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MACADAMIA NUT (Macadamia Integrifolia)

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MACADAMIA NUT (Macadamia Integrifolia) See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321904724 MACADAMIA NUT (Macadamia integrifolia) Chapter · March 2017 CITATIONS READS 0 477 5 authors, including: M. K. Verma Ashok Yadav Indian Agricultural Research Institute ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 196 PUBLICATIONS 307 CITATIONS 53 PUBLICATIONS 44 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Nayan Deepak G Sunil Kumar Indian Agricultural Research Institute National Research Centre for Litchi 7 PUBLICATIONS 9 CITATIONS 30 PUBLICATIONS 23 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Study on soil hydrothermal environment under natural and synthetic mulch View project Improvement of Grapes for Desirable Horticultural Traits. View project All content following this page was uploaded by M. K. Verma on 11 February 2021. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. CHAPTER 28 MACADAMIA NUT (Macadamia integrifolia) M.K. Verma, Ashok Yadav, Nayan Deepak G., K. Usha and Sunil Kumar 1. INTRODUCTION CONTENTS The Macadamia nut, is known by several names like Queensland nut, Australian nut, 1. Introduction ...............................................583 Bopple nut, Bauple nut, popple nut, kindal, 2. History, Origin and Distribution .................584 boombera, burrawang (Hardner et al., 3. Area and Production .................................585 2005) and considered as world finest 4. Taxonomy ...................................................585 nut. The Macadamia nut, M. integrifolia 5. Species ......................................................586 is a relative newcomer among crop plants 6. Cultivars ....................................................588 of the world. It is the first and only native 7. Propagation ...............................................591 food plant of Australia, which has 8. Cultivation .................................................592 achieved the status of a commercial crop. 9. Quality Characteristics and Maximum commercial development has Maturity Indices ........................................601 taken place in Hawaii during the last 60 10. Harvesting ..................................................601 years (Sharma et al., 2015). It is mainly 11. Yield ..........................................................601 grown in tropical climates of Australia, 12. Post Harvest Management ........................602 Brazil, Indonesia, Kenya, New Zealand 13. Value Addition ...........................................603 and South Africa. Among these Australia 14. Trade and Marketing .................................603 is the largest producer of Macadamia 15. Effect of Climate Change on nuts; whereas, nut in the Hawaii are the Macadamia Nut.........................................604 most delicious in taste and their delicate 16. Future Research Plan ................................605 flavour and crunchy texture makes them 17. Organic Cultivation ....................................605 a delight to consume. It is a dark green spreading semi hard wood tree and can grow up to 20 meters (Duke, 2001). Nutritive value of macadamia nut has been presented in the Table 1. Macadamia nuts are world’s most delicious nut with small in size, crispy buttery flavoured nuts. Apart from being delicious, these nuts are good sources of protein and minerals with sweet in taste and can be eaten either raw from the shell, dry roasted or 584 MINOR FRUITS: NUTRACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE AND CULTIVATION cooked in oil. Macadamia nuts are a high energy food, commonly used in preparations of cakes, confectionery, ice cream, salads, roasts and casseroles to enhance the savour. Macadamia nuts are one of the only food sources that contain palmitoleic acid. Palmitoleic acid is a beneficiary fatty acid, found higher in human liver. These acid increases insulin sensitivity by suppressing inflammation, as well as inhibits the destruction of insulin secreting pancreatic beta cells. Table 1: Nutritive value of the Macadamia nut Nutrient Value Nutrient Value Nutrient Value Energy 718 Kcal Pyridoxine 0.275 mg Manganese 4.131 mg Carbohydrates 13.82 g Riboflavin 0.162 mg Phosphorus 188 mg Protein 7.91 g Thiamin 1.195 mg Selenium 3.6 mcg Total Fat 75.77 g Vitamin A 0 IU Zinc 1.30 mg Cholesterol 0 mg Vitamin C 1.2 mg Sodium 5 mg Dietary Fiber 8.6 g Vitamin E 0.24 mg Potassium 368 mg Folates 11 mcg Calcium 85 mg Phyto­sterols 116 mcg Niacin 2.473 mg Copper 0.756 mg ß­sitosterol 108 mcg Pantothenic acid 0.758 mg Iron 3.69 mg Source: USDA National Nutrient data base (www.nutrition­and­you.com) 2. HISTORY, ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION The macadamia nut has originated in Australia, more precisely in the rain forests of the south­eastern Queensland and north­eastern New South Wales whereas he present day macadamia nut is credited to have developed in Hawaii, and from there the crop further moved to East Africa. Isolated tree of this nut are found in number of south­ east­Asian countries. In the 1850’s, a German­Australian physician and botanist called Ferdinand von Mueller discovered the macadamia nut and decided to name the genus after a colleague. His name was John Macadam. Von Mueller was a noted chemist and physician who encouraged macadamia nut cultivation. The macadamia genus consists of eight species, two of which produce nuts which are a viable food source. This genus of flowering trees is found in the family Proteaceae, and most of them actually produce poisonous or inedible nuts. They are mainly found in Australia with a species or two growing in Indonesia and New Caledonia. Macadamia nuts trees were imported to Hawaii for cultivation in the 1880s for growing as a windbreak and later in 1930; its commercial potential for dessert nut was developed by university of Hawaii. Nowadays, most macadamia plantations thrive in Hawaii. It is distribute mainly in tropical climates of Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Peru, Fiji, Kenya, Israel, Colombia, Venezuela, New Zealand, South Africa and Tanzania. MACADAMIA NUT 585 3. AREA AND PRODUCTION Presently Australia and Hawaii are the largest producing areas of macadamia with others including eastern and southern Africa, and Central and Latin America. Northern New South Wales and south­eastern Queensland are the region having high production of macadamia nuts in Australia. Hawaii accounting 70 percent of total macadamia production worldwide followed by Australia, around 22 percent, rest is produced by other countries including Malawi, South Africa, Kenya, Guatemala, Mexico, Brazil, Costa Rica, New Zealand, California and China. 4. TAXONOMY It belongs to the family Proteaceae of which about 1000 species exist including the Banksias, Grevilleas, Stenocarpus, Dryandra, Hakea and Telope (Mc Conachie, 1980~ BenJeecov and Silber, 2006). Proteaceae, is an ancient angiosperm family whose initial differentiation from ancestral forms occurred in the southeast of Australia 90­100 million years ago. The family is well known for other genera such as Banksia, Grevillea, and Hakea. Proteaceae appear to have been a major component of the early angiosperm dominated rainforests which once covered most of Australia. Macadamia were probably widely distributed within these early forests as evidenced by macadamia type fossil pollen recorded in sediments in southeast Australia, central coastal Queensland and New Zealand. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Proteales Family: Proteaceae Genus: Macadamia Species: (i) integrifolia, (ii) ternifolia, (iii) tetraphylla 4.1. Cytogenetic All three species have the identical somatic chromosome number of 2n = 28. This report was the first on the chromosome numbers of M. ternifolia and M. tetraphylla. These numbers were determined from root tips of M. ternifolia and M. tetraphylla seedlings, and from dividing microsporocytes in M. tetraphylla. The chromosome number of M. integrifolia was first reported by Darlington and Wylie (1955) as 2n = 28 (56), as a previously unpublished number determined by Ukio Urata of the University of Hawaii. The 56 in parentheses refers to a clone, Y279, which was discovered to be tetraploid. Later, Urata (1954) published the numbers as n = 14 and n = 28. 586 MINOR FRUITS: NUTRACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE AND CULTIVATION 5. SPECIES According to Costello et al. (2008) the genus consists of nine species. The species native to Australia are Macadamia integrifolia, M. tetraphylla, M. ternifolia, M. jansenii, M. whelani, M. claudiensis and M. grandis, whereas M neurophylla is native to New Caledonia and M. hildebrandii is native to Sulawesi in Indonesia. However, only the smooth shelled (Macadamia integrifolia) and the rough shelled (Macadamia tetraphylla) are cultivated for their edible nuts (Peace et al., 2003) as M. ternifolia produces tiny nuts with a bitter flavoured kernel (Mc Conachie, 1980). The two edible Macadamia species are classified according to among other characteristics, number of leaves in a nodal whorl (phyllotaxy), leaf type, leaf marginal serrations and colour of new growth (Ryan, 2006). The Genus Macadamia (family­Proteaceae), as presently understood, comprises ten species of tropical and subtropical evergreen trees (Table 2). Table 2: List of Macadamia species S.No. Species Origin 1 M. hildebrandii Steenis Celebes 2 M. Rousselii (Veill.) Sleumer New Caledonia 3 M. veillardii (Brongn. and Gris.) Sleumer 4 M. francii (Guill.) Sleumer 5 M. whelani F.M. Bail. Eastern Australia 6 M. ternifolia F. Muell.
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