Kahana Solar Project Glare Analysis Report

Prepared for: Kahana Solar, LLC

April 2021 Kahana Solar Project Glare Analysis Report

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Project Description ...... 1 1.2 Glint vs. Glare ...... 3 1.3 Solar Glare Hazard Analysis Tool ...... 3 2.0 FAA Analysis Recommendations ...... 4 3.0 Glare Analysis Methods ...... 5 3.1 Glare Analysis Inputs ...... 5 3.2 Glare Analysis Assumptions ...... 6 4.0 Glare Analysis Results ...... 7 4.1 Analysis 1: Backtracking at 0 degrees resting ...... 7 4.2 Analysis 2: No Backtracking ...... 8 5.0 Summary ...... 8 6.0 References ...... 10

List of Figures

Figure 1. PV Array Areas Figure 2. PV Array Area and Receptors Figure 3. Airport Receptors

List of Tables

Table 1. Analysis Design Parameters ...... 5 Table 2. Analysis Input Features ...... 6 Table 3. Analysis 1 Annual Minutes of Glare Summary ...... 8 Table 4. Analysis 2 Annual Minutes of Glare Summary ...... 8 Table 5. Project Glare Summary ...... 9

List of Appendices

Appendix A. Project Layout Appendix B. Notice Criteria Tool Output Appendix C. ForgeSolar Glare Analysis Reports

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1.0 Introduction

At the request of Kahana Solar, LLC (Kahana Solar), Tetra Tech, Inc. (Tetra Tech) conducted a glare analysis of the proposed Kahana Solar Project (Project). The Project will consist of a 20-megawatt 1 (MWAC ) solar photovoltaic (PV) system coupled with a 80-megawatt-hour (MWh) battery energy storage system as well as ancillary support infrastructure. The PV solar panels will be installed on a single-axis tracking system which will rotate the panels to keep them looking directly at the sun as it moves across the sky from east to west during the day. The Project will be primarily located on tax map key (TMK) 4-3-001:017, owned by Maui Land & Pineapple Company, approximately 1.2-miles mauka of the Kapalua Airport.

With growing numbers of solar energy systems being proposed and installed throughout the United States, the potential impact of glare (a continuous source of bright light) from PV panels is receiving increased attention. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed a Technical Guidance for Evaluating Selected Solar Technologies on Airports in 2010 (FAA 2010). The FAA guidance recommends that glare analyses should be performed on a site-specific basis using the Sandia Laboratories Solar Glare Hazard Analysis Tool (SGHAT). This guidance applies to solar facilities located on/near airport property but is also considered to be an industry best practice for solar facilities in general.

Tetra Tech conducted a glare analysis using the SGHAT software through an online tool (GlareGauge) hosted by ForgeSolar. Glare was analyzed from representative observation points (OPs) around the Project associated with residential and public interest view points; and the final approach flight paths associated with Kapalua Airport (JHM). This report provides the results of the glare analyses and assesses whether the Project is anticipated to create glare-related impacts to the surrounding community and/or the surrounding airports. Included as appendices are the Project Layout that formed the basis of the analysis (Appendix A), the FAA Notice Criteria Tool output (Appendix B), and the glare analysis reports generated through the use of the ForgeSolar tool (Appendix C).

1.1 Project Description The solar arrays and associated infrastructure will be sited within a 380-acre Project Area2. Appendix A shows the Project Area and the Project Layout. The Project Area is located on and surrounded by mostly vacant, fallow agricultural land, previously used for commercial pineapple and sugar cane cultivation. Pineapple operations ceased in 2009, and the land is currently undeveloped (Munekiyo Hiraga 2019;

1 A 20-MWAC project means the Project has a generation capacity of up to 20 MW of alternating current (AC) electricity at one moment in time. 2 The Project Study Area used for resource surveys (i.e. archaeological, biological, waters, etc.) encompasses approximately 412 acres. The Project Study Area includes the 380-acre Project Area referred to in this report plus an additional 32 acres associated with the Project’s main access road which will follow an existing agricultural road extending from the intersection of Honoapiʻilani Highway and Akahele Street, south of the Kapalua Airport, then mauka to the Project Area. This memorandum focuses on the portion of the Project where solar panels will be sited and therefore refers to the 380-acre Project Area.

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Pacific Legacy, in prep). The former agricultural fields in the Project Area are separated into four areas by the gulches that run east-west through the Project Area. The solar PV system will consist of a series of photovoltaic panels mounted on a solar tracker racking system as well as related electrical equipment. The panels will be arranged in north-south oriented rows within four solar array areas, each surrounded by security fencing set back a minimum of 100 feet from the top of the gulches. Each solar array area is labeled on Figure 2 as follows (south to north): Area 1, Area 2, Area 3, Area 4. The total area within the four fenced areas is 220 acres. Other major components of the Project located within the 220-acre fenced area include: a network of electrical collector lines, battery energy storage and inverter units, step-up transformers, a collector substation and transformer, a Maui Electric switchyard and an overhead 69-kV transmission line (less than 400 feet in length), internal access roads, and temporary laydown (i.e., staging) areas for construction.

For purposes of evaluating impacts and demonstrating compliance with the applicable county and state review criteria, Tetra Tech has analyzed a proposed Project Layout, as shown in Appendix A. However, the final design is anticipated to have a smaller footprint. Kahana Solar anticipates that the maximum total acreage covered with solar panels in the final design will include approximately 65 acres. Therefore, for purposes of evaluating the potential for glare, Kahana Solar assumes the Project solar panels will cover a maximum of 65 acres, will be located within the four solar array areas identified in Appendix A, and will be sited no closer than 100 feet from the top of the gulches.

The main access route to the solar array areas would utilize an existing (to be improved) agricultural access road that extends from the intersection of Honoapiʻilani Highway and Akahele Street and would pass through TMK 4-3-001:082 (owned by Maui Ocean View LP) and 4-3-001:084 (owned by ML&P) to access TMK 4-3-001:017 (owned by ML&P). Project access via the Honoapi’ilani Highway access road may be replaced by the Maui Ocean View LP road network if the Pulelehua residential community is constructed on TMK 4-3-001:082 during the construction or operational period of the Project. A network of existing (to be improved) and new on‐site access roads will be utilized within the solar array areas on TMK 4-3-001:017.

Immediately surrounding the Project Area is mostly vacant fallow agricultural land. West of the Project Area is the Kapalua Airport and east of the Project Area are mostly vacant forested lands including the Pu‘u Kukui Watershed Preserve. Immediately south of the Project Area are several parcels owned by the Department of Hawaiian Homelands (DHHL). DHHL is proposing to develop these parcels into the Honokōwai Homestead Community, an agricultural/residential community on approximately 800 acres of land. The closest existing residential areas to the Project Area is the Ka‘anapali Coffee Farms agricultural community, located approximately 1 mile southwest of the Project Area, and the Kahana Ridge neighborhood and houses off Ala Hoku Place, located approximately 1.4 miles makai of the Project Area. The area between Honoapi‘ilani Highway and Kapalua Airport is currently vacant land; however, the Pulelehua residential community is proposed in this area. The Napili-Honokōwai resort area is located 1.6 miles west of the Project Area.

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1.2 Glint vs. Glare As an industry standard, the term “glint and glare analysis” is typically used to describe an analysis of potential ocular impacts to defined receptors. As a point of clarification, ForgeSolar defines glint and glare in the following statement:

Glint is typically defined as a momentary flash of bright light, often caused by a reflection off a moving source. A typical example of glint is a momentary solar reflection from a moving car. Glare is defined as a continuous source of bright light. Glare is generally associated with stationary objects, which, due to the slow relative movement of the sun, reflect sunlight for a longer duration (Sandia Laboratories 2016).

Based on the ForgeSolar definitions of glint and glare and that the Project’s PV panels will not likely rotate faster than the relative daily motion of the sun, the potential reflectance from the Project modeled throughout this report will be referred to as glare.

Glare is categorized by the SGHAT online tool, GlareGauge, into three tiers of severity (ocular hazards) that are shown by different colors in the model output:

• Red glare: glare predicted with a potential for permanent eye damage (retinal burn)

• Yellow glare: glare predicted with a potential for temporary after-image

• Green glare: glare predicted with a low potential for temporary after-image

These categories of glare are calculated using a typical observer’s blink response time, ocular transmission coefficient (the amount of radiation absorbed in the eye prior to reaching the retina), pupil diameter, and eye focal length (the distance between where rays intersect in the eye and the retina). As a point of comparison, direct viewing of the sun without a filter is considered to be on the border between yellow glare and red glare, while typical camera flashes are considered to be lower tier yellow glare (approximately three orders of magnitude less than direct viewing of the sun). Upon exposure to yellow glare, the observer may experience a temporary spot in their vision after the exposure. Upon exposure to green glare, the observer may experience a bright reflection but typically no spot lasting after exposure.

1.3 Solar Glare Hazard Analysis Tool The SGHAT software developed by Sandia National Laboratories and hosted by ForgeSolar provides a quantitative assessment of the following:

• When and where glare has the potential to occur throughout the year for a defined solar array polygon; and

• Potential effects on the human eye at locations where glare is predicted.

While the SGHAT is considered to be an industry best practice for analysis of glare related to solar energy generating facilities, it is considered a conservative model in that it does not account for

Tetra Tech, Inc. 3 April 2021 Kahana Solar Project Glare Analysis Report potential screening such as existing or proposed vegetation, topography outside of the defined areas, buildings, walls, or fences.

The following statement was issued by Sandia Laboratories regarding the SGHAT technology:

Sandia developed SGHAT v. 3.0, a web-based tool and methodology to evaluate potential glint/glare associated with solar energy installations. The validated tool provides a quantified assessment of when and where glare will occur, as well as information about potential ocular impacts. The calculations and methods are based on analyses, test data, a database of different photovoltaic module surfaces (e.g. anti-reflective coating, texturing), and models developed over several years at Sandia. The results are presented in a simple easy-to-interpret plot that specifies when glare will occur throughout the year, with color indicating the potential ocular hazard (Sandia Laboratories 2016).

Note, however, that technology changes continue to occur to address issues such as panel reflectivity. The model, therefore, presents a conservative assessment based upon simplifying assumptions inherent in the model as well as industry improvements since the most recent update of such assumptions.

More information regarding the SGHAT model and glare analysis method is included in Section 3.0 below.

2.0 FAA Analysis Recommendations

The FAA recommends that glare analyses (using the SGHAT) should be performed for solar facilities located on federally-obligated airport property.3 A glare analysis is not mandatory for a proposed solar installation that is not on an airport property (and for which a Form 7460-1 is filed with FAA pursuant to Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 14 Part 77.9, as discussed below), but is considered to be an industry best practice for solar facilities in general and is occasionally required by local and/or state agencies for permitting purposes. The SGHAT is the standard for measuring potential ocular impact as a result of solar facilities (78 Federal Register [FR] 63276).

According to 78 FR 63276, the FAA has determined that “glint and glare from solar energy systems could result in an ocular impact to pilots and/or air traffic control (ATC) facilities and compromise the safety of the air transportation system.” The FAA has developed the following criteria for analysis of solar energy projects located on jurisdictional airports:

• No potential for glint or glare in the existing or planned ATC tower (ATCT) cab; and

• No potential for glare or “low potential for after-image” along the final approach path for any existing landing threshold or future landing thresholds (including any planned interim phases of the landing thresholds) as shown on the current FAA-approved Airport Layout Plan (ALP). The

3 See Technical Guidance for Evaluating Selected Solar Technologies on Airports in 2010 (FAA 2010) and regulatory guidance under 78 FR 63276 Interim Policy, FAA Review of Solar Energy System Projects on Federally Obligated Airports.

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final approach path is defined as 2 miles from 50 feet above the landing threshold using a standard 3-degree glidepath.

In other words, the FAA allows no yellow or green glare at ATCTs, allows no yellow glare along final flight approach paths, but does allow green glare at final flight approach paths.

The online FAA Notice Criteria Tool (NCT) reports whether a proposed structure is in proximity to a jurisdictional air navigation facility and if formal submission to the FAA Obstruction Evaluation Group (OEG) under CFR Title 14 Part 77.9 (Safe, Efficient Use, and Preservation of the Navigable Airspace) is recommended. The NCT also identifies final approach flight paths that may be considered vulnerable to a proposed structure’s impact on navigation signal reception. Tetra Tech completed the NCT to determine if the proposed Project is located within an FAA-identified impact area based on the Project boundaries and height above ground surface. The FAA NCT Report stated that a formal filing with the FAA OEG is recommended and referenced JHM. Based on this information, this airport facility was included in the glare analysis, as further discussed below.

3.0 Glare Analysis Methods

3.1 Glare Analysis Inputs The Project layout inputted into the GlareGauge model consists of seventeen separate “PV Array Areas” (Figure 1), which are segmented polygons generally representative of the proposed Project Layout (Appendix A). Segmentation of the Project Layout allows GlareGauge to more accurately represent potential ocular impacts as a result of the Project. The Project will use PV panels that have smooth glass surface material with an anti‐reflection coating (ARC). The reflective value of the panels is a parameter that must be selected in the glare analyses. Values associated with panel reflectivity and reflective scatter were not altered from the GlareGauge standard input averaged from various panel reflectance profiles produced from panel research concluded in 2016; therefore, as previously noted in Section 1.3, the GlareGauge model does not incorporate further advances in anti‐reflective coatings since 2016 and therefore this is a conservative parameter. Additional analysis parameters are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. Analysis Design Parameters Tracking Resting Angle Analysis Panel Orientation1 Panel Height4 Racking Type Maximum2 (degrees)3 No. (degrees) (feet) (degrees) single-axis 180 ±60 0 7.9 1 tracking single-axis 180 ±60 ±60 (no 7.9 2 tracking backtracking) 1. True direction 2. The module tilt varies through the day as they track the sun, the maximum tracking angle tilt is ±60˚ east/west 3. The resting angle is used to model module backtracking when the sun is outside of the module tracking range. A resting angle of 0 assumes that the modules immediately revert back to 0˚ (backtrack) when the sun is outside of the tracking range. A resting angle setting equivalent to the maximum tracking angle (i.e. ±60) implies the panels do not backtrack. 4. Average panel centroid height above ground surface.

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As noted in Section 1.0, the glare analysis was conducted to analyze glare from different receptor characteristics and associated OPs. The glare analysis included representative OPs from the surrounding Napili-Honokōwai urban areas including the Kahana Ridge neighborhood (OP 1), the residential homes south of Puukolii Road (OP 2), Hale Ono Loa Condos (OP 3), and Royal Kahana Maui Hotel (OP 4); and two segmented vehicular routes including a segment of Honoapiʻilani Highway and segment of the planned Lahaina bypass (see Figure 2). The OP heights and locations were selected from Tetra Tech’s comprehensive viewshed and line-of-sight analysis of representative proximal receptors. For the OPs, associated glare was analyzed at a first-floor view height (6 feet above ground surface) for OP 1 and OP 2, at 4-stories (36 feet above ground surface) for OP 3, and at 12-stories (116 feet above ground surface) for OP 4. Vehicular traffic routes were analyzed at 5 feet above ground surface (i.e., typical commuter vehicle receptor height).

The analysis also included two 2-mile final approach flight paths associated with JHM, which is approximately 1 mile to the west of the Project (Figure 3). The true directions, threshold crossing heights, and glide paths of the flight paths were obtained from the FAA Airport Database (Table 2). There is no ATCT present at JHM.

Table 2. Analysis Input Features True Direction Threshold Crossing Height Glide Path1 Flight Path/ATCT Name Associated Airport (degrees) (feet) (degrees) JHM RWY 02 Kapalua Airport 28 35 5.5 JHM RWY 20 Kapalua Airport 208 35 5.5 1. Angle of descent along final approach flight path.

3.2 Glare Analysis Assumptions The GlareGauge model is bound by conservative limitations. The following assumptions provide a level of conservatism to the GlareGauge model:

• The GlareGauge model simulates PV arrays as infinitesimally small panels within planar convex polygons exemplifying the tilt and orientation characteristics defined by the user. Gaps between panels, variable heights of the PV array within the polygons, and supporting structures are not considered in the analysis. Since the actual panel rows will be separated by open space, this model assumption could result in indication of glare in locations where panels will not be located. In addition, the supporting structures are considered to have reflectivity values that are negligible relative to the panel surfaces included in the model.

• The GlareGauge model assumes that the observation point receptor can view the entire PV array segment when predicting glare minutes. However, it may be that the receptor at the observation point may only be able to view a small portion (typically the most proximal edge) of the PV array segment. Therefore, the predicted glare minutes and intensity from a specific PV array to a specific observation point are conservative as the observer will likely not experience glare from the entire PV array segment at once.

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• The GlareGauge model does not consider obstacles (either man‐made or natural) between the defined PV arrays and the receptors such as vegetative screening (existing or planted), buildings, topography, etc. Where such features exist, they would screen views of the Project and, thus, minimize or eliminate glare from those locations.

• The GlareGauge model does not consider the potential effect of shading from existing topography between the sun and the Project outside of the defined areas.

• The direct normal irradiance (DNI) is defined as variable using a typical clear day irradiance profile. This profile has a lower DNI in the mornings and evenings and a maximum of 1,000 watts per square meter (W/m2) at solar noon. The irradiance profile uses the coordinates from Google Maps and a sun position algorithm to scale the DNI throughout the year. The actual daily DNI would be affected by precipitation, cloud cover, atmospheric attenuation (radiation intensity affected by gaseous constituents), and other environmental factors not considered in the GlareGauge model. This may result in modeled predicted glare occurrences when in fact the glare is not actually occurring due to cloud cover, rain, or other atmospheric conditions.

Note that hazard zone boundaries shown in the Glare Hazard plots in the ForgeSolar Glare Analysis Reports (Appendix C) are an approximation; actual ocular impacts encompass a continuous, not discrete, spectrum.

4.0 Glare Analysis Results

Tetra Tech performed two glare analyses to provide a quantitative assessment of the potential for glare from the Project based on different design parameters. Analysis 1 assumes an automatic backtracking function will be implemented where the modules will tilt less than the full 60 degrees near sunrise and sunset (i.e. the low angle periods of sunlight) to avoid each row partially shading the row behind it. The GlareGauge uses a simplified model of backtracking which assumes the panels will revert to a resting angle of 0 degrees (i.e. lie flat) as soon as the sun is outside the rotational range of the tracking system (i.e. outside ±60 degrees). Analysis 2 assumes no backtracking will occur and the panels will remain at ±60 degrees when the sun is outside the rotational range of the tracking system. The GlareGauge model’s predicted results for the two analyses are summarized in the following sections.

4.1 Analysis 1: Backtracking at 0 degrees resting Analysis 1 consisted of the seventeen PV Arrays (Figure 1), four OPs at varying heights, two segmented vehicular routes (Figure 2) and the two 2-mile final approach paths for the JHM Airport (Figure 3). Analysis 1 assumes the modules will backtrack to 0 degrees resting from sunset to sunrise. Table 3 represents the glare summary in annual minutes of glare for the Analysis. Based on the SGHAT results, limited amounts of green glare were predicted for OP 2 located at the Puukolii Road residential homes and for JHM RWY 02. No glare is predicted from any of the remaining OPs, segmented vehicle routes, or JHM RWY 20.

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Table 3. Analysis 1 Annual Minutes of Glare Summary Receptor Location Green Glare Yellow Glare Red Glare OP 1 Kahana Ridge neighborhood 0 0 0 OP 2 Puukolii Road residential homes 168 0 0 OP 3 Hale Ono Loa Condos 0 0 0 OP 4 Royal Kahana Maui Hotel 0 0 0 Honoapi’ilani Hwy Northwest of Project 0 0 0 Future Bypass Southwest of Project 0 0 0 JHM RWY 02 Kalaeloa Airport 6,199 0 0 JHM RWY 20 Kalaeloa Airport 0 0 0

4.2 Analysis 2: No Backtracking Analysis 2 consisted of the seventeen PV Arrays (Figure 1), four OPs at varying heights, two segmented vehicular routes (Figure 2) and the two 2-mile final approach paths for the JHM Airport (Figure 3). Analysis 2 assumes no backtracking. Table 4 represents the glare summary in annual minutes of glare for the Analysis. Based on the SGHAT results, no glare is predicted from any of the defined receptors.

Table 4. Analysis 2 Annual Minutes of Glare Summary Receptor Location Green Glare Yellow Glare Red Glare OP 1 Kahana Ridge neighborhood 0 0 0 OP 2 Puukolii Road residential homes 0 0 0 OP 3 Hale Ono Loa Condos 0 0 0 OP 4 Royal Kahana Maui Hotel 0 0 0 Honoapi’ilani Hwy Northwest of Project 0 0 0 Future Bypass Southwest of Project 0 0 0 JHM RWY 02 Kalaeloa Airport 0 0 0 JHM RWY 20 Kalaeloa Airport 0 0 0

5.0 Summary

The Project layout was modeled using GlareGauge to evaluate the potential extent of glare the Project may cause to receptors at four OPs representing proximal residential and public interest areas surrounding the Project; two segmented vehicle routes; and two proximal 2-mile final approach flight paths associated with JHM. A summary of total glare predicted bases on the Analyses is presented in Table 5.

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Table 5. Project Glare Summary Total Green Total Red Glare Total Potential Total Yellow Total Glare Glare Predicted Predicted Glare Percentage Receptor Glare Predicted Predicted (annual (annual of Annual Daylight (annual minutes) (annual minutes)1 minutes) minutes) Hours2 Analysis 1 6,367 0 0 6,367 0.94 Analysis 2 0 0 0 0 0 1. Total annual daylight minutes equal approximately 262,800. 2. Total annual daylight hours equal approximately 4,380.

Based on the SGHAT results, Analysis 1 predicts that a model with backtracking at 0 degrees will result in OP 2 and JHM RWY 02 experiencing green glare as a result of the Project. Analysis 1 predicts a total of 6,367 annual minutes (0.94% of annual daylight hours) of accumulated instances of green glare occurring during the months of April to late August from approximately 6:00 AM to 7:00 AM. Analysis 2 predicted that none of the modeled OPs, segmented vehicle routes, nor any receptors at JHM approximately 1 mile to the west exhibited glare as a result of the Project.

As previously noted, the GlareGauge model does not account for varying ambient conditions (i.e., cloudy days, precipitation); atmospheric attenuation; screening due to existing topography not located within the defined array layouts; or existing vegetation or structures (including fences or walls); nor does the tool allow proposed landscaping to be included; therefore, the predicted results are considered to be conservative.

As noted in Section 2.0, the FAA has developed the following criteria (78 FR 63276) for analysis of solar energy projects located on jurisdictional airports:

• No potential for glint or glare in the existing or planned ATCT cab; and

• No potential for glare or “low potential for after‐image” along the final approach path for any existing landing threshold or future landing thresholds (including any planned interim phases of the landing thresholds) as shown on the current FAA‐approved ALP

Based on the results of the FAA NCT, the Project is recommended to formally file with the FAA OEG due to its proximity to JHM. The Analysis 2 did not predict glare at any of the receptors modeled at JHM and therefore the Project is anticipated to have “no effect” on jurisdictional air navigation facilities if no backtracking is implemented. If the Project plans to implement backtracking, an FAA determination of “no effect” will still likely be obtainable as green glare is typically allowed along final flight approach paths as green glare has “low potential for after-image.” However, formal filing to the FAA OEG is recommended with this analysis appended in order to obtain an FAA “no effect” letter for either scenario (backtracking vs no backtracking).

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6.0 References

FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), 2018. Technical Guidance for Evaluating Selected Solar Technologies on Airports. 2018.

Sandia Solar Glare Hazard Analysis Tool, GlareGauge hosted by ForgeSolar. Accessed online https://www.forgesolar.com/.

Sandia Laboratories, 2016. Sandia National Laboratories, Solar Glare Hazard Analysis Tool (SGHAT) User’s Manual v. 3.0. December 6, 2016.

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Figures

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Napili-Honokowai Legend

Project Layout (PV Array Areas) Figure 1 PV Array Areas

*Locations are approximate O Kahana Solar 7 Approximate Scale: Feet Napili-Honokowaii, Hawaii 0 750 1,500 3,000 4 C! 1 C!

1 3 2 C! 5 3 6 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

2 C!

Legend Napili-Honokowai Project Layout (PV Array Areas) C! Observation Points Honoapiilani Hwy

Future Bypass Figure 2 PV Array Area and Receptors

*Locations are approximate O Kahana Solar 7 Approximate Scale: Miles Napili-Honokowaii, Hawaii 0 0.25 0.5 1 02

1 2 5 3 6 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Napili-Honokowai Legend Project Layout (PV Array Areas)

JHM 2-Mile Final Approach Figure 3 Airport Receptors

*Locations are approximate O Kahana Solar 7 Approximate Scale: Miles Napili-Honokowaii, Hawaii 0 0.375 0.75 1.5 Kahana Solar Project Glare Analysis Report

APPENDIX A

PROJECT LAYOUT

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Data Sources: State of Hawaii (TMK Boundary); ESRI (Roads,! State/County Boundaries); Innergex (Project Infrastructure)

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APPENDIX B

NOTICE CRITERIA TOOL OUTPUT

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Notice Criteria Tool

Notice Criteria Tool - Desk Reference Guide V_2018.2.0

The requirements for filing with the Federal Aviation Administration for proposed structures vary based on a number of factors: height, proximity to an airport, location, and frequencies emitted from the structure, etc. For more details, please reference CFR Title 14 Part 77.9.

You must file with the FAA at least 45 days prior to construction if: your structure will exceed 200ft above ground level your structure will be in proximity to an airport and will exceed the slope ratio your structure involves construction of a traverseway (i.e. highway, railroad, waterway etc...) and once adjusted upward with the appropriate vertical distance would exceed a standard of 77.9(a) or (b) your structure will emit frequencies, and does not meet the conditions of the FAA Co-location Policy your structure will be in an instrument approach area and might exceed part 77 Subpart C your proposed structure will be in proximity to a navigation facility and may impact the assurance of navigation signal reception your structure will be on an airport or heliport filing has been requested by the FAA

If you require additional information regarding the filing requirements for your structure, please identify and contact the appropriate FAA representative using the Air Traffic Areas of Responsibility map for Off Airport construction, or contact the FAA Airports Region / District Office for On Airport construction.

The tool below will assist in applying Part 77 Notice Criteria.

Latitude: 20 Deg 57 M 16.99 S N

Longitude: 156 Deg 39 M 3.22 S W Horizontal Datum: NAD83

Site Elevation (SE): 840 (nearest foot)

Structure Height : 8 (nearest foot) Traverseway: No Traverseway (Additional height is added to certain structures under 77.9(c)) User can increase the default height adjustment for Traverseway, Private Roadway and Waterway Is structure on airport: No Yes

Results You exceed the following Notice Criteria:

Your proposed structure is in proximity to a navigation facility and may impact the assurance of navigation signal reception. The FAA, in accordance with 77.9, requests that you file.

77.9(b) by 435 ft. The nearest airport is JHM, and the nearest runway is 02/20.

The FAA requests that you file

Kahana Solar Project Glare Analysis Report

APPENDIX C

FORGESOLAR GLARE ANALYSIS REPORTS

Tetra Tech, Inc. April 2021 FORGESOLAR GLARE ANALYSIS

Project: Innergex - Hawaii Kuawehi and Wailea Solar

Site conﬁguration: Kahana 01252021_0 resting Analysis conducted by Josh Burdett ([email protected]) at 19:35 on 25 Jan, 2021.

U.S. FAA 2013 Policy Adherence

The following table summarizes the policy adherence of the glare analysis based on the 2013 U.S. Federal Aviation Administration Interim Policy 78 FR 63276. This policy requires the following criteria be met for solar energy systems on airport property:

• No "yellow" glare (potential for after-image) for any ﬂight path from threshold to 2 miles • No glare of any kind for Air Traﬃc Control Tower(s) ("ATCT") at cab height. • Default analysis and observer characteristics (see list below)

ForgeSolar does not represent or speak oﬃcially for the FAA and cannot approve or deny projects. Results are informational only.

COMPONENT STATUS DESCRIPTION

Analysis parameters PASS Analysis time interval and eye characteristics used are acceptable 2-mile ﬂight path(s) PASS Flight path receptor(s) do not receive yellow glare ATCT(s) N/A No ATCT receptors designated

Default glare analysis parameters and observer eye characteristics (for reference only):

• Analysis time interval: 1 minute • Ocular transmission coeﬃcient: 0.5 • Pupil diameter: 0.002 meters • Eye focal length: 0.017 meters • Sun subtended angle: 9.3 milliradians

FAA Policy 78 FR 63276 can be read at https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2013-24729 SITE CONFIGURATION

Analysis Parameters

DNI: peaks at 1,000.0 W/m^2 Time interval: 1 min Ocular transmission coeﬃcient: 0.5 Pupil diameter: 0.002 m Eye focal length: 0.017 m Sun subtended angle: 9.3 mrad Site Conﬁg ID: 48467.3684

PV Array(s)

Name: PV array 1 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 0.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.962584 -156.653566 718.33 7.90 726.23 2 20.961863 -156.653480 732.96 7.90 740.86 3 20.960450 -156.651731 812.17 7.90 820.07 4 20.961392 -156.651098 810.58 7.90 818.48 5 20.961983 -156.652171 753.42 7.90 761.32 6 20.962665 -156.652632 733.48 7.90 741.38 Name: PV array 10 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 0.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.953158 -156.651466 851.57 7.90 859.47 2 20.953118 -156.648913 909.26 7.90 917.16 3 20.952486 -156.648956 898.91 7.90 906.81 4 20.952396 -156.651380 848.36 7.90 856.26

Name: PV array 11 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 0.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.952847 -156.648592 912.84 7.90 920.74 2 20.952827 -156.646124 1012.64 7.90 1020.54 3 20.951765 -156.646124 1022.24 7.90 1030.14 4 20.951815 -156.647079 978.50 7.90 986.40 5 20.951975 -156.647186 973.34 7.90 981.24 6 20.952346 -156.648592 911.75 7.90 919.65 Name: PV array 12 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 0.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.952536 -156.655952 729.10 7.90 737.00 2 20.950422 -156.655566 726.73 7.90 734.63 3 20.950502 -156.652347 818.12 7.90 826.02 4 20.951514 -156.652422 817.05 7.90 824.95 5 20.951744 -156.654192 779.79 7.90 787.69

Name: PV array 13 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 2.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.951354 -156.652390 817.78 7.90 825.68 2 20.951153 -156.650158 873.09 7.90 880.99 3 20.951664 -156.650201 865.45 7.90 873.35 4 20.951624 -156.648828 909.87 7.90 917.77 5 20.950712 -156.648656 917.05 7.90 924.95 6 20.949119 -156.649321 920.49 7.90 928.39 7 20.950512 -156.652347 818.19 7.90 826.09 Name: PV array 14 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 2.86° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.948935 -156.649212 926.27 7.90 934.17 2 20.950608 -156.648514 921.46 7.90 929.36 3 20.951009 -156.648579 918.83 7.90 926.73 4 20.951179 -156.648246 932.81 7.90 940.71 5 20.950638 -156.646422 1014.73 7.90 1022.63 6 20.948033 -156.647324 1019.51 7.90 1027.41

Name: PV array 15 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 2.86° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.950638 -156.646455 1013.77 7.90 1021.67 2 20.950187 -156.644910 1086.82 7.90 1094.72 3 20.947462 -156.645167 1120.13 7.90 1128.03 4 20.947472 -156.646208 1081.06 7.90 1088.96 5 20.948053 -156.647345 1017.85 7.90 1025.75 Name: PV array 16 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 3.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.950187 -156.644888 1087.40 7.90 1095.30 2 20.948995 -156.643268 1171.23 7.90 1179.13 3 20.946991 -156.643365 1216.98 7.90 1224.88 4 20.947221 -156.644212 1173.33 7.90 1181.23 5 20.947452 -156.645156 1120.60 7.90 1128.50

Name: PV array 17 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 3.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.948995 -156.643290 1170.31 7.90 1178.21 2 20.949005 -156.641466 1254.04 7.90 1261.94 3 20.948364 -156.639921 1344.44 7.90 1352.34 4 20.947863 -156.639867 1361.89 7.90 1369.79 5 20.946199 -156.640876 1328.51 7.90 1336.41 6 20.947011 -156.643397 1214.96 7.90 1222.86 Name: PV array 2 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 0.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.960470 -156.651752 810.95 7.90 818.85 2 20.959068 -156.650014 874.77 7.90 882.67 3 20.960490 -156.649381 876.21 7.90 884.11 4 20.961402 -156.651109 810.00 7.90 817.90

Name: PV array 3 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 0.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.960522 -156.649385 875.30 7.90 883.20 2 20.958819 -156.648333 939.06 7.90 946.96 3 20.958037 -156.647315 979.34 7.90 987.24 4 20.957085 -156.647980 963.63 7.90 971.53 5 20.959069 -156.649987 875.54 7.90 883.44 6 20.960461 -156.649386 876.95 7.90 884.85 Name: PV array 4 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 0.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.958067 -156.647337 978.54 7.90 986.44 2 20.956794 -156.645641 1035.16 7.90 1043.06 3 20.956103 -156.645556 1027.67 7.90 1035.57 4 20.956794 -156.647390 969.56 7.90 977.46 5 20.957105 -156.647991 964.13 7.90 972.03

Name: PV array 5 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 1.43° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.957673 -156.654519 719.58 7.90 727.48 2 20.959777 -156.654540 721.49 7.90 729.39 3 20.960298 -156.654219 725.24 7.90 733.14 4 20.960298 -156.653232 748.93 7.90 756.83 5 20.959517 -156.652470 793.77 7.90 801.67 6 20.956110 -156.653435 742.70 7.90 750.60 7 20.957132 -156.653746 740.92 7.90 748.82 Name: PV array 6 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 1.43° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.959537 -156.652491 792.41 7.90 800.31 2 20.958715 -156.651622 829.81 7.90 837.71 3 20.954858 -156.651729 822.57 7.90 830.47 4 20.956130 -156.653446 742.27 7.90 750.17

Name: PV array 7 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 0.86° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.958708 -156.651595 830.73 7.90 838.63 2 20.956865 -156.649857 922.56 7.90 930.46 3 20.956224 -156.649106 938.33 7.90 946.23 4 20.954581 -156.649106 918.29 7.90 926.19 5 20.954881 -156.651724 823.44 7.90 831.34 Name: PV array 8 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 1.14° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.954621 -156.649127 918.89 7.90 926.79 2 20.954320 -156.647883 948.86 7.90 956.76 3 20.954400 -156.645672 1029.68 7.90 1037.58 4 20.955102 -156.645630 1021.41 7.90 1029.31 5 20.955903 -156.646874 988.45 7.90 996.35 6 20.956184 -156.647690 961.35 7.90 969.25 7 20.956244 -156.649127 937.92 7.90 945.82

Name: PV array 9 Axis tracking: Single-axis rotation Tracking axis orientation: 180.0° Tracking axis tilt: 0.0° Tracking axis panel oﬀset: 0.0° Max tracking angle: 60.0° Resting angle: 0.0° Rated power: - Panel material: Smooth glass with AR coating Reﬂectivity: Vary with sun Slope error: correlate with material

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.954387 -156.654256 777.13 7.90 785.03 2 20.954287 -156.653547 792.27 7.90 800.17 3 20.953104 -156.651445 852.07 7.90 859.97 4 20.952383 -156.651359 848.32 7.90 856.22 5 20.952724 -156.653569 783.93 7.90 791.83 6 20.953225 -156.654320 771.30 7.90 779.20 Flight Path Receptor(s)

Name: JHM-RWY 02 Description: Threshold height: 35 ft Direction: 28.0° Glide slope: 5.5° Pilot view restricted? Yes Vertical view: 30.0° Azimuthal view: 50.0°

Point Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

Threshold 20.959681 -156.674935 240.71 35.00 275.71 Two-mile 20.934153 -156.689488 50.81 1241.77 1292.58

Name: JHM-RWY 20 Description: Threshold height: 35 ft Direction: 208.0° Glide slope: 5.5° Pilot view restricted? Yes Vertical view: 30.0° Azimuthal view: 50.0°

Point Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

Threshold 20.966217 -156.671196 255.81 35.00 290.81 Two-mile 20.991745 -156.656643 250.57 1057.11 1307.68

Discrete Observation Receptors

Name ID Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Elevation (ft) Height (ft)

OP 1 1 20.970899 -156.674213 146.02 6.00 OP 2 2 20.931668 -156.681922 284.26 6.00 OP 3 3 20.958937 -156.684382 12.09 36.00 OP 4 4 20.971755 -156.679197 10.72 116.01 Route Receptor(s)

Name: Future Bypass Path type: Two-way Observer view angle: 50.0°

Note: Route receptors are excluded from this FAA policy review. Use the 2-mile ﬂight path receptor to simulate ﬂight paths according to FAA guidelines.

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.953254 -156.683570 59.51 5.00 64.51 2 20.951630 -156.682797 102.94 5.00 107.94 3 20.948514 -156.681510 160.92 5.00 165.92 4 20.945378 -156.680050 159.38 5.00 164.38 5 20.943164 -156.679010 199.90 5.00 204.90 6 20.939887 -156.677486 223.21 5.00 228.21 7 20.937592 -156.676360 271.87 5.00 276.87 8 20.933725 -156.674675 350.55 5.00 355.55 9 20.932736 -156.674324 368.13 5.00 373.13 10 20.930080 -156.673874 401.06 5.00 406.06

Name: Honoapiilani Hwy Path type: Two-way Observer view angle: 50.0°

Note: Route receptors are excluded from this FAA policy review. Use the 2-mile ﬂight path receptor to simulate ﬂight paths according to FAA guidelines.

Vertex Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Ground elevation (ft) Height above ground (ft) Total elevation (ft)

1 20.977592 -156.674160 37.16 5.00 42.16 2 20.978042 -156.673859 49.51 5.00 54.51 3 20.979054 -156.673269 51.23 5.00 56.23 4 20.980407 -156.672545 43.06 5.00 48.06 5 20.981303 -156.671998 43.42 5.00 48.42 6 20.982105 -156.671392 57.26 5.00 62.26 7 20.982851 -156.670630 90.06 5.00 95.06 8 20.983382 -156.669954 99.15 5.00 104.15 GLARE ANALYSIS RESULTS

Summary of Glare

PV Array Name Tilt Orient "Green" Glare "Yellow" Glare Energy

(°) (°) min min kWh PV array 1 SA SA 0 0 - tracking tracking PV array 10 SA SA 610 0 - tracking tracking PV array 11 SA SA 485 0 - tracking tracking PV array 12 SA SA 685 0 - tracking tracking PV array 13 SA SA 532 0 - tracking tracking PV array 14 SA SA 519 0 - tracking tracking PV array 15 SA SA 620 0 - tracking tracking PV array 16 SA SA 451 0 - tracking tracking PV array 17 SA SA 367 0 - tracking tracking PV array 2 SA SA 28 0 - tracking tracking PV array 3 SA SA 9 0 - tracking tracking PV array 4 SA SA 14 0 - tracking tracking PV array 5 SA SA 587 0 - tracking tracking PV array 6 SA SA 447 0 - tracking tracking PV array 7 SA SA 353 0 - tracking tracking PV array 8 SA SA 306 0 - tracking tracking PV array 9 SA SA 354 0 - tracking tracking

Total annual glare received by each receptor Receptor Annual Green Glare (min) Annual Yellow Glare (min)

JHM-RWY 02 6199 0 JHM-RWY 20 0 0 OP 1 0 0 OP 2 168 0 OP 3 0 0 OP 4 0 0 Future Bypass 0 0 Honoapiilani Hwy 0 0

Results for: PV array 1

Receptor Green Glare (min) Yellow Glare (min)

JHM-RWY 02 0 0 JHM-RWY 20 0 0 OP 1 0 0 OP 2 0 0 OP 3 0 0 OP 4 0 0 Future Bypass 0 0 Honoapiilani Hwy 0 0

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 02

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 20

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 1

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 2

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare Point Receptor: OP 3

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 4

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Future Bypass

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Honoapiilani Hwy

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Results for: PV array 10

Receptor Green Glare (min) Yellow Glare (min)

JHM-RWY 02 610 0 JHM-RWY 20 0 0 OP 1 0 0 OP 2 0 0 OP 3 0 0 OP 4 0 0 Future Bypass 0 0 Honoapiilani Hwy 0 0

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 02

0 minutes of yellow glare 610 minutes of green glare

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 20

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 1

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 2

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 3

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare Point Receptor: OP 4

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Future Bypass

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Honoapiilani Hwy

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Results for: PV array 11

Receptor Green Glare (min) Yellow Glare (min)

JHM-RWY 02 485 0 JHM-RWY 20 0 0 OP 1 0 0 OP 2 0 0 OP 3 0 0 OP 4 0 0 Future Bypass 0 0 Honoapiilani Hwy 0 0

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 02

0 minutes of yellow glare 485 minutes of green glare

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 20

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 1

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 2

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 3

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 4

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Future Bypass

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Honoapiilani Hwy

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare Results for: PV array 12

Receptor Green Glare (min) Yellow Glare (min)

JHM-RWY 02 685 0 JHM-RWY 20 0 0 OP 1 0 0 OP 2 0 0 OP 3 0 0 OP 4 0 0 Future Bypass 0 0 Honoapiilani Hwy 0 0

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 02

0 minutes of yellow glare 685 minutes of green glare

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 20

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 1

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 2

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 3

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 4

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Future Bypass

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Honoapiilani Hwy

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Results for: PV array 13

Receptor Green Glare (min) Yellow Glare (min)

JHM-RWY 02 532 0 JHM-RWY 20 0 0 OP 1 0 0 OP 2 0 0 OP 3 0 0 OP 4 0 0 Future Bypass 0 0 Receptor Green Glare (min) Yellow Glare (min)

Honoapiilani Hwy 0 0

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 02

0 minutes of yellow glare 532 minutes of green glare

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 20

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 1

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 2

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 3

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 4

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Future Bypass

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Honoapiilani Hwy

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Results for: PV array 14

Receptor Green Glare (min) Yellow Glare (min)

JHM-RWY 02 519 0 JHM-RWY 20 0 0 OP 1 0 0 OP 2 0 0 OP 3 0 0 OP 4 0 0 Future Bypass 0 0 Honoapiilani Hwy 0 0

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 02

0 minutes of yellow glare 519 minutes of green glare

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 20

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 1

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 2

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 3

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare Point Receptor: OP 4

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Future Bypass

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Honoapiilani Hwy

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Results for: PV array 15

Receptor Green Glare (min) Yellow Glare (min)

JHM-RWY 02 594 0 JHM-RWY 20 0 0 OP 1 0 0 OP 2 26 0 OP 3 0 0 OP 4 0 0 Future Bypass 0 0 Honoapiilani Hwy 0 0

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 02

0 minutes of yellow glare 594 minutes of green glare

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 20

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 1

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 2

0 minutes of yellow glare 26 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 3

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare Point Receptor: OP 4

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Future Bypass

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Honoapiilani Hwy

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Results for: PV array 16

Receptor Green Glare (min) Yellow Glare (min)

JHM-RWY 02 361 0 JHM-RWY 20 0 0 OP 1 0 0 OP 2 90 0 OP 3 0 0 OP 4 0 0 Future Bypass 0 0 Honoapiilani Hwy 0 0

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 02

0 minutes of yellow glare 361 minutes of green glare

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 20

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 1

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 2

0 minutes of yellow glare 90 minutes of green glare

Point Receptor: OP 3

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare Point Receptor: OP 4

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Future Bypass

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Route: Honoapiilani Hwy

0 minutes of yellow glare 0 minutes of green glare

Results for: PV array 17

Receptor Green Glare (min) Yellow Glare (min)

JHM-RWY 02 315 0 JHM-RWY 20 0 0 OP 1 0 0 OP 2 52 0 OP 3 0 0 OP 4 0 0 Future Bypass 0 0 Honoapiilani Hwy 0 0

Flight Path: JHM-RWY 02

0 minutes of yellow glare 315 minutes of green glare