Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect

Procedia Engineering 91 ( 2014 ) 183 – 187

XXIII R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (23RSP) (TFoCE 2014) The Use of Modified Composite Materials in Building Hydraulic Engineering Structures

Mikhail I. Balzannikova*, Andrey A. Mikhaseka

a State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (SSUACE), Molodogvardeyskaya St 194, Samara 443001,

Abstract

The article describes hydraulic engineering structures which are built in low-head water power hydro systems and which can also be used to stabilize river bank slopes. The paper gives information on the condition of riverbanks in Samara region and underlines the necessity to increase the amount of works on bank-stabilization. The paper stresses the importance of decreasing the expenses on building bank-stabilizing hydraulic engineering structures without any loss in their reliability and safety. Authors propose to build such structures using composite materials and their modifications and take geosynthetics, polymer-impregnated concrete and waste-/by-products as their constituents. The research also describes how the properties of composite materials change when they are modified for building hydraulic engineering structures. © 2014 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by Elsevierby Elsevier Ltd. Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Selection(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ and peer-review under responsibility). of the organizing and review committee of 23RSP. Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the XXIII R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (23RSP) Keywords: hydraulic engineering structures; building materials; composite materials; investigation of properties;

1. Introduction

Hydraulic engineering structures are usually characterized by greater amount of building and assembling works then other structures. When hydraulic engineering structures are being constructed local building materials are used as much as possible. In the case when local building materials do not satisfy specified requirements such composite materials as concrete, asphalt concrete, etc. are used. These specified requirements depend on the conditions in which the structures in question are going to be used, for example, region of variable level, water penetration, freezing temperature. All these made our study of subsurface structures, their weak spots and materials used in their construction possible. Hydraulic engineering structures of Samara region have been chosen to investigate the condition of dams, dikes and bank stabilization. There are more than 1 000 large, medium and small water power hydro systems in the Samara region now and more than 30 km of banks are protected by bank stabilization works. The aim of our research is to examine how modified composite materials are used in hydraulic engineering structures. The tasks of our research are as follows: x To examine the condition of hydraulic engineering structures in Samara region; x To find the connection between the engineering solution and the materials used on one side and the critical condition of the construction on the other;

E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-7058 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the XXIII R-S-P seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (23RSP) doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.043 184 Mikhail I. Balzannikov and Andrey A. Mikhasek / Procedia Engineering 91 ( 2014 ) 183 – 187

x To investigate existing mechanisms of improving the characteristics of original materials; x To analyze characteristics of modified materials.

2. Research

Hydraulic engineering structures of Samara region are being under investigation for more than 12 years now [1- 6]. The low-pressure water power hydro systems have been very carefully examined, subsurface dams in Stavropolskiy, Pestravskiy, Sergievskiy, Volzhskiy, Syzranskiy, Bolsheglushitskiy districts among them. Dam inspection was carried out both in summer low-flow period and in flood season. This examination revealed the following flaws: x More than 70% of these hydraulic engineering structures have been in operation for the period of time exceeding their service life (Classes III & IV, service life – 50 years); x More than 60% of these hydraulic engineering structures have been taken on no remedial works though they are required to be produced every 5 years; x Subsurface structures can be inflicted by the following damages: destruction of upstream slopes because of poor or no shoring, downstream side flooding because of non-effective or no drainage, washing out of a dam or its part. Percentage of flaws in the work of subsurface hydraulic engineering structures is shown in the following Fig. 1. The figure clearly shows that destruction of upstream slopes is the most frequent of all the flaws.

Fig. 1. Percentage of flaws in the work of subsurface hydraulic engineering structures based on the results of the investigation (hydraulic engineering structures of Samara region). 1 – destruction of upstream slopes because of poor or no shoring; 2 – non-effective / no drainage in the downstream side; 3 – washing out of a dam / draw-off.

The most typical flaws are shown in Fig. 2. The flaws and damages shown above can be eliminated by use of the following engineering solutions [7-14]: setting-up upstream slopes shoring, setting-up drainage, rehabilitation of washed-out parts. To put these solutions into practice it is usual to use local building materials – rock / stone materials mostly. In Samara region rock materials are mostly presented by sedimentary or soft rocks. The use of these materials is restricted by their resistance to freezing. According to the mining data the freeze-resistance of these materials is 25-50 cycles whereas the minimum required is not less than 100 cycles. To increase the freeze-resistance of the materials in question we suggest the initial materials should be sheathed into new modified composite materials. It would allow to use some materials which have not yet been used, for example, waste or by-products, such as crush or split-up by-products. [14-17] We have performed a lab experiment to educe freeze-resistance of different materials, such as natural rock materials and their modifications: rock-hold [18], no-fines concrete [19]. Another research was conducted to analyze Mikhail I. Balzannikov and Andrey A. Mikhasek / Procedia Engineering 91 ( 2014 ) 183 – 187 185 how such waste products as crush products of reinforced concrete constructions (both sheathed into rock-hold and without any shell) are further used. Such waste products as crush products of concrete and reinforced concrete as well as local rock materials (used in building engineering) showed the worst freeze-resistance ability that is 15 and 25 cycles respectively.

Fig. 2. Flaws and damages of subsurface structures. 1 – destruction of existing shoring; 2 – no shoring of upstream slopes; 3 – downstream side flooding /swamping because no drainage; 4 – washing out of a dam.

Then we modified these waste products and local rock materials to derive no-fines concrete material and rock- hold material. After these modifications their worst freeze-resistance ability increased to 35 cycles for no-fines concrete material and 300 cycles for rock-hold material. Figure 3 below shows the obtained results. This research proves that it is possible to use waste or by-products in rehabilitating subsurface hydraulic engineering structures. We also recommend rock-hold material to be used as a shell for modified composite materials. We find important to mention though, that the main draw-back of these materials is their high price leading to considerable (4-times) increase of expenses. Summing it all up we suggest this freeze-resistance research be further carried out to derive new modified shell- material to decrease expenses on rehabilitating subsurface hydraulic engineering structures.

186 Mikhail I. Balzannikov and Andrey A. Mikhasek / Procedia Engineering 91 ( 2014 ) 183 – 187

Figure 3. Test value of freeze-resistance: 1 – crushed soft rocks; 2 – no-fines concrete material derived from crushed soft rocks; 3 – rock-hold material derived from crushed soft rocks; 4 – crush products of reinforced concrete constructions; 5 – rock-hold material derived from crush products of reinforced concrete constructions.

3. Conclusion

The research lets us make the following conclusions: x Hydraulic engineering structures of Samara region are overage; x The most typical flaws damages of subsurface structures are the following: destruction of existing shoring, no shoring of upstream slopes; downstream side flooding /swamping because no drainage, washing out of a dam; x The freeze-resistance of local building materials and waste / by-products does not fit the requirements for hydraulic engineering structures; x The freeze-resistance of modified composite materials depend on the freeze-resistance of their shell (proven by the lab experiment on no-fines concrete and rock-hold); x The use of no-fines concrete is unreasonable because of low increase in the number of its life cycles (10 – 12); x The use of rock-hold material leads to 4-times increase of expenses; x The freeze-resistance research should be further carried out to derive new modified shell-material to decrease expenses on rehabilitating subsurface hydraulic engineering structures.

References

[1] M.I. Balzannikov, V.A. Zubkov, N.V. Kondratjeva, V.A. Khurtin, Complete Integrated Examination of Zhiguli Hydroelectric Station Building Constructions and Their Technical Condition // Hydraulic Engineering. 2013. ʋ 6. pp. 21-27. [2] Z.V. Mescherjakova, I.A. Katkov, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Mikhasek, Reconstruction of Mini Hydroelectric Stations // MiĊdzynarodowa konferencja naukowa II Okrągáy stóá Hydroenergetyki Wisáa, Woága, Wocáawek, 2004. [3] V.V. Kruglikov, A.V. Kruglikov, S.M. Andrusenko, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Mikhasek, Complete Integrated Examination of Hydraulic Engineering Structures of Waterpower System on the Sulcha River, Tatarstan // Actual Problems in Building Engineering and Architecture. Education. Science. Practice: 62th Scientific-Technological Conference Materials. Samara, 2005. [4] M.I. Balzannikov, E.V. Lukenuk, The Use of Geographic Information System of Ecological Monitoring in Environment Quality Management // Ecological Systems and Devices. 2008. ʋ 2. pp. 3-5. [5] M.I. Balzannikov, M.V. Rodionov, Extending the Operating Life of Low Embankment Dams in Russia // International Journal on Hydropower and Dams. 2013. ʋ 6. pp. 60-63. [6] M.I. Balzannikov, Yu.M. Galitskova, The Causes of Large Plains River Shore and Collapse Research and Measures to Prevent It // Eastern European Scientific Journal (Gesellschaftswissenschaften): Düsseldorf (Germany): Auris Verlag. 2013. ʋ 6. pp. 28-32. [7] M.I. Balzannikov, M.V. Rodionov, Subsurface Dams with Downstream Slope Letting Floodwater Out // Vestnik of Region, Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences. ʋ 15. Nizhniy Novgorod: Nizh.N. State University of Arch. & Building Engineering, 2012. pp. 99-104. Mikhail I. Balzannikov and Andrey A. Mikhasek / Procedia Engineering 91 ( 2014 ) 183 – 187 187

[8] V.A. Shabanov, E.A. Akhmedova, M.I. Balzannikov, Development Concept of River-Bank Line in a City // Vestnik of Volga Region, Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences. ʋ 15. Nizhniy Novgorod: Nizh.N. State University of Arch. & Building Engineering, 2004. pp. 27-31. [9] M.I. Balzannikov, M.V. Rodionov, Yu.E. Senitsckiy, On Increasing Functional Reliability of Low-pressure Hydraulic Engineering Structures with Subsurface Dams // Privolzhskiy Science Journal 2012. ʋ 2. pp. 35-40. [10] Yu.M. Galitskova, M.I. Balzannikov, V.A. Shabanov, Means of Preventing River Bank Slopes from Destruction: Patent of RF, 2237129, 2004. Bul. ʋ 27. [11] M.I. Balzannikov, B.G. Ivanov, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Mikhasek, Hydraulic Engineering Structures Management System // Vestnik MSSU, Scientific- Technological Journal. 2012. ʋ 7. pp. 119-124. [12] M.I. Balzannikov, Yu.M. Galitskova, Preventing River Bank Slopes from Destruction // EcoBaltic 2006: Works of VI International Youth Ecological Forum of Baltic Region. StPet.: St.Pet. Un. 2006. pp. 58-60. [13] M.I. Balzannikov, M.V. Rodionov, V.A. Seliverstov, On Increasing Environmental Safety of Subsurface Hydraulic Engineering Structures // Scientific-Technological Journal, Vestnik of SSUACE. Town Planning and Architecture. 2011. ʋ 1. pp. 100-105. [14] M.I. Balzannikov, V.P. Petrov, Ecological Aspects of Deriving Building Materials from Waste Products // Actual Status and Perspectives of Building Material Engineering. Samara, SSUACE. 2004. pp. 47-50. [15] Yu.M. Galitskova, M.I. Balzannikov, Means of Environmental Protection from Hard Domestic and Industrial Waste Pollution: Patent of RF, 2294245, 2007. Bul. ʋ 6. [16] Yu.M. Galitskova, M.I. Balzannikov, Means of Environmental Protection from Hard Domestic Waste Pollution: Patent of RF, 2372154, 2009. Bul. ʋ 6. [17] Yu.M. Galitskova, V.A. Shabanov, Samara region and its towns’ Problems in Recycling Hard Domestic Waste // Long-term City and Regional Planning: Scientific-Technological Inter-university Digest. Samara, 2003. pp. 204-207. [18] M.I. Balzannikov, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Mikhasek, Use of Rapid-Hardening Substances in Making Impervious Elements in Dams built of Rock Materials // Engineering and Building Journal. 2012 ʋ 3. pp. 48-53. [19] Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Mikhasek, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Smyvalov, Areas of No-fines Concrete Use in Hydraulic Engineering Structures of Samara Region // Actual Problems in Building Engineering and Architecture. Education. Science. Practice: 62th Scientific-Technological Conference Materials. Samara, 2005. pp. 169.