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Sucidology Online Open Access Journal Volume 6 | Number 2 | 2015 ISSN 2078-5488 Sucidology Online open access journal Editor-in-chief: Marco Sarchiapone Co-Editor Zoltán Rihmer www.suicidology-online.com Suicidology Online 2015; VOL. 6 (2). ISSN 2078-5488 Table of Contents Editorial Risk and protective factors associated with attitudes toward suicide pg. II Marco Sarchiapone Reviews The anti-suicidal effect of Lithium in drinking water: A short review pg. 1 Daniel Koenig, Jakob M. Klein, Victor Blueml & Nestor D. Kapusta Quality of Medical Reporting of Self-Poisoning Cases in a Teaching Hospital, pg. 13 Islamabad, Pakistan Umbreen Akhtar, Nabeel Muzaffar Syed, Iftikhar A. Malik, Ibrar Rafique, Junaid A. Bhatti Original Articles Suicide mortality, suicidal ideation and psychological problems in Dutch pg. 21 anaesthesiologists Marieke Liem , A. Liong Liem, Eric P.A. van Dongen, Ina C. Carels, Marjan van Egmond, and Ad J.F.M. Kerkhof Suicide attempts among incarcerated homicide offenders pg. 27 Katie Dhingra, Daniel Boduszek, Philip Hyland & Sonia Shagufta Variations in Suicidal Ideation Among Substance Users pg. 35 Erica Nichols, Jennifer L. Callahan & Craig Neumann The importance of many informants in PA studies pg. 47 Gudrun Dieserud, Antoon A. Leenaars, Kari Dyregrov Public disgrace and financial gain: Punishment of suicide in Mechelen (Belgium) pg. 56 1366-1795 Karl Andriessen & Karolina Krysinska Qualitative Research Planning on Dying to Live: A Qualitative Exploration of the Alleviation of Suicidal pg. 61 Distress by Having a Suicide Plan Sarah L. Brand, Susanne Gibson & Outi Benson Essay Self-immolation and Suicide Attacks: An Interpretive Approach to Self- pg. 69 destruction as a Political Act among the Young B. C. Ben Park I Suicidology Online 2015; VOL. 6 (2). ISSN 2078-5488 Editorial Risk and protective factors associated with attitudes toward suicide Marco Sarchiapone 1,2,3 1 Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy 2 National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (NIHMP), Rome, Italy 3 "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy A very useful model for describing and twins in comparison to dizygotic twins (18% vs. 0.7%) studying suicidal behaviors is the Multifactorial Model and Schulsinger et al. (1979) which reported a suicide of Diseases, developed by Mośckici (1997) that frequency 6-fold greater among biological relatives of permit to define outlines a “map” of risk and adoptees with suicidal behaviours without suicidal protective factors of a subject towards suicide. behaviours in families of adoptive parents. Currently, The risk factors, divided into distal (or various approaches are used for the understanding of predisposing) and proximal (or potentiating) factors, the role of genetics in the suicidal risk, confirming the represent respectively an underlying vulnerability for implication of genetic a predisposition to suicidal a particular condition or event, that is that a person behaviours, even if with some opposing results. may be at risk for the condition at some time in the The presence of negative life future and an immediate vulnerability for a particular events/stressors, as the impossibility to receive condition or event, which is acting as precipitating familiar and social support, immigration, job loss or factors. retirement and the presence of chronic medical Among the predisposing factors, a key role is conditions or with inauspicious prognosis may be occupied by the presence of psychiatric disorders: considered, instead, as a potentiating risk factor for more than 90% of people died by suicide had a suicide (Rowe, Walker, Britton, & Hirsch, 2013). diagnosable mental disorder (Bertolote, Fleischmann, Self-harm thoughts and behaviours are De Leo, & Wasserman, 2003), especially mood strong predictor of completed and it’s also important disorders (56 -87%), schizophrenia (6 -13%) to take into account that the risk to commit a suicide (Kredentser, Martens, Chochinov, & Prior, 2014) and is higher when the individual is experiencing the substance abuse (26-55%) (Schneider, 2009). acute phase of a psychiatric disorders, especially Also specific socio-demographic factors can psychosis, often accompanied by psychomotor be considered as predisposing factors, as for agitation, irritability, inner tension, racing/crowded example, to be a white man, have less than 20 years thoughts, persecutory ideation, anxiety, and and over 45, never married, widowed, divorced, hallucinations (Nishiyama & Matsumoto, 2013). separated or living alone, is the profile of person with The model conceived from Mośckici identify a higher risk of suicide. a suicidal threshold determined by the sum of To these distal factors must be added some predisposing factors, to whom are added the personality traits, as impulsivity and aggression, a potentiating factors, determining the transition from family history of suicide and presence of a psychiatric a suicidal ideation to a suicidal act. This threshold, disease in the parents, which are related to an higher moreover, is influenced by protective factors. rate of suicidality (Lyons-Ruth, Bureau, Holmes, To date, protective factors have not been Easterbrooks, & Brooks, 2013). studied as extensively or rigorously as risk factors, but The genetic factors play an important role their understanding are, however, equally as among the predisposing factors for suicide, as important as researching risk factors. demonstrated by the historic epidemiological studies One the principal protective factor is the on families by Roy and Segal (2001) which described possibility to guarantee the access to effective an increase in concordance for suicide in monozygotic psychological clinical care for mental health, as it's II Suicidology Online 2015; VOL. 6 (2). ISSN 2078-5488 widely recognized that to lower the risk of suicide is Bertolote, J. M., Fleischmann, A., De Leo, D., & fundamental treat the underlying psychological Wasserman, D. (2003). Suicide and mental disorder. Equally important is making sure that the disorders: do we know enough? The British person in distress can seek help on their own, Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental overcoming the shame and the stigma to telling their Science, 183, 382–383. discomfort. Calear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., & Christensen, H. Reducing the availability of lethal means is (2014). Predictors of help-seeking for suicidal indispensable to reduce the risk of suicide. It was ideation in the community: Risks and demonstrated that in the countries in which these opportunities for public suicide prevention restrictions are adopted, a declines in suicide rates of campaigns. Psychiatry Research, 219(3), as much as 30%–50% was found (Barber & Miller, 525–530. 2014). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.0 Cultural value and religion beliefs and also 27 the family and the social support can be very helpful in person with suicidal behavior. Kredentser, M. S., Martens, P. J., Chochinov, H. M., & Keeping clear the distinction between Prior, H. J. (2014). Cause and rate of death in predisposing, precipitating and protective factors is people with schizophrenia across the important for the research and also for the lifespan: a population-based study in development of effective intervention strategies Manitoba, Canada. The Journal of Clinical since it was demonstrated that planning prevention Psychiatry, 75(2), 154–161. programs, the strategies used and their potential http://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08711 effectiveness, are likely to differ depending on the Lyons-Ruth, K., Bureau, J.-F., Holmes, B., nature of the targeted risk factors (Mościcki, 1997). Easterbrooks, A., & Brooks, N. H. (2013). Identifying the risk and protective factors is Borderline symptoms and suicidality/self- essential for the mental health professionals, in order injury in late adolescence: prospectively to have the correct information to assess and manage observed relationship correlates in infancy suicide risk in populations or specific at risk groups, and childhood. Psychiatry Research, 206(2- and also for the general population, to promote the 3), 273–281. suicide knowledge, recognize signs and symptoms http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.0 and increase the attitudes to ask for help (Calear, 30 Batterham, & Christensen, 2014) . The papers published in this issue provide an Mościcki, E. K. (1997). Identification of suicide risk original overview of some risk factors and protective factors using epidemiologic studies. The for the suicidal behaviour, in specific cultural and Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20(3), professional contest, such as in particular at-risk 499–517. group. The theme of risk and protective factors are Rowe, C. A., Walker, K. L., Britton, P. C., & Hirsch, J. K. presented in different way, as it possible to find (2013). The relationship between negative original articles, qualitative research, and also an life events and suicidal behavior: moderating essay and two reviews. role of basic psychological needs. Crisis, 34(4), 233–241. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000173 References Roy, A., & Segal, N. L. (2001). Suicidal behavior in Angst, J., Hengartner, M. P., Rogers, J., Schnyder, U., twins: a replication. Journal of Affective Steinhausen, H.-C., Ajdacic-Gross, V., & Disorders, 66(1), 71–74. Rössler, W. (2014). Suicidality in the prospective Zurich study: prevalence, risk Schneider, B. (2009). Substance use disorders and risk factors and gender. European Archives of for completed suicide. Archives of Suicide Psychiatry
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