in 2014. Future reports will identify high priority plant threats.

2014 Capture Abundance by Order The pie chart below shows the capture abundance by order for all trap types combined (this does not include hand search9 data). The majority of individuals captured were flies (Diptera), wasps (Hymenoptera), and ladybugs (Coleoptera). The ‘n’ value in the bottom right displays the total amount of arthropods captured in all trap types.

2014 Capture Abundance by Order

All other Orders 3% Hymenoptera Coleoptera 31% 25%

Diptera 37%

Hemiptera n = 5,847 4%

Acari Araneae Coleoptera Collembola Dermaptera Diptera Hemiptera Homoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Lithiobiomorpha Neuroptera Psocoptera Thysanoptera

9 Hand search abundance data is not quantified but rather estimated.

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 32 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management

2014 Capture Percentage by Trap Type The graph below shows the percentage of individuals in each order captured by trap type (does not include hand search data). The numbers on the top of each bar represent ‘n’ (the number of individuals captured within that order). Yellow pans captured predominately wasps (Hymenoptera) and flies (Diptera), and both pitfall traps mainly captured seed bugs (Hemiptera) and other crawling invertebrates. The PBJS sticks attracted a variety of invertebrates including psocids, seed bugs, ladybugs, spiders and flies. Ants were not detected in any trap type. 2014 Capture by Trap Type n=4 29 1456 47 11 2133 251 34 1833 17 2 1 4 25 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30%

20% PercentAbundance 10% 0%

Order Baited PF Unbaited PF PBJS Stick Yellow Pan

2014 Arthropod Nativity by Locality The graph below shows the nativity (using abundance) of species captured by locality. Locations go from low elevation (at left) to high elevations (at right), grouped as previously disturbed habitats and un-disturbed habitats. Only about 1% of the species captured were native; displaying drastically opposite results from the 2013 survey year. Native species did not increase with 2014 Capture by Nativity by Locality n=169 70 91 234 2582 381 1281 15 20 28 535 71 24 346 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30%

20% PercentAbundance 10% 0%

Location Previously disturbed areas % Native % Non-Native % Undetermined

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 33 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management elevation in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats. The highest percentages of natives were found on the pu‘u south of VLBA (Lycosa spiders and wēkiu bugs).

Conclusion The majority of arthropods captured in 2014 were flies, wasps, and ladybugs (H. convergens). Not including hand search data, 5,847 individuals were captured in the four trap types; 1% native, 39% non-native (1% threats), and 60% undetermined10 (55% potential threats). Most trap types captured what we would expect, but this year wēkiu bug abundance was extremely low (only 52 wekiu bugs were captured); the data strongly reflects these results. See Annual Wēkiu Bug Monitoring section in the Native & Established Species Monitoring section for details on the wēkiu bug results. Vegetation observed at trapping sites were predominately native grasses (either T. glomeratum or A. sandwicensis) and ferns (mainly A. adiantum-nigrum).

Incidental Early Detection Monitoring

Introduction Non-native vertebrates, invertebrates, and vegetation can pose major threats to native ecosystems. Therefore, timely detection and monitoring of new non-native species is key. Detection of native species are also of interest, especially if they are rarely observed by Maunakea users. In 2014, OMKM documented incidental observations and collections of species reported by Maunakea users. OMKM also collaborates with neighboring landowners and state agencies on possible biological threat issues on Maunakea, and vice versa. Incidental monitoring serves as both an early detection method and a monitoring strategy. This section includes all incidental reports of species observed within UH managed lands and adjacent lands. Species include those that 1) are not established within the management area 2) are unique or rarely observed within the management area, or 3) are common in the habitat, but not always encountered by Maunakea users (i.e. Lycosa spiders). Any new species not previously documented on UH managed lands is considered a threat. Early detection of threat species and their locations will provide OMKM with a better understanding of trends within threat populations. OMKM can also build its knowledge on ranges of rare and unusual species.

Study Area The study site includes all University of Hawai‘i managed lands and neighboring lands (including Natural Area Reserves (NARS), Forest Reserves (DLNR), and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL)) where OMKM related projects may occur.

Methods Incidental reports are accomplished by simple visual observation while conducting other activities within the Management Area. Incidental observations is a vital method for early detection as simple awareness and active observation in between field activities can allow for a much broader survey of the Management Area. These observations can be made by any Maunakea user including OMKM employees, researchers, on-mountain staff (Maunakea Rangers, Observatory staff, etc.), and

10 All specimens are identified to the lowest taxa possible (usually to family) to determine whether the species is a threat. The term “undetermined” identifies taxon that have both native and non-native species within that taxonomic group.

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 34 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management neighboring landowners (Maunakea Wathershed Alliance, Natural Area Reserves, etc.). When an unusual or threat species is observed, the specimen (whole or part) is collected or photographed if possible for further identification and verification. Once verified, the incident is recorded and a report generated, if neccessary. Vertebrate reports vary by vertebrate type (see below) and may entail follow-up procedures to remove the animal. Additionally, all evidence of scat activity are reported to OMKM. If plant species are identified as non-native, all individuals are pulled. Detected non-native invertebrates require extensive study and planning if eradication or control tactics are necessary (see Arthropod Control section).

Ungulates Ungulates including mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon), domesticated sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus), cattle (Bos taurus), and feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are sparse on UH managed lands, but are occasionally observed. Maunakea users report sightings and observations of ungulate activity to OMKM which is then documented for further analysis and reported to NARS and DLNR.

Cats Feral cats (Felis catus) are sparse at ~9,200 ft. and above, but are occasionally observed. When cats are observed, they are recorded and MKSS staff put out live traps that are checked daily for cat activity. Captured cats are documented and taken to the Hawaiʻi Island Humane Society.

Dogs Feral dogs (Canis familiaris) are rarely observed, with no reports in the past 2 years. Occasionally, hunting dogs will get lost. Feral dog sightings are reported to DOFAW, DHHL, and BIISC.

Rodents Rodents include mice and rats. There are three known established rodent species on UH managed lands; the black rat (Rattus rattus), and mice (Mus musculus & Mus domesticus). Rats are not very common, and are rarely observed. Mice seem to be more common on UH managed lands, and are observed in seasonal cycles, likely with food availability (seeds). When rodent sightings increase, VIS staff put out snap traps baited with peanut butter or granola bar around the inside of their facility. Snap traps are checked daily, and carcasses are disposed of in the rubbish can. Currently VIS snap trap captures are not documented, but will be documented in the near future. All other incidental rodent observations and captures by Maunakea users were documented.

Mongoose Mongoose, Herpestes auropuntatus, are not common and are rarely observed. When mongoose are observed, they are reported to DOFAW, DHHL, and BIISC. See Mongoose Control section for more detail on mongoose trapping efforts.

Rabbits Rabbits (Lepus curpaeums) are rarely reported, and we’ve only received reports on DHHL lands. When rabbits are observed, they are reported to DOFAW, DHHL, and BIISC.

Birds See SOP B: Maunakea Vertebrate Threats Identification, Collection, and Processing Guide for bird species on UH managed lands. The occasional dead bird is not typically documented. Large

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 35 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management mortality events of non-native birds are reported to DOFAW. All dead native or banded birds are collected in a ziploc bag, and reported to DOFAW.

Reptiles & Amphibians Reptiles are not known to be established, but the occasional cogui frog, gecko, or lizard does come up on vehicles. Reported sightings are documented.

Results and Discussion Vertebrate Observations In 2014, OMKM received reports of every vertebrate type (above) except for dogs and rabbits. Based on our results, there was a marked increase in mouse activity in the winter most likely due to the wet weather and subsequent food availability. The birds (chukar and kalij) seem to be more active in the spring as they were observed at higher elevation locations. Additionally, the mongoose report was at a record elevation of 3,630 meters. It should be noted that not every vertebrate incident is reported and therefore these results can only provide limited assumptions on the trends of non-native vertebrates on Maunakea. 2014 incidental vertebrate reporting results are shown in the table below. Location names have been shortened for simplification.

Species Vertebrate Reporter Date(s) Location Report Reported Astronomy Precinct – Ungulates Feral pig OMKM Ranger 10/29/14 Report of feral pig rooting Cinder bypass road Traps were set after sightings reported – one grey cat captured Feral cat MKSS Staff 3/28/14 HP/VIS and taken to East Hawaiʻi Humane Cats Center Feral cat was observed during Feral cat OMKM Staff 5/2014 HP/VIS monthly arthropod monitoring Dogs None NA NA NA NA Facility trap was chewed and no Mouse OMKM Staff 2/18/14 HP Commons bait was left. Mouse OMKM Staff 8/19/14 HP Commons Facility trap was chewed Facility staff reported numerous Mouse MKSS Staff 8/2014 HP/VIS sightings of mice and a handful of captures (using snap traps) Mouse OMKM Ranger 9/25/14 Road – Park 2 One live mouse reported Mouse OMKM Ranger 10/11/14 Road – Park 3 One live mouse reported Mouse OMKM Ranger 10/19/14 Summit Lunchroom One live mouse reported One live mouse captured along TMT Rodents Mouse OMKM Staff 10/2014 MKSR – TMT Site accessway Facility trap was chewed and a Mouse OMKM Staff 11/26/14 HP Commons mouse was captured in another trap Road – Drainage Mouse OMKM Ranger 12/2/14 One live mouse reported Culvert Mouse OMKM Staff 12/2/14 CSO Telescope Facility trap was chewed Observed two dead mice near Mouse OMKM Ranger 12/29/14 Summit Lunchroom culvert, appx. 1 month dead Mouse Facility Staff 12/2014 CFHT Telescope Captured mice

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 36 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management

Mouse MKSS Staff 12/2014 HP/VIS Captured mice Numerous reports of rodent Mouse Multiple 12/2014 HP & MKSR captures and sightings inside and outside of facilities Report of mongoose along NAR & Mongoose Mongoose OMKM Ranger 2/19/14 MKSR – Park 1 MKSR boundary Rabbits None NA NA NA NA Chukar OMKM Staff 3/28/14 Hoku Kea Telescope Pair of chukars nearby Chukar OMKM Staff 5/7/14 Road – Mile Marker 6 Dead chukar found on roadside Kalij OMKM Ranger 4/3/14 UKIRT Telescope Report of pheasant below UKIRT Birds pheasant Kalij OMKM Ranger 4/9/14 UKIRT Telescope Report of pheasant below UKIRT pheasant ʻIʻiwi OMKM Ranger 11/28/14 HP/VIS Reported to be in a māmane tree Found chameleon on OMKM #2 Chameleon OMKM Ranger 2/8/14 HP/VIS vehicle, but it got away Reptiles & Found dead small green gecko Amphibians Gecko OMKM Staff 8/19/14 Keck Telescope outside of facility during perimeter search

Invertebrate Observations In February, VIS staff found large quantities of an abandoned honey bee comb inside the VIS walls under the window seat. The Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture (HDOA) bee expert identified that a bee swarm must have been using the comb for 1 year but had abandoned the site for at least 2 years. This comb may be the remnants of the bee swarm found in 2012 in the VIS facility. Much of the honey was still intact and and crystallized which is suprising, given the rodent poulations in that area.

In 2014, most of the incidental invertebrate threat observations were in regards to high levels of honey bee (Apis mellifera) and vespid (Vespula pensylvanica) activity. The other reports were mainly unique or rare invertebrates that were collected for verification and record-keeping purposes. There were three new record invertebrates and none of them were threats. For more information on Apis mellifera go to the Honey Bee Monitoring section and for more information on Vespula pensylvanica observations see the Vespid Control section. The table below shows all reported invertebrate observations by location. All threat species are in bold and all new record species are shaded.

Order Family Scientific name Nativity Location(s) Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Keck window and parking lot Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Lake Wai‘au Diptera Syrphidae Eristalis tenax Non-Native Lake Wai‘au Coleoptera Carabidae Trechus obtusus Non-Native Lake Wai‘au Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native UH88, SMA Hemiptera Anthocoridae Unknown Non-Native Lake Wai‘au Hemiptera Miridae Orthotylus sophoricola Native VIS & Ranger Offices Hemiptera Nabidae Nabis kahavalu Native VIS & Ranger Offices Utlities & Generator Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-Native Building, Lake Wai‘au, HP Dorm B, VIS Facility, HP

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 37 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management

Stone Houses, Silversword on 3rd bend Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Lake Wai‘au Native Hymenoptera Sphecidae Ectemnius spp. Native HP Gravel Parking Lot Non-Native & HP Gravel Parking Lot, Hymenoptera Sphecidae Unknown Native Commons Building Utilities & Generator Building, Lake Wai‘au, Batch Hymenoptera Vespidae Vespula pensylvanica Non-Native Plant, Silversword Enclosure Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrotis spp. Non-Native & Lake Wai‘au Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & VIS & Ranger Offices Native Lepidoptera Oecophoridae Thyrocopa spp. Native HP Commons Building Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Utilities & Generator Native Building Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Vanessa cardui/ virg. Non-Native HP Neuroptera Hemerobiidae Unknown Unknown VIS & Ranger Offices nitens Non-Native Summit Lunchroom

Vegetation Observations In 2014, two plant threats and a species of fungi were recorded for the first time on UH managed lands. The table below shows all reported vegetation observations by location. All threat species are in bold and all new record species are shaded. All new plant threats were detected early and allowed OMKM staff to quickly control (through active removal) the spread of these non-native species. The mushroom is common in grass habitats, and is not considered to be a threat at this time. The mushroom was tentatively identified from a photo.

Scientific name Common name Location Gaillardia pulchella Indian blanketflower Roadside drainage ditch above the VIS Bidens pilosa Spanish needle VIS Parking Lot Coreopsis lanceolata Koʻokoʻolau haole Between HP Gravel Parking and roadside Trifolium arvense Lance clover Drainage ditch below VIS retaining wall Agrocybe spp. Mushroom HP lower cabins, near presentation room

2012 Addendum In March of 2012, parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) were observed in offerings at the summit ahu on Pu‘uwēkiu. Specifically, the wasps (along with an immature wēkiu bug) were observed in a freshly opened coconut that was placed near other offerings at the ahu. Parasitic wasps are known to parasitize other arthropods (spiders, bugs, caterpillars, eggs, etc.) and need a constant source of sugar to reproduce (Segoli & Rosenheim, 2013). Although these wasps are not likely established at the summit (no steady source of sugar), removing food and sugar items like the coconut helps to reduce and prevent the establishment and survival of parasitic wasps and other invasive species while also reducing potential life-threatening interactions between native and non- native species (i.e. the wasp could have stung the immature wēkiu bug).

In June 2012, a staff from the Visitor Information Station (VIS) photographed Spilichneumon superbus, an ichneumonid wasp at the VIS. These wasps are parasitoids of cutworm (noctuid)

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 38 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management caterpillars (Capinera, 2008) and were introduced to Hawai‘i as a biological control agent for agriculture cutworm pests. On Maunakea, entomologists have observed three endemic species of cutworms (Agrotis spp.), and one of the species is established throughout the Alpine Stone Desert. Although S.superbus are harmless to humans, they could have negative impacts to native cutworm populations. Unfortunately, there isn’t much that can be done to prevent the spread of this species throughout Maunakea.

While placing traps around facilities in July 2012, grounded post-hole sleeves around facilities in the MKSR were checked for unintended impacts to biota. Grounded post holes were found to act as a ‘permanent’ pitfall trap that kills wēkiu bugs, wolf spiders and other native and non-native biota. Given the removal of the wēkiu bug as a candidate endangered species and the presence of other rare and endemic biota on Maunakea, actions to 1) remove post holes, 2) fill existing holes with fine cinders or 3) cap existing holes are recommended to reduce or eliminate hazards to biota. Additionally, when a post is in place, sealing the gaps with caulk or other material is also recommened. Any new post hole sleeves should be designed to have caps in place at all times unless in use, with a snug fit so arthropods cannot crawl through and become trapped. Post-hole sleeve concerns were identified at VLBA and Keck facilities. All other observatories had no post-hole sleeves or the sleeves were already capped, as seen at SMA facility.

In December 2012, researchers found at least two species of snails near Halepōhaku. Although identification of these snails were not confirmed by a snail expert, one species is likely in the genera Vitrina, and the other species (possibly 2 species) in the family Pupillidae. We suspect species are native, and we continue to search for more snail specimens to confirm their identification.

A few species of vertebrates were also reported in 2012. Maunakea users observed a dessicated coqui frog near the VIS, four sheep at Lake Wai‘au, and two feral cats at Halepōhaku. A single cat was captured and transported to the Hawai‘i Island Humane Society in Kea‘au, and the second cat was not seen again after the one was trapped.

2013 Addendum In January of 2013, a staff at Halepōhaku reported a spider bite that occurred inside of the building. Staff followed up with State of Hawai‘i Department of Health. The the culprit of the bite remains unknown, as no arthropods were observed or captured after the incident.

In February 2013, a single wēkiu bug female was observed on the Lake Wai‘au trail at the section that runs below Pu‘uhaukea. This was unusual, as very few wēkiu bugs have been observed close to the lake.

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NATIVE & ESTABLISHED SPECIES MONITORING

Monitoring of native and established species is important for understanding population and ecosystem changes through time. Native and established species monitoring goals include status documentation of established native and non-native species and tracking of invasive threats (species of threat to cultural and natural resources, and human health and safety) to help determine management effectiveness of both rapid response and control actions. This section includes monitoring results for wēkiu bugs, honey bees, and vegetation (all other types of monitoring can be found in Early Detection Monitoring section).

Annual Wēkiu Bug Monitoring

Introduction As part of the ongoing long-term study started by Hawaiʻi Biological Survey of the Bishop Museum, the Office of Maunakea Management (OMKM) continues monitoring wēkiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola) populations, a species endemic to the Maunakea summit area of Hawai'i Island. The objectives for the 2014 field season were to continue to document wēkiu bug populations found within UH managed lands and neighboring lands (Natural Area Reserve [NARS]).

Study Area Wēkiu bug surveys were done concurrently with alien invertebrate monitoring to reduce impacts to the environment. See the Early Detection Monitoring section above for alien species monitoring methods and results. Wēkiu bug monitoring occurs in the Alpine Stone Desert which includes the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR) and the NAR. Monitoring begins at about 3,700 meters (m) and extends to the summit at 4,205 m encompassing core wēkiu bug habitat. See Appendices B -F for survey locations, GPS coordinates, trap dates, and trap types associated with captured species. WGS 84 datum was used for recording GPS locations and altitude.

Unless otherwise stated, pu'u names were taken from the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. Many pu'u have not yet been given official names, and when possible these cinder cones are identified by nearby landmarks or distinctive features. These names should not be viewed as official, but instead allow us to more easily identify specific areas of the vast summit region of Maunakea.

Methods Trapping was conducted in wēkiu bug habitats with a focus on areas of potential alien invertebrate invasion. Sampling sites ranged from undisturbed habitat to human disturbed habitat types. Each trapping area had between 1 and 12 sites, and each site contained at least one wēkiu bug trap. Trapping areas (see Appendix C: 2014 Annual Alien Arthropod & Wēkiu Bug Trap Coordinates) were defined using the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) soil survey data.

Baited pitfall traps were used to capture wēkiu bugs (see Baited Pitfall Trap methods in the Annual Alien Invertebrate Monitoring section above) and were retrieved within 3-4 days to prevent wēkiu bug mortality. All captured wēkiu bugs were recorded and released, while all other captured specimens (bycatch) were recorded and or collected for further analysis. All invertebrate

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 40 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management specimens collected during the 2014 field trip were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit necessary to determine if the species was a threat.

Results and Discussion A total of 52 wēkiu bugs were captured in 88 traps over a 3-4 day trapping period in 2014 averaging 0.2 wēkiu bugs per trap day. Locations with the highest wēkiu bug abundances include, Pu‘uwēkiu, the pu‘u south of VLBA, and Pu‘uhaukea. See Appendix D: 2014 Wēkiu Bug Capture Data, and Appendix E: 2014 Wēkiu Bug Capture Rates for wēkiu bug captures and rates per individual trap site. All captured alien arthropod specimens from baited pitfall traps are shown in the Early Detection Monitoring section above and the list of all arthropods captured during annual surveys are in Appendix F: 2014 Annual Survey Arthropod Capture List. Below is a table displaying captures by location followed by the wēkiu bug abundance map.

2014 Wēkiu Bug Captures by Location Location Total Traps Wēkiu Captures Trap Dates Total Trap Days Batch Plant 6 0 12-16 Jun 24 Poi Bowl 7 2 06-09 Jun 21 Pu‘uhau‘oki 8 5 10-13 Jun 24 Pu‘uhaukea 14 9 12-16 Jun 56 Pu‘ukea 2 1 10-13 Jun 6 Pu‘upōhaku 6 0 12-16 Jun 24 Pu‘upoli‘ahu 7 0 10-13 Jun 21 Pu‘uwēkiu 10 24 10-13 Jun 30 Pu’uwai‘au 2 0 12-16 Jun 8 Road Corridor11 4 0 06-09 Jun 12 TMT Site 9 0 10-13 Jun 27 VLBA 13 11 06-09 Jun & 10-13 Jun 39 Totals 88 52 06-16 Jun 292

11 Only listed Road corridor traps within the MKSR in this table.

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2014 Wēkiu Bug Abundance

*Abundance represents the number of individuals captured.

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Below are two summary tables displaying trends in wēkiu bug capture rates (bugs/trap day) for Pu‘uhaukea (within the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve) from Bishop Museum related studies since 2001 and for the entire summit region since 2007 (when trap sites became consistent). Trapping data from 2001-2006 used a combination of glycol and shrimp baits unlike trapping efforts from 2007- 2012, which only used shrimp paste. From 2013 to present, wēkiu bug traps have been baited with canned tuna.

Pu‘uhaukea Wēkiu Bug Capture History Year & Month of Trapping Total Wēkiu Number of Total Trap Bugs/ trap day event bugs12 traps Days 2001 (June) (Polhemus 2001) 473 10 40 11.8 2002 (Sept) 9 16 48 0.2 2004 (July) 0 10 90 0 2005 (May/ June) 8/11 18/16 162/144 0.05/0.08 2006 (April/May) 0/44 10/10 90/80 0/0.6 2007 (June) 274 13 66 4.2 2008 (July) 43 10 60 0.7 2009 (July) 1 10 60 0.02 2010 (June) 244 10 60 4.1 2011 (June) 207 10 60 3.5 2012 (Jun-July) 720 10 60 12.0 2013 (June) 788 14 42 18.8 2014 (June) 9 14 56 0.16

Wēkiu bug Capture History- All trap locations13 Number of Total Trap Year of Trapping event # Wekiu Captured14 Bugs / trap day traps Days 2007 645 42 240 2.7 2008 70 30 130 0.5 2009 120 50 280 0.4 2010 2,982 50 300 9.9 2011 3, 146 50 300 10.5 2012 2,536 50 300 8.5 2013 5,290 88 290 18.2 2014 52 88 292 0.2

12 The total number of bugs displayed in this table slightly differs from the summary tables in the 2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Report, and previous Bishop Reports. Bug numbers were corrected based on datasheet counts and Bishop Reports. 13 The table above shows results starting from 2007, when methods and locations became consistent. 14 The number of wēkiu bugs displayed in this table slightly differs from the summary tables in the 2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Report, and previous Bishop Reports. Bug numbers were corrected based on datasheet counts and Bishop Reports.

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The graph below shows similar trending wēkiu bug abundances and capture rates for the entire summit since 2007 and for Pu‘uhaukea since 2001. The solid colors shows abundance with its scale on the left axis, and capture rates are displayed as solid lines with its scale on the right axis.

Wēkiu Bug (Nysius wekiuicola) History 6000 20 18 5000 16 14 4000 12 3000 10

ABUNDANCE 8 2000 6 4 1000

2 (BUGS/ TRAP DAY) RATE CAPTURE 0 0 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 YEAR

Overall Abundance Haukea Abundance Overall Bugs / trap day Haukea Bugs / trap day

Conclusion Wēkiu bug abundance was at an all-time low (2013 was the highest number of captures ever recorded) in 2014, with 2008 being the only other year with a similar magnitude of bug captures. Trapping efforts were consistent between 2014 and 2013, yet wēkiu bug populations were vastly different. We hypothesize that wēkiu bug populations naturally fluctuate through time and are influenced by numerous biotic and abiotic (especially climatic) factors in their habitat. The high abundance of wēkiu bugs in 2013 may have exceeded the species holding capacity leading to a population decline in 2014. With abundances at an all-time low, we decided to do some follow-up sampling a few months later to determine population growth and reproduction (see below).

Follow-up Wēkiu Bug Monitoring

Introduction The low number of wēkiu bug captures during the annual wēkiu bug survey effort initiated follow- up monitoring. Follow-up monitoring allowed for analysis of the health and growth (stable or declining) of wēkiu bug populations. Captures during the annual survey recorded nymphs (immatures) and adults (male or female). This data can be compared with follow-up monitoring data to determine how reproduction and growth has advanced in a month’s time.

Dr. Jesse Eiben and his Teaching, Research and Arthropod Collection (TRAC) lab at the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo usually conduct follow-up monitoring after annual monitoring using a subset of annual locations and paired traps for other analyses. The follow-up monitoring efforts are derived from Dr. Eiben.

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Study Site Study locations included Pu‘uwēkiu, Pu‘uhau‘oki, Pu‘upoli‘ahu, Batch Plant, VLBA N., VLBA S., and Poi Bowl. The survey occurred from July 8-11th, exactly 22 days after annual monitoring occurred. Each location had at least one trap site from our annual monitoring surveys, and one site from Dr. Eiben’s targeted locations. Location coordinates are shown in the table below.

Methods Twenty-six traps were placed throughout study sites. Each location had 4 traps with 2 paired traps placed at each site. Paired traps were baited pitfall traps; one baited with tuna and the other with shrimp paste (Lee Kum Kee brand) placed within 3 m of each other, and about 10 m away from other paired trap sites. Hand searching was also included in this effort. Methods were derived from annual monitoring surveys. See the Early Detection Monitoring section for baited pitfall traps and hand search for methods.

Results and Discussion A total of 31 wēkiu bugs were captured during the follow-up monitoring effort with an overall capture rate of 0.4 bugs per day. The majority of individuals captured were nymphs (3rd- 5th instars) and all life stages were observed. In 22 days (since the annual monitoring effort) the overall wēkiu capture rate doubled when compared to the annual surveys. The table below shows the coordinates, bait used, and the number of adults and nymphs captured at each site.

Location SiteID Bait Latitude (DD) Longitude (DD) Adults Nymphs Totals Batch Tuna Plant Batch07A 19.820010000 -155.474750000 0 0 0 Batch Shrimp Plant Batch07B 19.820010000 -155.474750000 0 0 0 HauOki Oki05A Tuna 19.826540000 -155.475070000 0 5 5 HauOki Oki05B Shrimp 19.826540000 -155.475070000 0 0 0 HauOki Jul14WTOki2A Shrimp 19.826710000 -155.475010000 1 0 1 HauOki Jul14WTOki2B Tuna 19.826710000 -155.475010000 0 0 0 Poi Bowl Poi07A Tuna 19.823930000 -155.475010000 0 0 0 Poi Bowl Poi07B Shrimp 19.823930000 -155.475010000 0 0 0 Poi Bowl Jul14WTPoi2A Shrimp 19.823810000 -155.475200000 0 0 0 Poi Bowl Jul14WTPoi2B Tuna 19.823810000 -155.475200000 3 0 3 Poliahu Poli07A Tuna 19.824050000 -155.480290000 0 0 0 Poliahu Poli07B Shrimp 19.824050000 -155.480290000 0 0 0 Poliahu Jul14WTPoli2A Tuna 19.824060000 -155.480500000 0 0 0 Poliahu Jul14WTPoli2B Shrimp 19.824060000 -155.480500000 0 0 0 VLBAN. VLBAN01A Tuna 19.801530000 -155.457080000 0 0 0 VLBAN. VLBAN01B Shrimp 19.801530000 -155.457080000 0 0 0 VLBAN. Jul14WTNVLBABS Shrimp 19.801920000 -155.456970000 0 0 0 VLBAN. Jul14WTNVLBA2AT Tuna 19.801920000 -155.456970000 0 0 0 VLBAS. VLBAS01A Tuna 19.800020000 -155.456620000 0 0 0 VLBAS. VLBAS01B Shrimp 19.800020000 -155.456620000 0 0 0 VLBAS. Jul14WTSVLBA2AS Shrimp 19.802222000 -155.551944000 0 0 0 VLBAS. JulWTSVLBA2BT Tuna 19.802222000 -155.551944000 0 0 0 Wekiu Wekiu02A Tuna 19.821259920 -155.468119970 0 2 2 Wekiu Wekiu02B Shrimp 19.821259920 -155.468119970 0 0 0 Wekiu Jul14WTWek2A Shrimp 19.821540000 -155.468220000 0 8 8 Wekiu Jul14WTWek2B Tuna 19.821540000 -155.468220000 2 10 12 TOTALS 6 25 31

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The map below displays the ratio of adults to nymphs during the follow-up survey. Scale is increased for visibility and larger circles represent higher capture rates. Julian days (a continuous count of days that start on January 1st of each year) are also shown on the map.

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Conclusion Follow-up monitoring concluded that wēkiu bug population growth is occurring. Pu‘uwēkiu had the highest capture rates, followed by Pu‘uhau‘oki. Capture rates increased from 0.2 bugs per trap day during the annual survey to 0.4 bugs per trap day during the follow-up monitoring, suggesting both growth and reproduction.

Cinder Movement Monitoring

Introduction Maunakea Support Services (MKSS) maintain roads and parking areas on UH managed lands. This year road maintanence occurred on the summit. Both the source and destination locations of cinders were sampled for wēkiu bugs prior to approval of maintanence work.

Study Site MKSS proposed to move cinder from the Batch Plant parking lot to improve surfaces near IRTF (parking and around the building), Keck parking (not around building), and the cinder road surface from Keck to SMA (road shoulders were not included). Eight of the trapping sites are the same sites used in the annual monitoring surveys and another 6 sites were selected based on cinder movement locations. See the table and map below for sample locations.

Location SiteID Latitude (DD) Longitude (DD) Batch Plant Batch03 19.820889940 -155.474259960 Batch Plant Batch05 19.820890000 -155.474590000 Batch Plant Batch06 19.819900000 -155.474760000 Batch Plant Batch07 19.820010000 -155.474740000 IRTF CMM-IRTF01-9-14 19.826040000 -155.472240000 IRTF CMM-IRTF02-9-14 19.826280000 -155.471620000 IRTF CMM-IRTF03-9-14 19.826430000 -155.471950000 Keck CMM-Keck01-9-14 19.826660000 -155.474040000 Keck CMM-Keck02-9-14 19.825910000 -155.474410000 P‘uuhau‘oki CMM-Oki01-9-14 19.827430000 -155.475630000 P‘uuhau‘oki Oki07 19.827152780 -155.475952778 P‘uuhau‘oki Oki08 19.824900000 -155.476916667 TMT TMT04 19.824133333 -155.477050000 TMT TMT06 19.824940000 -155.477550000

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Methods A total of 14 traps were placed throughout the study site targeting both source cinders (Batch Plant) and destination cinders (IRTF, Keck, road between Keck and SMA). Traps were placed on September 9th and retrieved on September 12th. Tuna baited pitfall traps and hand searching methods were used for this survey effort. See the Early Detection Monitoring section titled Annual Alien Invertebrate Monitoring for method details.

Results and Discussion A single wēkiu bug was captured during the cinder movement monitoring effort. The 3rd instar was captured at TMT06, a destination site off of the road. The low number of wēkiu bugs captured during the survey may have been a result of climate and or the time of year that the survey was conducted.

Honey Bee Monitoring

Introduction Monitoring honey bee activity allows for understanding the growth and health of a population, while also keeping an eye on public safety. Honey bees in Hawai‘i have had many threats in the past few years including the varroa mite and small hive beetle. The Hawai’i Department of Agriculture (HDOA) has a series of honey bee hives around the island to monitor threats, and understand the health and growth of Hawai’i populations.

In May 2012, a honey bee swarm was reported inside of the Visitor Information Station facility. HDOA came up and relocated the swarm, and placed two swarm traps near the VIS. The purpose of swarm traps are to attract the honey bees away from areas of human activity. Once a swarm trap becomes populated, we allow for establishment and HDOA tests for pests and diseases and relocates the swarm. OMKM monitors swarm traps at Halepōhaku for honey bee activity.

Study Site The study site includes four swarm traps mounted to Māmane trees at Halepōhaku; one above the utilities building (Trap #1), one near Dorm A and Maintenance road (Trap #3), one below HP Commons building (Trap #4), and the other below the VIS (Trap #2).

Methods A vial of pheromones were placed in each swarm trap to attract honey bees. Swarm traps were monitored monthly for bee activity by simple observation. All activity was documented and reported to HDOA. Other incidental observations by Maunakea users were also documented.

Results and Discussion Overall, bee activity in 2014 peaked in summer and fall with little to no activity in the winter. There were two reported bee sting incidents in July, and one bee sting incident reported in October. These incidents all occurred near the Visitor Information Station. Trap #1 appeared to be more attractive than Trap #2. Environmental factors such as the vegetative composition, topography, and the overall arthropod community in the areas where swarm traps were placed could have influenced the traps attractiveness. However, it is hard to pin point why Trap #2 did not attract as many bees.

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Trap #3 and Trap #4 were installed late in the fall, and Trap #3 became occupied within the first 2 weeks of placement. At the end of October, swarm Trap #3 was removed from HP and relocated to the University of Hawai‘i College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Management farm in Panewa. This is the first time we were able to harvest honey from a hive within one of our swarm traps. The 2014 swarm trap activity log can be seen below.

2014 Swarm Trap Activity Log Month Trap #1 Trap #2 Trap #3 Trap #4 JAN No bees observed No bees observed N/A N/A FEB No bees observed No bees observed N/A N/A MAR No bees observed No bees observed N/A N/A APR Hive scoping activity Bee activity observed N/A N/A MAY Bee activity continues Bee activity contines N/A N/A JUN Bee activity continues Bee activity continues N/A N/A Swarm trap removed Swarm trap removed JUL due to bee sting due to bee sting N/A N/A incidents incidents AUG N/A N/A N/A N/A Traps placed again and Traps placed again and SEPT bee activity started bee activity started N/A N/A within a couple weeks within a couple weeks Had to remove trap at Traps placed and bee end of month due to Trap was placed and No bee activity activity commenced high amount of bee had some initial activity, OCT observed, fixed lid and within 2 weeks.; trap activity and hive but by the end of the replaced pheromones was removed at end of production; trap was month activity halted the month ~20 pounds. Replaced trap and Replaced trap and no observed minimal bee NOV No bees observed No bees observed activity was observed activity, which stopped by the end of the month DEC No bees observed No bees observed No bees observed No bees observed

RAPID RESPONSE

Rapid response plans outline basic procedures to facilitate an efficient response to a new invasive species. While it would be impossible to anticipate every contingency, we can be prepared for new invasive species threats, and refer to established rapid response procedures. Rapid response procedures come into effect when a specimen is first identified as a threat and found on UH managed areas. The goal of a rapid response plan is to be able to quickly formulate the most effective control options (if any). This can be done by being properly prepared, identifying and understanding the invasive species, delimiting the invasions extent, generating a management plan by utilizing expert advice/literature, and organizing a reporting structure. When rapid response procedures are accomplished in a timely manner, control and eradication efforts are more effective, thereby reducing threats to cultural and natural resources.

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Two rapid response cases were identified in 2014. The first rapid response case deals with the detection of a mongoose. Management recommendations for the mongoose is briefly discussed below and control methods are discussed in the Control below section titled Mongoose Control. The second rapid response case deals with the detection of a little yellow ant, P.alluaudi. See Case 2: Little Yellow Ant (P.alluaudi) section below for the rapid response report. Additionally, several previously unreported arthropod species were observed and identified in 2014, but based on initial life history reviews, we determined these arthropods (except for P.alluaudi) were non-threat species. These newly reported species will continue to be monitored with existing methods. See the Early Detection section for new arthropod species encountered in 2014.

Case 1: Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus)

Management Recommendations On February 19, 2014, a single mongoose was observed running on the roadside near Park 2 (3,630 m). OMKM worked with the Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DoFAW) and Natural Area Reserves (NAR) to coordinate increased trapping efforts near Halepōhaku and at higher elevation areas. More detail on control efforts can be found in the Mongoose Control section.

Case 2: Little Yellow Ant (Plagiolepis alluaudi)

On September 25, 2014, a single small yellow ant was captured in a sticky trap located near the end of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) access road (Location code: VTM02). This trapping effort was conducted by the Big Island Invasive Species Committee (BIISC) staff as part of the routine weekly invasive species monitoring protocols for the TMT. The incidental ant introduction likely occurred by either vehiclular traffic or from fresh offerings on a nearby ahu. Although, the trap was collected on September 25th, the ant specimen was not detected until October 7, 2014 by one of Dr. Jesse Eiben’s lab assistants. Due to its small size, the ant was first seen while scanning the trap surface using a dissecting scope. Dr. Jesse Eiben then identified the specimen as Plagiolepis alluaudi (little yellow ant), which was then confirmed by Dr. Cas Vanderwoude at the Ant Lab on October 8, 2014.

P. alluaudi is a tiny pale yellow ant species that is common in the tropics and is thought to be native to Africa. They have 11- segmented antennae, eyes on the outline of the face, no erect hairs on the dorsum of its mesosoma, and a circular shaped head. P. alluaudi is not known to cause significant harm to ecological systems. This species is typically found in forested areas. Source: PIAkey

To date, no further ants have been found, and all available traps have been reviewed. Using the map below as reference, the P. alluaudi specimen was found at approximate location VTM02 (purple line is approximate footprint of planned TMT grading, red lines are the approximate extent of additional disturbed ground not already visible in the image). Delimiting surveys were conducted in areas around the detection site and source sties (See the table below for delimiting survey dates and notes on arthropod activity). Baited vials (sugar cotton ball, peanut butter, spam) were left out for one hour from 10:00-11:00am throughout the week of October 13, 2014. Four vials were placed 3

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 51 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management m apart at the detection site (VTM02), five vials were placed 1.5 m apart at the nearby ahu site, and one vial was placed within each portable toilet. Hand searching for ants was also paired with baited vial surveys for 5-10 minutes per location. Routine weekly TMT invasive species surveys at regular locations also continued. For detailed methods of TMT weekly surveys and monthly access way surveys, see SOP Y – TMT Specific Instructions.

Date Activity Threats? 9/10/14 Ti and plumeria with stalks were removed from ahu by OMKM staff No threats TMT weekly invasive species monitoring 9/18/14 Vials are placed at standard locations for 1 hour No threats BIISC scan complete, Eiben lab scan complete 9/19/14 Grading work completed in area No threats 9/24/14 Ahu reconstruction using beach stones, ulu, ti, ʻuala, kalo No threats Monthly access way wēkiu bug and monitoring Mice reported at traps placed summit, P. alluaudi was 9/25/14 TMT weekly invasive species monitoring BIISC and Eiben lab detected during scans are complete screening on 10/7 Monthly access way wēkiu bug and biodiversity monitoring traps retrieved; scans complete 9/29/14 No threats TMT weekly invasive species monitoring; scans complete Food items on ahu from 9/24 were removed by OMKM staff 10/7/14 Eiben lab screening of trap labeled OTM02 (location VTM02) P. alluaudi identified TMT weekly invasive species monitoring; BIISC scan 10/8/14 complete, Eiben lab could not complete as traps were No threats mistakenly discarded TMT weekly invasive species monitoring and delimiting 10/13-17/14 No threats surveys using vials and hand searches Monthly access way wēkiu bug and biodiversity monitoring 10/20/14 No threats traps set No threats; this is final Monthly access way wēkiu bug and biodiversity monitoring 10/23/14 monthly survey until traps retrieved; scans complete construction begins

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This incident seems to be isolated as no other ant specimens were detected from regular and delimiting surveys. Our two most likely working hypotheses are still 1) the ant fell of a vehicle or 2) it came up with vegetation placed at the adjacent ahu. We will continue to brainstorm ways of getting the message out that vegetation is one of the greatest potential threats to resources in terms of potential inadvertent hitchhiking pests. This incident allowed for the continued practice of rapid response protocols. Future efforts will be focused on public education on invasive species and invasive species surveys in areas with increased human activity.

2013 Rapid Response Reports

In 2013, Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi, and Trechus obtusus were detected on UH managed lands. From these detections, OMKM realized that detailed reports about these new threat species were needed. Detailed reports for C.kagutsuchi and T.obtusus can be found in Appendix G: Rapid Response Record for C. kagutsuchi, and Appendix H: Detection and Distribution of T.obtusus in the Mauna Kea Science Reserve on Maunakea, Hawaiʻi. Note that the rapid response report format is subject to change depending on the threat species, level of threat, and situational circumstances. For more information about 2013 rapid response detections see the Rapid Response section in the 2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Monitoring Report.

CONTROL

Control may be applicable to invasive species that are too widespread to eradicate. The goal of control and management efforts is to reduce invasive species to more acceptable levels, with effective management that prevents their spread or re-emergence. Once control and management efforts are implemented monitoring must be documented through time to understand effects of management efforts.

Arthropods are difficult to control because of their size, and mobility. The most common control methods for arthropods include chemical treatment and biological control. We controlled both vegetation and arthropods this year, somewhat as a test run to see if methods work and to accommodate management goals.

Vespid Control

Vespid control reduces threats to Maunakea’s ecosystem, maintains public safety, and allows for a greater understanding of vespid population behavior. In January 2014, Vespula pensylvanica individuals were detected around the ʻĀhinahina (Argyroxiphium sandwicense) enclosure near the Visitor Information Station. In June, V. pensylvanica were observed at Lake Wai‘au and Batch Plant (4080 m elevation), which tops their previous highest recorded elevation on Maunakea. The 2014 year recorded more V. pensylvanica sightings than previous years, with increased sightings in the summer months. OMKM sought expert guidance from USGS Research Ecologist David Foote who suggested that specimens should be captured in order to understand the vespid populations within the Management Area. Reusable attractant W•H•Y® traps for Wasps Hornets, and Yellowjackets were placed on the outskirts of Halepōhaku to capture vespids and attract them away from areas of

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 53 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management human activity. The objective of this monitoring was to gain insights of vespid habitat and population size in order to identify safe and effective control methods.

Study Area Monitoring efforts were focused around the Halepōhaku vicinity. Two traps were deployed as a draft rapid reponse and control protocol test effort for V. pensylvanica. Traps were first placed on the edges of the Halepōhaku area and then moved closer to facilities after one week to get an idea of the V. pensylvanica population size and habitat location. OMKM monitored vespid traps at Halepōhaku from June 2014-August 2014.

Methods W•H•Y® traps were initially placed on the outskirts of Halepōhaku, with one trap east of the Utilities facility and another trap placed east of the OMKM Ranger Offices (the Upper Longhouse building). These farther traps were stationed from 7/1 to 7/8. Then, traps were moved closer to Halepōhaku facilities inbetween the water tanks near the Utilities facility and between the OMKM Ranger Office and Presentation Room (Lower Longhouse building). The closer traps were stationed from 7/8 to 8/4. All traps were monitored weekly throughout the entire trapping duration. Trapping stopped after a total of 35 days.

Results & Discussion Vespid trapping efforts captured a total of four V.pensylvanica during the first two weeks of trapping, but none thereafter. Traps also captured other arthropods; mainly common flies and . Additionally, traps inadvertently captured four rare flightless lacewings, Micromus usingeri. Trapping was suspended after the lacewing captures so the trapping method could be re-evaluated. Future monitoring efforts may require a more host-specific vespid attractants to reduce unintended impacts to native invertebrates. The table below displays all species captured in W•H•Y® traps. Threat species are in bold.

Vespid Trap – Capture List Order Family Genus & Species Nativity Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Miridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Miridae Orthotylus sophoricola Native Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Vespidae Vespula pensylvanica Non-Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrotis melanoneura Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrotis xiphias Native

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Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Neuroptera Hemerobiidae Micromus usingeri Native

Vespid Trap Capture Abundance The pie chart below shows the capture abundance for vespid trapping locations (near Utilities and near OMKM Ranger Office). The majority of individuals captured were noctuid moths and calliphorid flies. The “n” in the upper right represents the total number of individuals captured during vespid trapping efforts.

Vespid Trap Capture Abundance Neuroptera Hemiptera Collembola 3% 3% 2% n = 116

Dermaptera 7%

Diptera 39% Hymenoptera 9%

Lepidoptera 37%

Diptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Dermaptera Neuroptera Hemiptera Collembola

Mongoose Control

Introduction Mongoose control reduces invasive vertebrate threat levels and is part of OMKM’s mission to preserve and enhance the natural resources on Maunakea. In February 2014, a mongoose sighting was reported by an OMKM ranger at 3,630 m. This sighting was the highest observed mongoose sighting yet. Trapping efforts were conducted in order to understand populations of resident vertebrate species at high elevation. OMKM worked with DLNR to gain permission to monitor and control vertebrates on Natural Area Reserve System (NARS) land. Subsequently, DLNR provided OMKM with humane GoodNature® rat traps to manage the rodent population within the NARS.

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Study Area Mongoose control focused in the nearby vicinity of Park 1 where the initial mongoose sighting occurred. Trap locations were selected for visibility, access, and structural suitability. One trap was located in the nearby drainage culvert and the other was trap was located across the street from Park 1 along the roadside.

Methods Two GoodNature® A24 Rat and Stoat traps were employed within the NAR. These traps are toxin free and are powered by compressed CO2 gas. The gas pressurizes the steel piston, which kills the animal instantly and resets itself thereafter. Our traps were baited with peanut butter, and were attached to 2x4 wooden planks at designated sites. Both traps remained in the same location from May to September, and was moved closer to Park 2 after recent mouse sightings near that location. Traps were checked at least every other day through visual observation and tested monthly to make sure they were in proper working order. Bait was replenished in October. If dead rodents were observed, they were recorded, safely removed from the site, and disposed of at Halepōhaku. Trapping began in May 2014 and continued throughout the year.

Results and Discussion Mongoose control efforts captured at least four mice. The frequency of mouse sightings increased in October, November, and December. Even though rodent sightings increased, only two mice were captured in November and several mice were captured in December. The efficiency of this trapping system seemed to work with mice, but even with high populations of mice we did not control as many as anticipated. Additionally, no mongoose were caught or sighted after the initial February report. Trap locations may be evaluated and changed for future mongoose sightings and reports as needed.

Vegetation Control

Introduction Vegetation was physically removed around Halepōhaku and MKSR facilities. Removing weeds reduces habitat for invasive arthropods (such as Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi), reduces the spread of invasive species on UH managed lands, and can help to detect new arthropods threats. We are investigating other control options such as herbicide application for long-term management and control.

Study Area Vegetation control focused on human pathways and traffic areas. Sites included parking areas around Halepōhaku and the Visitor Information Station (VIS), areas along the Maunakea Access Road, and around the perimeter of facilities in the MKSR and Astronomy Precinct.

Methods Vegetation control was achieved monthly through physical removal by volunteers, OMKM staff, and Maunakea rangers. Hand removal served two purposes; the removal of invasive vegetation (reduces seed spread & habitat for arthropod threats) and the detection of invasive arthropods

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 56 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management associated with the roots of removed vegetation. The most effective way to observe ants is by simply pulling weeds because ants use invasive vegetation for habitat.

Volunteers were given vegetation removal instructions that included invasive plant identification, proper removal and disposal methods, and identification and reporting of ant detections if observed. OMKM staff supervised volunteer activities. Hand tools such as hand trowels, picks, and weeders were used to remove vegetation and their roots. Removed vegetation was observed for ants, the excess dirt was shaken off, and vegetation was placed in trash bags and taken to the South Hilo Sanitary Landfill. When volunteers reported ants, the location was flagged, and documented for future survey locations, and arthropod control (if applicable).

Additionally, OMKM Rangers observe and remove invasive weeds in the MKSR and Astronomy precinct throughout the year. When invasive weeds are observed the species, the number of individuals, and their locations are recorded and the weeds are removed. The rangers record invasive weed observations and removals in a ranger report that is sent daily to OMKM staff. Staff then review, and document invasive species observations.

Results and Discussion The volunteer program engaged 283 volunteers, working 1,945 hours, removing about 392 bags of invasive weeds. Invasive weed species that were pulled are shown in the table below.

Invasive Weed Species Pulled by Volunteers Targeted invasive weeds that were pulled on volunteer events.

Family Genus & Species Common Name Asteraceae Heterotheca grandiflora Telegraph weed Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Hairy cat’s ear Asteraceae Scenicio madagascarensis Fireweed Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion Gerainiaceae Erodium cicutarium Pin clover, Alfilaria Onagraceae Oenothera stricta Chilean evening primrose Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Sheep’s sorrel Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Common mullein Scrophulariaceae Verbascum virgatum Wand mullein

Invasive Weed Species Pulled by Maunakea Rangers Maunakea Rangers observed and pulled invasive weed species in the MKSR including fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis), common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), hairy cat’s ear (Hypochaeris radicata), sheep’s sorrel (Rumex acetosella), and common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). See graphs below for the Number of Invasive Weeds Removed by Month, and the Elevation of Invasive Weeds Removed. All of the weeds, except for fireweed, remained around or less than 5 individuals per month. Fireweed reports drastically increased from spring to the end of summer and continued to remain frequent. All of the other species remained scarce and only appeared after winter. When plotted against elevation, most of the weeds were found at Park 1 (3,617 m), mile marker 5.5 (3,747 m), Park 2 (3,905 m), and at the IRTF retaining wall (4,148 m). Sheep’s sorrel was only observed along the roadside at the 2nd bend (3,056 m). Fireweed was found at all elevations, with the highest

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 57 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management number of individuals observed at Park 1 and Park 2. The overall trend of fireweed decreases with elevation.

Number of Invasive Weeds Removed by Month 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10

5 NumberIndividuals of Removed 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Month

Fireweed Mullein Hairy cat's ear Sheep's sorrel Dandelion

Elevation of Invasive Weeds Removed 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

3056 3568 3617 3635 3706 3747 3842 3905 4028 4034 4051 4070 4148 4200 NumberIndividuals of Fireweed 0 17 106 18 4 17 32 53 5 3 2 2 20 2 Mullein 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hairy cat's ear 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 0 Sheep's sorrel 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dandelion 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0

Elevation (m)

Fireweed Mullein Hairy cat's ear Sheep's sorrel Dandelion Linear (Fireweed)

Conclusion Volunteers and Maunakea Rangers serve as effective vegetation control and early detection agents on UH managed lands. These efforts are essential for long-term control of invasive species on Maunakea. Vegetation control data for 2012 (unpublished) and 2013 (Kirkpatrick & Klasner, 2015)

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 58 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management are also available and show a similar trend with invasive weeds decreasing with elevation. Vegetation control along with occasional spot treatment for ants around Halepōhaku and VIS facilities have been effective. Invasive weed pulls reduce the risk of seed dispersal by Maunakea users and eliminate ant habitat for at least a few months until more weeds sprout up again. Continued vegetation control can allow for possible restoration of native plant species, a management goal for Halepōhaku.

Arthropod Control

Introduction As explained in the introduction paragraph of this section, arthropods are difficult to control, and available options are few. In 2014, we continued control of Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi (a common ant). Control for this species is feasible because the ants were confined to one area. We used Talstar Professional insecticide, a liquid formulation with Bifenthrin as the active ingredient, as a spot treatment control method. All applications were recorded in a detailed pesticide log and all applicators were pesticide certified by HDOA. For a record of our rapid reponse efforts for this species, see Appendix G: Rapid Response Record for C.kagutsuchi.

Study Area Control efforts focused on the vegetated area below the VIS storage warehouse and presentation room (Lower longhouse building). C. kagutsuchi continues to persist in this area.

Methods Ant Surveys Intense surveys were conducted throughout HP, along roadways, parking lots and facility perimeters in search for ants. When ants were observed, we conducted micro-surveys in the detection area to determine the species range and to identify the amount of area we need to cover for accurate and effective pesticide formulations and applications.

Vials were baited with peanut butter, spam, and jelly, and placed throughout survey areas (roads, parking lot, facility, and staging area perimeters), and observed within 15 minutes for any signs of ant activity. While vials were being placed, invasive weeds were also pulled and observed for ants. This particular species of ant C.kagutsuchi are not always attracted to the bait. Pulling weeds is our most effective method for detecting this species of ant. Ants tend or farm and that are found on the roots of invasive weeds. In many cases we found ants entirely by pulling weeds, even when vials were less than a foot away. Areas where ants were found were flagged off for later treatment.

Control Ant areas were spot treated with Talstar Professional insecticide. Insecticide dilution and application followed all label requirements.

Results & Discussion Monitoring and control for C.kagutsuchi continues.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the Bishop Museum for their years of effort monitoring both invasive species and wēkiu bugs on Maunakea. We appreciate all the hard work that was put into the survey design, making the survey much easier for us. We thank Cynthia B. King for necessary collecting permits, Jesse Eiben for his field assistance and arthropod identifications, field assistants Amber Stillman, Marleena Sheffield, Joy Yoshina, Sage Van Kralingen, Margaux Mellot, and Ryan Perroy. We would also like to thank the Maunakea Rangers for keeping us safe along with Casper Vanderwoude and Springer Kaye for their efforts towards the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan. Mahalo nui!

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REFERENCES

Capinera, J.L. (2008). Encyclopedia of . Springer Science & Buisness Media. Page 292.

Preston, D.J., R. A. Englund, N.L Evenhuis, & C. Imada (2013). Results of the 2012 alien species and Wekiu bug (Nysius Wekiuicola) surveys on the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii Island. Final report. Honolulu, Bishop Museum.

Segoli, M. and J.A. Rosenheim (2013). Spatial and temporal variation in surgar availability for insect parasitoids in agricultural fields and consequences for reproductive success. Biological Control 67: 163-169.

Evenhuis, N. L. and L. G. Eldredge (2013). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers: Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2012. N. Evenhuis. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 114: 57.

Kavanaugh, D. H. and T. Erwin (1985). "Trechus obtusus Erichson (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a European , on the Pacific Coast of : Its Distribution, Introduction, and Spread." Pan-Pacific Entomologist 61(2): 170-179.

Kirkpatrick, J. and F. Klasner (2015). “2013 Invasive and Native Arthropod Monitoring Report. Office of Maunakea Management. http://www.malamamaunakea.org/uploads/environment /MKISMP/OMKM_2013InvasiveSpeciesReport_20150521.pdf

Liebher, J. K. and R. Takumi (2002). "Introduction and Distributional Expansion of Trechus obtusus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Maui, Hawaii." Pacific Science 56(4): 365-375.

Liebherr, J. and P. Krushelnycky (2007). Unfortunate encounters? Novel interactions of native Mecyclothorax, alien Trechus obtusus (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and Argentine ant (Linepithema humile, Hymenoptera: Formicidae) across a Hawaiian landscape. Beetle Conservation. T. R. New, Springer Netherlands: 61-73.

Lovei, G. L. and K. D. Sunderland (1996). "Ecology and Behavior of Ground (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." Annual Review of Entomology 41: 231-256.

Peck, R. W. and P. C. Banko (2011). Survey of Invasive Ants at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawaii at Hilo, Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center (PACRC).

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APPENDICES

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Appendix A: UH Management Areas on Maunakea

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Appendix B: 2014 Annual Survey Location Maps

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Appendix C: 2014 Annual Alien Arthropod & Wēkiu Bug Trap Coordinates*

Altitude Location Site ID Trap Date Latitude Longitude Trap Type (meters) Halepōhaku HP01 10-13-June-2014 2851 19.76058994 -155.45603997 Alien Halepōhaku HP02 10-13-June-2014 2853 19.76085992 -155.45626997 Alien Halepōhaku HP03 10-13-June-2014 2865 19.76130995 -155.45597996 Alien Halepōhaku HP04 10-13-June-2014 2868 19.76179996 -155.45600996 Alien Halepōhaku HP05 10-13-June-2014 2832 19.75932998 -155.45575993 Alien Halepōhaku HP06 10-13-June-2014 2833 19.75940994 -155.45586999 Alien Halepōhaku HP07 10-13-June-2014 2833 19.75943995 -155.45616000 Alien Halepōhaku HP08 10-13-June-2014 2831 19.75914993 -155.45583998 Alien Pu’uhaukea Hkea01 12-16-June-2014 none 19.81571944 -155.47350000 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea02 12-16-June-2014 none 19.81621944 -155.47388056 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea03 12-16-June-2014 4124 19.81454996 -155.47332999 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea04 12-16-June-2014 4120 19.81462992 -155.47338992 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea05 12-16-June-2014 4116 19.81435994 -155.47324995 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea06 12-16-June-2014 4125 19.81425994 -155.47346000 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea07 12-16-June-2014 4118 19.81382995 -155.47321994 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea08 12-16-June-2014 4128 19.81364999 -155.47335992 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea09 12-16-June-2014 4124 19.81322997 -155.47260999 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea10 12-16-June-2014 4115 19.81341999 -155.47260999 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea11 12-16-June-2014 4116 19.81357992 -155.47191999 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea12 12-16-June-2014 4126 19.81368000 -155.47150995 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea13 12-16-June-2014 4070 19.81257000 155.47385000 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea14 12-16-June-2014 4043 19.81190000 155.47429000 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli01 10-13-June-2014 none 19.82389000 -155.47977000 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli02 10-13-June-2014 4150 19.82214999 -155.48134997 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli03 10-13-June-2014 4152 19.82249994 -155.48130998 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli04 10-13-June-2014 4162 19.82271996 -155.48115995 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli05 10-13-June-2014 4160 19.82293999 -155.48087999 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli06 10-13-June-2014 4139 19.82305993 -155.47997994 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli07 10-13-June-2014 none 19.82405 -155.48028333 Alien(Dry) Pu’u’hau’oki Oki01 10-13-June-2014 4174 19.82636995 -155.47480999 Alien( Dry) Pu’u’hau’oki Oki02 10-13-June-2014 4151 19.82607993 -155.47585999 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki03 10-13-June-2014 4164 19.82592998 -155.47606995 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki04 10-13-June-2014 4171 19.82627993 -155.47492993 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki05 10-13-June-2014 4162 19.82653993 -155.47506999 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki06 10-13-June-2014 none 19.82658997 -155.47548993 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki07 10-13-June-2014 none 19.8271528 -155.47595278 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki08 10-13-June-2014 none 19.82490000 -155.47691667 Alien(Dry) Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu01 10-13-June-2014 4196 19.82157994 -155.46893000 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu02 10-13-June-2014 4214 19.82125992 -155.46811997 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu03 10-13-June-2014 4225 19.82054000 -155.46798997 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu04 10-13-June-2014 4215 19.81998998 -155.46805996 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu05 10-13-June-2014 4207 19.81912999 -155.46801997 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu06 10-13-June-2014 4186 19.81847998 -155.46905992 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu07 10-13-June-2014 4159 19.81916998 -155.47016993 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu08 10-13-June-2014 4148 19.81926997 -155.46979995 Alien(Dry) Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu09 10-13-June-2014 4178 19.82049993 -155.46970993 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu10 10-13-June-2014 4183 19.82115992 -155.46944993 Wēkiu TMT Site/SMA TMT01 10-13-June-2014 4044 19.83111997 -155.48087999 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT02 10-13-June-2014 4058 19.82980996 -155.48046995 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT03 10-13-June-2014 4068 19.82837993 -155.47996997 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT04 10-13-June-2014 none 19.82413333 -155.47705000 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT05 10-13-June-2014 none 19.8248667 -155.47776667 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT06 10-13-June-2014 4106 19.82494 -155.47755000 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT07 10-13-June-2014 none 19.8251667 -155.47783333 Alien(Dry)

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TMT Site/SMA TMT08 10-13-June-2014 none 19.8258 -155.47808333 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT09 10-13-June-2014 none 19.8261333 -155.47816667 Alien(Dry) Road Corridor Rd01 6-9-June-2014 3753 19.80173998 -155.45600996 Alien Road Corridor Rd02 6-9-June-2014 3667 19.79344994 -155.45844994 Alien Road Corridor Rd03 6-9-June-2014 3032 19.76709992 -155.45774996 Alien Road Corridor Rd04 6-9-June-2014 3390 19.77747998 -155.45165992 Alien Road Corridor Rd05 6-9-June-2014 3658 19.79534995 -155.45929994 Alien Road Corridor Rd06 6-9-June-2014 3932 19.81033998 -155.46769995 Alien Batch Plant Batch01 12-16-June-2014 4106 19.82278995 -155.47686992 Alien Batch Plant Batch02 12-16-June-2014 4056 19.81975998 -155.47407992 Alien Batch Plant Batch03 12-16-June-2014 4082 19.82088994 -155.47425996 Alien Batch Plant Batch04 12-16-June-2014 4064 19.81937994 -155.47415000 Alien Batch Plant Batch05 12-16-June-2014 4080 19.82089000 155.47459000 Wēkiu Batch Plant Batch06 12-16-June-2014 4067 19.81939000 155.47476000 Wēkiu Batch Plant Batch07 Not placed 4063 19.82001000 155.47474000 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN01 10-13-June-2014 none 19.80153000 -155.45708000 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN02 10-13-June-2014 3776 19.80278998 -155.45694999 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN03 10-13-June-2014 3819 19.80311997 -155.45804995 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN04 10-13-June-2014 3860 19.80324998 -155.45891999 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN05 10-13-June-2014 3858 19.80357997 -155.45908998 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN06 10-13-June-2014 3864 19.80378994 -155.45934998 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN07 10-13-June-2014 3824 19.80540999 -155.45862998 Alien VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS01 6-9-June-2014 none 19.80002000 -155.45662000 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS02 6-9-June-2014 3770 19.79993996 -155.45563999 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS03 6-9-June-2014 3786 19.79963000 -155.45562993 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS04 6-9-June-2014 3811 19.79900999 -155.45517999 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS05 6-9-June-2014 3809 19.79918995 -155.45557997 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS06 6-9-June-2014 3806 19.79904000 -155.45604994 Wēkiu Pu’ukea Kea01 10-13-June -2014 4223 19.82291996 -155.46995996 Alien Pu’ukea Kea02 10-13-June -2014 4213 19.82379000 -155.46937994 Alien Pu’upōhaku Poha01 12-16-June-2014 4001 19.82537996 -155.48993999 Alien(Dry) Pu’upōhaku Poha02 12-16-June-2014 4026 19.82494997 -155.49038993 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha03 12-16-June-2014 4035 19.82482994 -155.49058992 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha04 12-16-June-2014 4036 19.82453993 -155.49077994 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha05 12-16-June-2014 4033 19.82431998 -155.49112997 Alien Pu’upōhaku Poha06 12-16-June-2014 4044 19.82453993 -155.49201996 Alien Poi Bowl Poi01 6-9-June-2014 none 19.82376000 -155.47563000 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi02 6-9-June-2014 none 19.82381000 -155.47549000 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi03 6-9-June-2014 4168 19.82562999 -155.47489992 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi04 6-9-June-2014 4153 19.82535993 -155.47478995 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi05 6-9-June-2014 4144 19.82501996 -155.47471996 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi06 6-9-June-2014 4123 19.82446994 -155.47494996 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi07 6-9-June-2014 4105 19.82392997 -155.47500998 Wēkiu Pu’uwai‘au Waiau01 12-16-June-2014 3990 19.81121999 -155.47690999 Alien Pu’uwai‘au Waiau02 12-16-June-2014 none 19.80999900 -155.47645400 Wēkiu *Alien trap types include all traps, PBJS Sticks, Yellow Pan, Un-baited wet pitfall, and Baited Pitfall. *Alien(Dry) trap types include 3 traps PBJS Sticks, Yellow Pan, and Baited Pitfall. *Wēkiu trap types include only Baited Pitfalls. *Most locations were derived from Bishop Museum Monitoring Surveys

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Appendix D: 2014 Wēkiu Bug Capture Data

Altitude # Wēkiu Location Site ID Latitude Longitude Trap Type (meters) Captures Pu’uhaukea Hkea01 none 19.81571944 -155.47350000 1 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea02 none 19.81621944 -155.47388056 0 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea03 4124 19.81454996 -155.47332999 0 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea04 4120 19.81462992 -155.47338992 0 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea05 4116 19.81435994 -155.47324995 2 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea06 4125 19.81425994 -155.47346000 0 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea07 4118 19.81382995 -155.47321994 1 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea08 4128 19.81364999 -155.47335992 0 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea09 4124 19.81322997 -155.47260999 2 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea10 4115 19.81341999 -155.47260999 1 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea11 4116 19.81357992 -155.47191999 6 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea12 4126 19.81368000 -155.47150995 0 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea13 4070 19.81257000 155.47385000 1 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea14 4043 19.81190000 155.47429000 0 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli01 none 19.82389000 -155.47977000 0 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli02 4150 19.82214999 -155.48134997 0 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli03 4152 19.82249994 -155.48130998 0 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli04 4162 19.82271996 -155.48115995 0 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli05 4160 19.82293999 -155.48087999 0 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli06 4139 19.82305993 -155.47997994 0 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli07 none 19.82405 -155.48028333 0 Alien(Dry) Pu’u’hau’oki Oki01 4174 19.82636995 -155.47480999 1 Alien( Dry) Pu’u’hau’oki Oki02 4151 19.82607993 -155.47585999 1 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki03 4164 19.82592998 -155.47606995 2 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki04 4171 19.82627993 -155.47492993 0 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki05 4162 19.82653993 -155.47506999 1 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki06 none 19.82658997 -155.47548993 0 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki07 none 19.8271528 -155.47595278 0 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki08 none 19.82490000 -155.47691667 0 Alien(Dry) Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu01 4196 19.82157994 -155.46893000 3 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu02 4214 19.82125992 -155.46811997 15 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu03 4225 19.82054000 -155.46798997 2 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu04 4215 19.81998998 -155.46805996 0 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu05 4207 19.81912999 -155.46801997 0 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu06 4186 19.81847998 -155.46905992 1 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu07 4159 19.81916998 -155.47016993 4 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu08 4148 19.81926997 -155.46979995 0 Alien(Dry) Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu09 4178 19.82049993 -155.46970993 0 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu10 4183 19.82115992 -155.46944993 0 Wēkiu TMT Site/SMA TMT01 4044 19.83111997 -155.48087999 0 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT02 4058 19.82980996 -155.48046995 0 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT03 4068 19.82837993 -155.47996997 0 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT04 none 19.82413333 -155.47705000 0 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT05 none 19.8248667 -155.47776667 0 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT06 4106 19.82494 -155.47755000 0 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT07 none 19.8251667 -155.47783333 0 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT08 none 19.8258 -155.47808333 0 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT09 none 19.8261333 -155.47816667 2 Alien(Dry) Road Corridor Rd01 3753 19.80173998 -155.45600996 0 Alien Road Corridor Rd02 3667 19.79344994 -155.45844994 0 Alien Road Corridor Rd05 3658 19.79534995 -155.45929994 0 Alien Road Corridor Rd06 3932 19.81033998 -155.46769995 1 Alien Batch Plant Batch01 4106 19.82278995 -155.47686992 0 Alien Batch Plant Batch02 4056 19.81975998 -155.47407992 0 Alien

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Batch Plant Batch03 4082 19.82088994 -155.47425996 0 Alien Batch Plant Batch04 4064 19.81937994 -155.47415000 0 Alien Batch Plant Batch05 4080 19.82089000 155.47459000 0 Wēkiu Batch Plant Batch06 4067 19.81939000 155.47476000 0 Wēkiu Batch Plant Batch07 4063 19.82001000 155.47474000 0 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN01 none 19.80153000 -155.45708000 0 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN02 3776 19.80278998 -155.45694999 0 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN03 3819 19.80311997 -155.45804995 0 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN04 3860 19.80324998 -155.45891999 1 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN05 3858 19.80357997 -155.45908998 0 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN06 3864 19.80378994 -155.45934998 0 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN07 3824 19.80540999 -155.45862998 0 Alien VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS01 none 19.80002000 -155.45662000 2 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS02 3770 19.79993996 -155.45563999 0 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS03 3786 19.79963000 -155.45562993 7 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS04 3811 19.79900999 -155.45517999 3 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS05 3809 19.79918995 -155.45557997 0 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS06 3806 19.79904000 -155.45604994 0 Wēkiu Pu’ukea Kea01 4223 19.82291996 -155.46995996 0 Alien Pu’ukea Kea02 4213 19.82379000 -155.46937994 3 Alien Pu’upōhaku Poha01 4001 19.82537996 -155.48993999 0 Alien(Dry) Pu’upōhaku Poha02 4026 19.82494997 -155.49038993 0 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha03 4035 19.82482994 -155.49058992 0 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha04 4036 19.82453993 -155.49077994 0 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha05 4033 19.82431998 -155.49112997 0 Alien Pu’upōhaku Poha06 4044 19.82453993 -155.49201996 0 Alien Poi Bowl Poi01 none 19.82376000 -155.47563000 0 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi02 none 19.82381000 -155.47549000 2 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi03 4168 19.82562999 -155.47489992 0 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi04 4153 19.82535993 -155.47478995 1 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi05 4144 19.82501996 -155.47471996 0 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi06 4123 19.82446994 -155.47494996 0 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi07 4105 19.82392997 -155.47500998 0 Wēkiu Pu’uwai‘au Waiau01 3990 19.81121999 -155.47690999 0 Alien Pu’uwai‘au Waiau02 none 19.80999900 -155.47645400 0 Wēkiu

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Appendix E: 2014 Wēkiu Bug Capture Rates

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Appendix F: 2014 Annual Survey Arthropod Capture List

Arthropod threats are identified in bold font and shaded rows identify new species records to the management area. New record threats are shown in bold font with shaded rows. Nativity is either non-native, native, or non-native & native within that taxonomic group.

Taxa Order Family Genus & species Nativity 1 Acari Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 2 Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 3 Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native 4 Araneae Gnaphosidae Unknown Non-Native 5 Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native 6 Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 7 Auchenorrhyncha Unknown Unknown Unknown 8 Coleoptera Carabidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 9 Coleoptera Cleridae Necrobia rufipes Non-Native 10 Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native 11 Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native 12 Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native 13 Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 14 Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 15 Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 16 Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 17 Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native 18 Dermaptera Labiduridae Unknown Unknown 19 Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 20 Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 21 Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 22 Diptera Chironomidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 23 Diptera Chloropidae Unknown Non-Native 24 Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 25 Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila suzukii Non-Native 26 Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 27 Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 28 Diptera Psychodidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 29 Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native 30 Diptera Scathophagidae Unknown Unknown 31 Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 32 Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native 33 Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native 34 Diptera Tachinidae Unknown Non-Native 35 Diptera Tephritidae Trupanea spp. Native 36 Hemiptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 37 Hemiptera Anthocoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 38 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 39 Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Non-Native 40 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native 41 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native 42 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native 43 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native 44 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native 45 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Oncopeltus fasciatus Unknown 46 Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 47 Hemiptera Rhopalidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 48 Homoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 49 Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native 50 Homoptera Cicadellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

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51 Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 52 Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 53 Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Unknown Non-Native 54 Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-Native 55 Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 56 Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 57 Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native 58 Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Diadegma spp. Non-Native 59 Hymenoptera Pompilidae Unknown Non-Native 60 Hymenoptera Sphecidae Ectemnius spp. Native 61 Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 62 Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 63 Lepidoptera Lycaenidae Udara blackburni Native 64 Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 65 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Vanessa spp. Non-Native 66 Lepidoptera Oecophoridae Thyrocopa spp. Native 67 Lepidoptera Pieridae Unknown Non-Native 68 Lepidoptera Plutellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 69 Lithiobiomorpha Lithobiidae Lithobius spp. Non-Native & Native 70 Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 71 Thysanoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native *Only includes species from the annual alien arthropod and wēkiu bug surveys, does not include TMT compliance surveys.

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Appendix G: Rapid Response Record for Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi

On 27 July, 2013 ants were observed while pulling weeds in the lower, paved Halepōhaku (HP) parking lot during a volunteer event.

Chronological Log On May 22nd, a wood delivery was made by a Lowe’s truck to HP. However, the truck broke down just below the top cattle guard, so wood was transported to HP using the Lowe’s forklift. Ants were found on wood load during an inspection. The ants were initially identified as either Cardiocondyla venustula or Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi.

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5/23/13 J.Kirkpatrick & D.Easter-Green placed 40 baited (peanut butter, jelly, and spam) vials in the contaminated area, and 3 m out from the contaminated area, for 2 hours. Below is a map and sketch of survey locations and the survey design. The dots on the sketch represent vials. The blue area on the map represents the surveyed area. No ants were detected in this survey.

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5/24/13 J.Kirkpatrick applied Talstar Professional pesticide in the contaminated area and 6 m out from the contaminated area. No ants were observed while spraying. The yellow area in the map below represents the area that was sprayed.

5/31/13 J.Kirkpatrick placed 20 baited (peanut butter, jelly, & spam) vials 10 meters apart in and near the contaminated area. Additionally, vials were placed in the lower portion of the HP parking lot where Pheidole megacephala was observed in 2013 and sprayed. See the Rapid Response and Arthropod Control section in the 2013 Invasive & Native Arthropod Monitoring Report for more details about the P.megacephala detection. The blue lines represent survey locations. Vials were left out for 2 hours; no ants were observed.

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6/27/13 F.Klasner retrieved alien arthropod traps (pitfall, baited-dry pitfall, peanut butter-jelly-spam chopsticks, yellow pan) that were placed on June 24th. No ants were found in this sample effort. See the map below for trap locations; the blue pins represent trap locations.

7/27/13 A volunteer observed ants in the lower HP paved parking lot (not VIS, but HP) in void between curb and pavement when pulling fireweed. The map below shows the ant location as a red icon.

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7/28/13 F.Klasner & J.Kirkpatrick; See map below for location details.  Collect specimens for ID,  Test baited vials [spam, peanut butter, & jam]. Ants visit bait but do not stay when vials are placed immediately on top of known ant locations. No ants were caught in vials after 1 hour.  Hand searched around the lower and upper HP parking lot perimeter, both inside and outside of curbs, and in cracks and crevices. This search included pulling fireweed and mullein along the curb. Also hand searched the environment under māmane trees, near fireweed and mullein, along the roadside of HP lower parking lot, and the VIS parking lot. The blue lines on the map below represent perimeter search locations.  Ants were only observed in cracks and crevices, between asphalt and curb or wood cribbing, near or in close association with fireweed. Two areas were identified to contain ants; the area in which the May 2013 Lowe’s inspection took place (shown as red lines on the map below) and the 2nd location being walkway near the kitchen door (shown with a red icon). No ants were observed in the environment, away from developed areas.  Talstar Professional pesticide applied for control (10oz.) in crevices along asphalt/curb interface. The yellow lines on the map below represent the areas that were treated for ants.

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7/29/13 Email from J.Eiben who consulted with Paul Krushelnycky (UH Mānoa): said C. kagutsuchi is widespread throughout Haleakalās crater, indicating that queens may be distributed by the wind. He had no real advice for better baits, as the species are only attracted to baits if no other food sources are present. He usually finds C.kagutsuchi by hand searching under rocks, and indicated that they are slowly increasing in density throughout high elevation environments on Maui. R.W. Peck and P.C. Banko also documented C.kagutsuchi at Hakalau NWR and along the Keanakolu- Mana and Blair roads in 2009 (Peck & Banko 2011).

7/30/13 Consultation with Cas Vanderwoude, Hawaiʻi Ant Lab. Species ID is Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi

 Life history: unknown  Bait: unknown given our attempts with peanut butter, jelly, or spam  Habitat: Cas thinks they like disturbed or developed areas, cracks seem to be viable due to heat retention  Traps: to monitor for presence/absence, what MIGHT work is, pitfall traps immediately adjacent to curbs, at trunk of tree, etc.  Follow up when contaminated deliveries are received, and with this incident: repeat pesticide applications. . For isolated incident, apply pesticide (specific chemical determined based on species and in consultation with Hawaiʻi Ant Lab) immediately after initial detection and then again within 6 weeks, or other intervals with keeping with the label. . For this species / this occurrence: apply pesticide (Talstar) approximately monthly, in keeping with label, indefinitely.  Time of day: mid-day – afternoon is generally when they are most active.

8/5/13 F.Klasner monitored for ants at HP by pulling weeds around HP parking lot – no new colonies found. The blue lines in the map below represents survey locations.

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8/7/13 J.Eiben monitored for ants at HP, removing pitfall traps that were placed ~1 week earlier and pulling additional weeds. No new colonies were found, and no ants were captured in pitfall traps. The blue pins on the map below represents pitfall trap locations.

8/15/13 F.Klasner conducted a weekly survey at HP lower parking lot, on the south & west sides of HP Commons Building, and in the utilities area. The blue lines on the map below represent survey locations.  Baited vials (Whiskas cat food) were left outside for 1 hour and fireweed was pulled; no ants observed.

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8/22/13 J.Kirkpatrick conducted a weekly ant survey in the upper HP parking lot and near the kitchen walkway outside. The weather was overcast and cold.  Vials were baited with peanut butter, spam, jelly, and chicken flavored Whiskas catfood. Vials were placed at around 2:45 pm, and left out for about 20 min.  Vials were retrieved around 3pm and ants were observed in 2 locations, 1) The south corner of the kitchen walkway (near the area where a previous colony was observed), and 2) the east end of the kitchen walkway (where the pavement ends) that leads to the basement. See map below. The blue lines represent surveyed areas and the red icons represent areas where ants were found.

o Ants were observed at Location 1 by pulling a large fireweed about 1 m out from the edge of the pavement (on the makai side), the ants were in the roots. A vial was placed between the walkway and substrate about 3 m away from Location 1, but did not seem to attract the ants. *It seemed that the substrate in that area was different, like material was just filled in. o At Location 2, ants were observed in and around the vial. The vial was placed between the edge of the pavement, and the substrate. The ants seemed to be a little more attracted to the vial, in this location.  Ants were not observed in the parking areas.

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8/26/13 J.Kirkpatrick followed up with the additional ant finding on 8/22.  Hand searched near location 1 and 2 to collect a colony for J.Eibens laboratory experiment. The search was conducted between 1:00 and 1:30pm, it was hot and sunny. No ants located.  Sprayed Talstar insecticide on the South west side of HP. Applied from the walkway to the tree line, and extended east until the HP porch. The sprayed area was then blocked off with caution tape for 48 hrs--to minimize ground disturbance and therein increase the effectiveness of Talstar. See map below for spray locations. The yellow area represents treatment locations.

8/28/13 A.Stillman, J.Kirkpatrick, F.Klasner, J.Eiben, & N.Easter-Green surveyed from HP down to below Forest Reserve / DHHL cattle grate. Numerous colonies of ants found along the road. Most commonly found via pulling weeds (fireweed and California poppy), and were rarely observed at vials. See the maps below. The red lines represent areas that were searched and found to contain ants, and the blue lines represent survey areas where ants were not found.

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8/29/13 A.Stillman & J.Kirkpatrick surveyed from silversword bend down summit access road approximately ½ mile. Baited (cat food, jam, peanut butter) vials were placed 50 meters apart along with hand searching. The weather was foggy, misty, and cold, and no ants were observed. The blue line represents survey locations.

9/4/13 A.Stillman, J.Kirkpatrick, F.Klasner, and N.Easter-Green conducted transect surveys just below HP, capturing the very bottom of the HP lower parking, and just below the VIS. See below for approximate transect locations. The blue lines represent the transect survey locations, and the red icon represents the area where we found ants. The weather was sunny and warm.  Both transects ran 200 meters west and 200 meters east of the summit access road.  Vials baited with peanut butter, jelly, and cat food were placed 20 meters apart along transects. Vials were left out for about 20 minutes. Invasive weeds were pulled about every 5 meters along transects in search of ants.  Ants were only observed in one location, near Dorm D at HP by the metal pile, along the utilities road. Three ant individuals were found when pulling a telegraph weed.  Pitfall traps were placed along transects by N.Easter-Green. Soapy water was used in the pitfall traps, and no bait was applied.  Additionally, 3 vials were placed in the silversword enclosure, 1 near the entrance, 1 in the middle near the trail, and 1 behind the ahu. They were only left out for about 10 minutes. No ants were observed in the enclosure.

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9/6/13 J.Kirkpatrick, J.Eiben & student Matthew retrieved 10 pitfall traps that were placed along the 2 transects on 9/4. J.Kirkpatrick also surveyed the left side of the road 500 meters above HP starting from the end of the pavement and ending just after the 1st drainage ditch. See map below for road location. The blue line represents survey locations.  Pitfall traps were retrieved along transects, and no ants were observed.  Vials were baited with peanut butter, jelly, and catfood were placed about 50 meters apart starting from the end of the pavement and working upward 500 meters. Also hand searched for ants under fireweed, along the 500 m transect. Weather was sunny, and no ants were observed.

9/10/13 J.Kirkpatrick & F.Klasner surveyed the right side of the road 500 meters above HP starting from the end of the pavement and ending just after the 1st drainage ditch. Also surveyed around maintenance equipment parking area, and 200 meters of the utilities/ maintenance road. See map below for locations. The blue lines represent survey locations.  Vials baited with peanut butter, jelly, and catfood were placed about 50 meters apart starting from the end of the pavement and working upward 500 meters. Also hand searched for ants under fireweed, along the 500 m transect. Weather was sunny, and no ants were observed.  Vials baited with peanut butter, jelly, and catfood were placed about 20 meters apart along the utilities/ maintenance road. Also hand searched for ants under fireweed, telegraph weed, and grasses along the 200 meters. Weather was sunny, and no ants were observed.

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9/20/13 J.Kirkpatrick and archaeologists Keola & Rich conducted archaeological surveys above the maintenance building and around the stone cabins at HP. During the archaeological monitoring surveys, vials were placed around the sites and left out for about 10 minutes at each site. See map below for survey locations. Because we placed vials at these sites, we considered this survey as a weekly ant survey. Blue lines represent survey locations.  4 vials were placed in opposite directions at each site  There was a total of 4 sites around HP  Weather was sunny and hot, and no ants were observed

10/01/13 J.Kirkpatrick conducted an ant survey at the Gravel parking lot and the Staging area below the VIS. Ants were observed in the gravel parking lot. See map below for survey and ant locations. The blue lines show the survey locations, and the red line is the area where ants were observed.  Vials baited with spam, jelly, and peanut butter were placed in random locations around the perimeter of the parking lots. Vials were left out for about an hour while a hand search was conducted.  Fireweed, telegraph weed and other invasive weeds and grasses were pulled around the

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perimeter of the parking areas. Total search time: 2hrs  Weather was overcast, but warm.  Ants were observed in the upper portion of the gravel parking lot next to the logs, right below the VIS storage building. A small colony was found under an immature twiggy mullein (Verbascum virgatum) plant, and other ants were found under and near the evening primrose (Oenothera stricta).  One vial, placed near the infestation, attracted many ants. This is somewhat unusual because the ants usually taste the bait, and leave.

10/3/13 J.Kirkpatrick and F.Klasner sprayed for ants at the Gravel parking lot below HP. The ants were found on 10/1. The weather was sunny and warm.  Hand Searched and placed baited vials (with spam, peanut butter, and jelly) near green vegetation between the presentation building and the parking lot logs. Vials were left out for about 15 min. Ants were not observed on vials. We pulled evening primrose, telegraph weed, and other green invasive plants. All areas with green vegetation contained ants. I found one ant on the base of a Māmane tree, which is the first discovery of the species on a tree. I was not able to survey the rest of the area that consists of brown grasses.  Talstar was sprayed in 2 locations. See the map below for spray locations; the yellow represents spray locations. Ants were only found in the upper location. The bottom location was sprayed because lots of green vegetation was present. A total of 3 oz. of talstar was sprayed.

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10/9/13 J.Kirkpatrick, A.Stillman, & J.Yoshina surveyed for ants in the lower HP parking lot perimeter and the southwest corner of the HP Commons building outside the kitchen. These are two areas that were previously sprayed. The weather was hot and sunny. See the map below for survey locations; the blue lines represent survey locations.  Hand Searched and placed baited vials (baited with spam, jelly, and peanut butter) in random locations around the perimeter of the lower HP parking lot, and the SW corner of HP Commons building near the kitchen. Vials were left out for about 10 minutes. We pulled mullein, telegraph weed, and fireweed around the perimeter. No ants were observed.

10/17/13 J.Kirkpatrick surveyed for ants below the Presentation/ Storage building below the VIS. We searched in areas that were not searched for on 10/1. See map below for survey locations; the blue represents the area surveyed, and the red ant represents the location where we found ants. . The weather was overcast and cool.  Hand Searched and placed baited vials (with spam, peanut butter, and jelly) near green vegetation between the presentation building and the parking lot logs (on the east side). Vials were left out for about 20 min. Ants were not observed on vials. Evening primrose, telegraph weed, mullein and other green invasive plants were pulled. Ants were only observed at one location under an evening primrose.

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10/24/13 J.Kirkpatrick surveyed for ants around the ranger building and the ranger parking area below the VIS. The weather was warm and sunny. No ants were observed.  Hand Searched and placed baited vials (with spam, peanut butter, and jelly) around the perimeter of the ranger building and ranger parking area. I pulled common mullein, fireweed, telegraph weed, and twiggy mullein. No ants were observed. See map below for survey locations. The blue lines represent the survey locations.

11/1/13 J.Kirkpatrick surveyed for ants on the bottom section of the utility road the circles the HP facilities. The weather was warm, windy, and a little misty. Ants were observed at 1 main area along the utilities road and possibly at another location alongside the roadside.  Hand Searched and placed baited vials (with spam, peanut butter, and jelly) about 50 meters apart along the utility roadside. Vials were left out for about 30 min. Common mullein, fireweed, telegraph weed, and twiggy mullein were pulled. Ants were observed at one main area along the utilities road and a possible 2nd location alongside another area of the road. At location 2, a winged individual was observed, that unfortunately escaped (could have been a dispersing queen). See map below for survey and ant locations. The blue lines show the survey locations, the red line shows the main area where ants were observed, and the red icon is the location of the winged individual that could have potentially been an ant queen.

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Recommendations From these incidents:  Set pitfall traps immediately against curbs or structures, test bait efficacy (whiskas cat food)  Sustained monitoring around known infestation sites: weekly for next 3 months, re- evaluate interval thereafter.  Inspect MKSS Hilo offices and south side of HP cafeteria/deck for ants.  Search (bait & hand search) from below cattle guard to HP (approximately 2 1/4 miles of road), quarterly for 1 year.  Investigate use of Granules vs. Spray of Talstar

Future efforts:  With contaminated deliveries, immediately monitor and apply pesticide for ants at site. Repeat this process at least once, generally after ~1 month (in keeping with pesticide label requirements).  Consider adding prophylactic bait/pesticide (MaxForce Complete) in buildings to preclude ant establishment.  More frequent monitoring of ants in HP & VIS parking lots (current monitoring schedule is annual or biannual). For example, in conjunction with quarterly facility monitoring.

References Peck, R.W. and P.C. Banko. 2011. Survey of invasive ants at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge. Hawaiʻi Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report HCSU-027. University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo. .

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Appendix H: Detection and Distribution of Trechus obtusus in the Mauna Kea Science Reserve on Maunakea, Hawaiʻi- Report 2013

Prepared by Jessica Kirkpatrick

Introduction: In July 2012, Trechus obtusus, an invasive Carabid beetle was discovered at Lake Waiʻau and along Mana road on Maunakea, Hawaiʻi by Bishop Museum Entomologists (Evenhuis & Eldredge, 2012). On December 19, 2012 the presence of Trechus obtusus was re-confirmed at Lake Waiʻau in the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve (NAR) by State Entomologist Cynthia King, UH Mānoa Entomologist Jesse Eiben, and Office of Maunakea Management (OMKM) staff Jessica Kirkpatrick. T.obtusus was found under rocks near vegetation in the moist substrate, along the shoreline of Lake Waiʻau while hand searching for arthropods. A total of 5 carabid specimens were collected on December 19, 2012. Around the same time arthropod studies at the lower elevation facility Halepōhaku, found 2 T.obtusus individuals in pitfall traps under vegetation.

Rapid Response is the process of reacting to a recent, not previously detected invasive species. Goals in this process include: identifying known life-history information, determining if the species presents a threat, delineating spatial extent of species distribution, and developing and implementing site-specific management recommendations. The OMKM, in keeping with its invasive species management plan (was in preparation in 2012), initiates rapid response with newly detected non-native species. This report is prepared with the Invasive Species Management Plan in mind, with particular attention applying this experience to the development of general Rapid Response procedures.

Life History: T.obtusus (Figure 1) is native to Europe and North Africa, and was introduced to the Pacific Coast of North America prior to 1925 (Kavanaugh & Erin, 1985). In 1998 it was recorded for the first time at Haleakalā National Park on Maui, making it the first state record for Hawaiʻi (Liebherr& Takumi, 2002). T.obtusus was detected for the first time on Maunakea, Hawaiʻi in July 2012.

T.obtusus is a predaceous ground beetle in the Carabidae family, Trechini tribe; being the only member within its tribe found in Hawaiʻi (Liebherr& Takumi, 2002). Literature research suggests that T.obtusus can live in a broad range of habitats including agricultural land, open woods, marshes, lakeshores, etc. (Lovei & Sunderland, 1996). Other research suggests that this species is commonly found in disturbed or previously disturbed habitats.

Moisture is required for egg and larval development Figure 1: Trechus obtusus stages of the family, Carabidae (Murdoch, 1966). It is common for this species, as with many other carabids, to transform wing morphology from flight to non-flight capable individuals within populations. On Maui for example, the majority of the population during the initial discovery in 1998 displayed

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 98 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management macropterous (long wings, flight capable) hindwings. In 2005 when the populations were resampled, the frequency of brachypterous (short wings, not capable of flight) hindwings had increased (Liebherr & Takumi, 2002 and Liebherr & Krushelnycky, 2007). The T.obtusus specimens found in 2012 on Maunakea display macropterous wings, meaning that they are capable of flight. The actual mechanism for T.obtusus to reach Maunakea is unknown but it is possible that the species has inhabited the slopes of Maunakea for some time now (Evenhuis & Eldredge, 2012).

Threat: The OMKM is concerned with the finding of T.obtusus because carabid beetles are predators and have the ability to predate on or out-compete native arthropods. The greatest concern is its effects on the wēkiu bug, an endemic arthropod found only on summit cinder cones of Maunakea. This concern, along with the draft Invasive Species Management Plan which similarly prioritized invasive predators as management concerns, compels us to research and survey UH-managed areas for T.obtusus.

Methods: Research Design: T.obtusus distribution survey locations occurred at Puʻuwaiʻau, Puʻupōhaku, Puʻuhauʻoki, Puʻuwēkiu, Batch Plant Parking lot, and Poi Bowl from May through July of 2013. Selected locations were based on OMKM native arthropod habitat protection priorities and literature reviews indicating biologically relevant habitat; with surveys randomly distributed across a grid overlay. Additional targeted sampling occurred within these same priority sites, emphasizing specific biological habitats (moist areas, topographic drainage features, soft soils, vegetation) important for larval development.

Grid Sampling: Randomized grid sampling allowed for an unbiased sample and coverage of habitat types throughout priority sites (Puʻu). The priority site(s) extent were delineated in GIS and overlain with a 30 x 30 meter grid. The areas of greatest sampling interest (this may or may not include targeted sampling locations) were outlined in GIS to view topographic features, and exclude features such as the road, steep slopes, etc.). Each cell within the grid was assigned a unique identifier, and coordinates in the center point of each cell were determined in GIS.

Using a random number generator, the cells found within the outlined summit region/ areas of greatest interest were inputted. The first 10 numbers from the number generator were selected (with additional over-selection of cells, in case some cells were inaccessible). Depending on priority site extent, between 3 and 5 (3 having a smaller extent, such as Puʻupōhaku, and 5 having a large extent, such as Poi Bowl) random cells were chosen. If a cell was inaccessible, an alternate cell was visited using the over selection list of random cell sites. Each random grid cell was hand searched for 10 minutes.

Targeted Sampling: Targeted sampling focuses on areas we believe T.obtusus is more likely to occupy based on life- history investigations. Targeted sample locations were identified after grid cells were randomized, prior to conducting field investigations. Targeted sample locations include specific areas that

2014 Invasive & Native Species Monitoring Report Page 99 of 105 Office of Maunakea Management contain moisture; drainage ditches/ canals, road shoulders, the base/ bottom of cinder cones, and areas that contain vegetation. If targeted sample locations fell within the randomly selected grid cell locations, an additional cell was targeted.

Targeted cells were also over- selected in case of inaccessibility. The number of targeted cells was the same as the number of random cells chosen for priority locations. This number was again dependent on priority site extent. For example, Poi Bowl was sampled at 5 random cells and 5 targeted cells. If a cell was inaccessible, an alternate cell was visited using the over selection list of targeted cell sites. Each targeted cell was hand searched for 10 minutes.

Field Methods: The center point coordinates of random cell sampling locations and targeted cell sampling locations were uploaded to the GPS field unit, prior to going in the field. When in the field, sampling occurred within 20 meters of the cell center point. At each individual cell, a 10 minute hand search was conducted. Pitfall traps were placed in a subset of sampled cells (random or targeted).

Hand Searching: Hand searching includes turning over rocks and or searching within the substrate to the ash layer. This occurred within approximately 0-20 meters (maximum) out from the coordinate in any or all directions that could be conducted within a 10 minute search effort. Usually effective hand searching is practiced on the ground level, where sitting and scooting is an effective way to find arthropods.

Hand searching differed between substrate types. For example if there were larger rocks and a low proportion of cinder, larger rocks were overturned and observed. If there was a higher proportion of cinder and very few large rocks then hand searching was conducted by hand brushing over the substrate. Observed T.obtusus individuals were recorded and collected.

Pitfall Traps: Not all priority sites contained pitfall traps. The placement and quantity of pitfall traps were based on field opinion and was not consistent throughout the study. Field opinion was based on substrate type, forecasted weather conditions, time constraints, and possible location effectiveness. Pitfall tap placement and hand searching occurred simultaneously. So placing pitfall traps did not decrease the number of hand searches conducted.

Pitfall trap methods duplicate pitfall traps used in ongoing Arthropod Biodiversity Study, and Annual Wēkiu Bug Monitoring projects. In general, baited pitfall traps are used to capture crawling arthropods that are attracted to bait. This pitfall trap design also keeps arthropods alive by providing them with food and water until they are retrieved. Pitfall traps were baited with tuna. Trap supplies include two plastic cups (per trap) - one cup with a hole and a wick, a cap rock, can of tuna (in water), and water. Cup holes and wicks were assembled prior to field work.

Traps were retrieved after 3 to 5 days. Captured wēkiu bugs were recorded and released. Observed T.obtusus individuals were recorded and collected.

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Sampling Locations: Sampled locations include, Puʻuwaiʻau, Puʻupōhaku, Poi Bowl, Batch Plant parking lot, Puʻuhauʻoki, and Puʻuwēkiu.

Puʻuwaiʻau was sampled first because we know that T.obtusus inhabits that area, and February- March 2013 weather conditions brought snow. If the beetle survived the weather at Lake Waiʻau, then it is possible to find it at other sample locations as well.

 Puʻuwaiʻau: is located within Figure 2: Pu'uwaiau Sampling Locations the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve, and contains a lake. This location was chosen because it is the location in which we discovered T.obtusus, and literature review suggests moisture (Lake Waiʻau) is desirable habitat for carabid larvae. Wēkiu bugs are rarely found within Puʻuwaiʻau, although recent monitoring has documented their presence.

o 5 random cells were sampled at Puʻuwaiau. Random cells include B-09, D-05, I-11, I-14, and I-17. Extra cells in the event that identified cells are inaccessible include J-08, M-12, B-08, O- 13, and H-05. o 5 targeted cells in addition to those randomly selected, include C-09, D-13, E-12, F-11, and F-12.

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Figure 3: Pu'upōhaku Sampling Locations

 Puʻupōhaku: is located within the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve, and contains an intermittent lake on its summit. We chose this location because of its proximity to Lake Waiʻau (where T.obtusus occurs), and its potential to hold moisture. Puʻupōhaku is also suitable wēkiu bug habitat. Puʻupōhaku is an area that is rarely visited by scientists or visitors, and therefore is a great place to determine if the beetle arrived at Puʻupōhaku due to flight immigration. If T.obtusus is observed on Puʻupōhaku, then we could imply that the beetle is dispersing via flight or wind.

o 4 random cells were sampled at Puʻupōhaku. Random cells include B-3, D-2, E-3, and E-5. Extra cells in the event that identified cells are inaccessible include F-5, D-3, C-2, D-4, and D- 7. o 4 targeted cells in addition to those randomly selected include B-8, C-8, D-5 and E-6.

 Poi Bowl: Poi Bowl is located within the Astronomy Precinct; it’s surrounding slopes and base is a portion of a at least Figure 4: Poi Bowl Sampling Locations 3 different Puʻu on Maunakea's summit region. This location has been selected because of its bowl shaped topology that may contain more moisture than other areas, and its proximity to the road and other telescope facilities. Poi Bowl is suitable wēkiu bug habitat. o 5 random cells were sampled at Poi Bowl. Random cells

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include C-12, F-11, I-12, K-10, and N-10. Extra cells in the event that identified cells are inaccessible include E-14, G-12, N-14, O-10, and N-13. o 5 targeted cells were sampled in addition to Figure 5: Pu'u Wēkiu Sampling Locations those randomly selected cells and include E-07, F-08, H- 04, I-05, and K-06.

 Puʻuwēkiu: Puʻuwēkiu is located within the Astronomy Precinct, and is the highest pu’u on Maunakea. We have chosen this location because it is suitable wēkiu bug habitat, and commonly visited by visitors and cultural practitioners. There is a summit lele on Puʻuwēkiu where offerings are frequently placed.

o 5 random cells out will be sampled at Puʻuwēkiu. Random cells include D-15, G-18, H-14, N- 13, and O-17. Extra cells in the event that identified cells are inaccessible include P-14, I-16, H-9, and O-13. o 5 targeted cells in addition to those randomly selected include J-20, K-15, L-14, M-13, and M-15.

Figure 6: Pu‘uhauʻoki Sampling Locations  Puʻuhauʻoki: is located within the Astronomy Precinct, and is on the west side of Maunakea. Keck and Subaru observatories stand on the rim of Pu‘uhauʻoki crater. We have chosen this location because it contains moisture, and is suitable wēkiu bug habitat.

o 3 random cells were sampled at Pu‘uhauʻoki. Random cells include B-08, H-06, and I-06.

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Extra cells in the event that identified cells are inaccessible include E-07, and B-05. o 3 targeted cells in addition to those randomly selected include E-06, F-05, and F-07.

Figure 7: Batch Plant Parking Lot Sampling Locations

 Batch Plant Parking Lot: The batch plant parking lot is partially within the astronomy precinct. The batch plant parking lot is the area where cement was mixed for the construction of facilities. It also contains port-a-potties, and a common parking lot for visitors to park when hiking to Lake Waiʻau. We have chosen this location because of visitor frequency, and the restroom facility. This area is also a good location because it may contain moisture, has been previously disturbed, and contains more than one substrate types.

o 3 random cells were sampled at the Batch Plant Parking Lot. Random cells include B-2, B-4, and E-4. Extra cells in the event that identified cells are inaccessible include E-3, A-2, and D- 4. o 3 targeted cells in addition to those randomly selected include B-5, C-5, and E-6.

Results:

 Puʻuwaiʻau: A total of 10 sites were sampled, 5 targeted, 5 random and 3 pitfall traps were placed for 3 days. T.obtusus was not observed in this sample effort.  Puʻupōhaku: A total of 8 sites were sampled, 4 targeted, 4 random, and 3 pitfall traps were placed for 3 days. T.obtusus was not observed in this sample effort.  Poi Bowl: A total of 10 sites were sampled, 5 targeted, 5 random, and 3 pitfall traps were placed for 3 days. T.obtusus was not observed in this sample effort.  Puʻuwēkiu: A total of 10 sites were sampled, 5 targeted, 5 random, and 3 pitfall traps were placed for 3 days. T.obtusus was not observed in this sampling effort.  Puʻuhauʻoki: A total of 6 sites were sampled, 3 targeted, 4 random, and 3 pitfall traps were placed for 3 days. T.obtusus was not observed in this sample effort.  Batch Plant Parking Lot: A total of 6 sites were sampled, 3 targeted, and 3 random. T.obtusus was not observed in this sample effort.

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Discussion: Although T.obtusus was not observed in this sample effort, it was detected at Lake Waiʻau before and after the survey. These findings could lead us to infer that perhaps our sample methods/design were not sufficient to detect the species, T.obtusus populations are low, or variable and difficult to detect, or the species is not present. The alpine region is extensive, so it's difficult to be confident in the presence or absence of the species. But we can be somewhat confident in our survey results because T.obtusus require specific habitat (similar to HP and Lake Waiau; moisture and vegetation) that seems to be non- existent in all selected survey locations except Puʻuwaiʻau.

Management Recommendations: Annual invasive arthropod monitoring should continue at Lake Waiʻau, throughout the Mauna Kea Science Reserve, and at Halepōhaku, with specific attention on T.obtusus. At this point in time T.obtusus seems to have a minimal impact on habitat and native arthropods, and from our findings, is restricted to a specific area at Lake Waiʻau. No treatment or control actions are recommended at this time.

References: Evenhuis, N. L. and L. G. Eldredge (2013). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers: Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2012. N. Evenhuis. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 114: 57.

Kavanaugh, D. H. and T. Erwin (1985). "Trechus obtusus Erichson (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a European Ground Beetle, on the Pacific Coast of North America: Its Distribution, Introduction, and Spread." Pan-Pacific Entomologist 61(2): 170-179.

Liebher, J. K. and R. Takumi (2002). "Introduction and Distributional Expansion of Trechus obtusus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Maui, Hawaii." Pacific Science 56(4): 365-375.

Liebherr, J. and P. Krushelnycky (2007). Unfortunate encounters? Novel interactions of native Mecyclothorax, alien Trechus obtusus (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and Argentine ant (Linepithema humile, Hymenoptera: Formicidae) across a Hawaiian landscape. Beetle Conservation. T. R. New, Springer Netherlands: 61-73.

Lovei, G. L. and K. D. Sunderland (1996). "Ecology and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." Annual Review of Entomology 41: 231-256.

Murdoch, W. W. (1967). "Life History Patterns of Some British Carabidae (Coleoptera) and Their Ecological Significance." Oikos 18(Fasc 1): 25-32.

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