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Assessment of Sensor Technologies for Advanced Reactors

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Assessment of Sensor Technologies for Advanced Reactors ORNL/TM-2016/337 R1 ASSESSMENT OF SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADVANCED REACTORS K. Korsah1 R. A. Kisner1, C. L. Britton Jr.1 P. Ramuhalli2, D. W. Wootan2, N. C. 2 2 2 Approved for public release. Anheier Jr. , A. A. Diaz , E. H. Hirt Distribution is unlimited. R. Vilim3, H. T. Chien3, S. Bakhtiari3, S. Sheen3, S. Gopalsami3, A. Heifetz3, S. W. Tam3, Y. Park3 B .R. Upadhyaya4, A. Stanford4 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 3Argonne National Laboratory 4The University of Tennessee DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website http://www.osti.gov/scitech/ Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange representatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ORNL/TM-2016/337 R1 Electrical and Electronics Systems Research Division ASSESSMENT OF SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADVANCED REACTORS Kofi Korsah, R.A. Kisner, C.L. Britton Jr., ORNL Pradeep Ramuhalli, D. W. Wootan, N.C. Anheier Jr., A. A. Diaz, E. H. Hirt, PNNL Richard B. Vilim, H. T. Chien, S. Bakhtiari, S. Sheen, S. Gopalsami, A. Heifetz, S.W. Tam, Y. Park, ANL Belle R. Upadhyaya, Austin Stanford, UTK August 2016 Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6283 Managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... IX ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................... X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... XII 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scope of Study .............................................................................................................................. 2 2. OVERVIEW AND OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................... 3 2.1 High Temperature Reactors .......................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Gas-cooled Reactors ..................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1.1 Basic Categories ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1.2 Historical Development of Gas Reactors...................................................................................... 5 2.1.1.3 Process Variables for High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors .................................................. 15 2.1.2 Molten Salt Reactors .................................................................................................................. 18 2.1.2.1 An Overview ............................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.2.2 Basic Characteristics ................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2.3 Historical Development .............................................................................................................. 23 2.1.2.4 Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) .................................................................................. 23 2.2 Fast Reactors ............................................................................................................................... 24 3. FACTORS INFLUENCING MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS ................................................. 29 3.1 Reactor Operating Regimes ........................................................................................................ 29 3.1.1 Gas Reactors ............................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.2 Molten Salt Reactors .................................................................................................................. 29 3.1.2.1 MSRE Sensors ............................................................................................................................ 30 3.1.3 Fast Reactors ............................................................................................................................... 32 3.2 Test versus Demonstration Reactors: Pros and Cons ................................................................ 32 3.3 Instrumentation Design Requirements ....................................................................................... 33 4. LIMITATIONS OF PAST MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES ..................................................... 35 4.1 Operating Experience ................................................................................................................. 35 4.1.1 Gas Reactor Operating Experience ............................................................................................. 35 4.1.1.1 Temperature measurement.......................................................................................................... 35 4.1.1.2 Neutron flux detectors ................................................................................................................ 39 4.1.1.3 Moisture and Gas Analyzers ....................................................................................................... 42 4.1.1.4 Stress and strain .......................................................................................................................... 43 4.1.1.5 Pressure ....................................................................................................................................... 43 4.1.1.6 Flow Rate .................................................................................................................................... 43 4.1.1.7 Measurement Challenges ............................................................................................................ 44 4.1.2 Molten Salt Reactor Operating Experience ................................................................................ 44 4.1.2.1 Molten Salt Reactor Experiment ................................................................................................ 44 4.1.3 Sodium Fast Reactors ................................................................................................................. 48 4.1.3.1 EBR-II Operating Experience ..................................................................................................... 48 4.1.3.2 FFTF Sensor Operating Experience ........................................................................................... 48 4.1.3.3 Neutron Flux ............................................................................................................................... 49 4.1.3.4 Flow Measurements .................................................................................................................... 49 4.1.3.5 Pressure ....................................................................................................................................... 49 4.1.3.6 Liquid-Metal Leak Detection ..................................................................................................... 51 4.1.3.7 Cover Gas Activity ..................................................................................................................... 51 4.1.3.8 Temperature ................................................................................................................................ 51 4.1.3.9 Level ......................................................................................................................................
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