Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42902-3 — Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos Edited by K

Home , Notharctidae, Rhinarium, Sunda slow loris

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42902-3 — Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos Edited by K. A. I. Nekaris , Anne M. Burrows Index More Information

Index

5 welfare freedoms, 398 imagery, 363 anatomy, 47, 50, 76, 78, 80, 94, 97, indirect, 363 102, 179, 186, 217, 326 abductor pollicis brevis, 93 online, 366 anatomical variation, 97, 111 abductor pollicis longus, 93 viral, 362 glenohumeral, 138 abundance, 193, 203, 221, 296, 301, affinity, 381–382, 390–392 muscle, 78–79 303–304, 307, 310, 314–315, Africa, xix, 3–4, 21, 26, 31, 33, 38, olfactory, 6, 97, 101, 103, 108, 332, 334, 395, 398 40, 42, 59, 63, 76, 153, 191, 110 Acacia, 185, 203 204, 267, 347, 350 soft-tissue, 78 accessory olfactory bulb, 53, 98 African visual, 174, 180, 182 accessory olfactory system, 98, 100, lorises, 1–3, 9, 15, 31, 58, 63, 154, ancestral condition, 129, 181 102–103, 110 160, 316, 325 ancestral reconstruction, 131 activity budget, 9, 195, 199, 202, 210, lorisids, 6, 30, 42, 49, 58, 63, 76, ANCOVA. See analysis of 214, 219, 227, 234, 250, 256, 111, 130, 161, 350 covariance 317 Lorisiformes, 364 angwantibo, xix, 1–2, 6, 9–10, 14, 21, activity pattern, 9, 115, 125, 179, lorisiforms, 9, 132, 134, 204, 209, 33, 57, 59–60, 63, 76, 127, 153, 194, 197, 202, 210, 316–317 364 155, 180, 184, 186, 204–205, Adapiformes, 37 lorisines, 210 207, 209, 236–237, 241, 288, Adapoidea, 37 perodicticines, 153 339, 347–348, 350, 354 adapoids, 37, 43 potto, 19, 24, 29, 33, 49, 64, 98, 210 Calabar, 5, 63 adaptation, 3, 6, 59, 68, 138, 142, 157, range, 1 golden, 5, 63, 204, 349 176, 191, 201, 207, 219, 259 species, 2, 209 animal cruelty, 372 anatomical, 6, 186 tale, 19 animal markets, 394–395, 398 behavioural, 6, 207 Africans, 19 Animal Record Keeping System, 235 dental, 7, 45, 155, 157 Africa-to-Asia, 43 ANOVA, 118, 222 exudativory, 185 Afro-Asian, 131, 136 anterior dentition, 45, 62, 69, 157, fundamental, 7 aggression, 267, 364 161 locomotor, 77, 210 conspecific, 266 anthropogenic activity, 204, 382 masticatory, 113 intraspecific, 13 anthropogenic disturbance, 310, metabolic, 166 agriculture, 193 328 morphological, 6, 58, 157 areas, 333 anthropogenic pressures, 333 paramasticatory, 113 sustainable, 399 anthropogenic settings, 365, 380 physical, 10 agroforestry, 193–194, 201–203 anthropoids, 2, 8, 37, 43, 52, 101, primate, 140 Akaike information criterion (AIC), 103, 113, 125, 130 process, 66 250, 321 anthropological capacity, 350 toothcomb, 12 alien species, 339 anthropological design, 350 visual, 174, 176, 181 allogrooming, 206, 259 anthropomorphism374, 391 visual system, 174 allometry, 113, 115, 117, 120, images, 380 adaptive, 10, 43, 67, 114–115, 124–126, 138 settings, 363, 374, 379 125–126, 159, 185, 258–259 alopecia, 267 words, 382, 389, 391 significance, 113, 127, 192 ambient temperature, 187–189, anti-predation, 9 variation, 115 264 behaviours, 174 adolescents, 362, 365–367, 370 amplitude, 317 function, 13 advertising, 343, 356, 362–363, 370, anaesthesia, 291, 293 strategy, 219 373, 378 analysis of covariance, 118 AOS. See accessory olfactory system direct, 363 anaphylaxis, 14 Aotus, 52, 130

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42902-3 — Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos Edited by K. A. I. Nekaris , Anne M. Burrows Index More Information

466 Index

arboreal, 6, 43, 49–50, 53, 76, 140, moral, 367, 369 maternal, 243, 249, 251, 144, 150, 210, 227, 304 public, 375, 379 257–259, 261 anthropoid, 52 student, 367 methods, 178 environment, 6, 53, 144, 150, 152 auditory, 47, 56, 247 normal, 187, 221, 281 lifestyle, 19, 76, 154, 295 bulla, 31 observation, 93, 139, 149, locomotion, 150 cues, 55, 180 221–222, 316, 320, 398 mammals, 49, 194, 313 system, 55 problem, 170 primates, 6, 211 authorities, 220, 291, 332, 344, 354, study, 79, 111, 174, 211, 296 quadrupedalism, 44 396–397 training, 47 snake, 8, 150 awareness, 365, 372, 381, 397–398 trends, 261 species, 49, 193, 203 conservation, 333, 392 beliefs, 7, 136, 342, 351, 353, trapping, 288 public, 363 366–367, 369–370, 372, ArcGIS, 230, 327 384 Arctocebus,1–3, 9, 25, 29–30, 34, 38, B. tardigradus. See Bradypus cultural, 357, 363 40, 50, 57, 63, 69, 76, 98, 101, Bahasa folklore, 12 104–106, 108, 111, 148–149, Indonesia, 343, 383–384, 397 moral, 367, 369 154, 160, 182, 184, 186 Java, 343 superstitious, 357 aureus, 5, 9, 29, 63, 205, Sunda, 343 traditional, 12 207–208, 211, 349 Bali, 342–343 BGE. See brachial gland calabarensis, 5, 63, 104, 205–206 bamboo, 194, 197, 199, 203, 229, Bhutan, 26, 31, 41 Arctocebus calabarensis,29 231, 247, 289 south-east, 41 ARKS. See Animal Record Keeping banana, 266, 288, 328, 333 BIC. See Bayesian information System Bangladesh, 26, 31, 195, 201, 203 criterion artificial day–night light cycles, 264 basicranial, 125 biodiversity, 194, 201, 373–374, Asia, xix, 1, 4, 31, 37, 39, 41, 59, flexion, 113, 124–125 391, 400 133, 153, 191, 193–194, 211, length, 124 biogeography, 3, 31, 59, 398 263, 326, 363, 393 sutures, 116 bio-logging, 316, 322 countries, 334 bats, 54, 115, 144, 178, 185 biomechanics, 8, 48, 138–140, 148, genera, 31, 57 Bayesian information criterion, 321 150 lorises, 1–3, 9–11, 15, 19, 23–24, 31, bear monkey, 25 data, 139, 148–149, 151 33, 58, 63, 98, 154, 160, behaviour, 55, 58, 60, 92, 103, 111, demands, 150 209–210, 215, 218, 307, 130, 142, 144, 150, 169, features, 138 315–316, 325 178–179, 209–210, 220, 227, locomotor data, 140, 149–150 lorisids, 6, 30, 49, 58–60, 63, 130, 250, 260–261, 316, 320–321, locomotor features, 139 161, 341 325, 364, 372, 398 principles, 69 Lorisiformes, 363 abnormal, 243, 247, 250–251, biophilia, 378 lorisiforms, 132, 134 257–259, 261, 364 birthing enclosure, 272 lorisines, 133, 153, 210, 263 acuity, 179, 184 bite, 10, 12–13, 209, 267 range countries, 1 adaptation, 207 slow loris, 12 slow lorises, 207 approaches, 178 toxic, 242, 267 South, 202, 357 data, 103, 110, 169, 212, 222, venomous, 12, 291, 364 South-east, 3, 11, 25, 31, 33, 40, 249, 320–321 wounds, 242, 266 59, 61, 187, 193, 202, 211, deficits, 260 black magic, 357 333, 355, 400 development, 243, 261 black market, 397 trade, 15 differences, 204, 272 body, 47, 53, 144, 150, 178, 208, wildlife, 382 diversity, 244, 249, 251, 256, 260, 212, 266, 285, 317 zoos, 263 265 balance, 211 attitudes, 353, 367–368, 381, 383, ecology, 210, 219, 285, 382, 389, condition, 260–261 385, 390–391, 400 392 fat, 187 children, 369 evidence, 104, 110, 158 fur, 296 environmental, 366–367, 369 experiments, 180 length, 28, 76, 231, 291

Index 467

mass, 43, 68, 74, 92, 98, 105, 159, bushbabies, 1–3, 6–8, 19, 31, 33, Cantius,37 317, 325, 348 153, 155, 157, 312 capture and captivity, 12, 64–65, 79, measurement, 291 bushmeat, 15–16, 242, 341, 149, 165, 168, 173, 180, mechanics, 149 347–348, 350, 353 186–188, 190, 205, 207, parts, 342, 394 extraction, 350 209–210, 217, 228–229, 231, posture, 191 hunting, 15, 349 235, 237, 240–241, 243–244, size, 11, 28, 62, 64, 108, 181, 196, markets, 349 253, 257, 260, 263–265, 267, 211, 227–228, 231, 270, 285, surveys, 347, 350 285, 288–289, 319, 332, 355, 295, 332 trade, 347–348, 350, 353–354 364, 394 temperature, 10, 187–189, 314, 316 buying, 332, 344–345, 356–358, 360 angwantibo, 14 weight, 9, 25, 31, 79–80, 188, buyer proﬁles, 347 animals, xix, 167, 220, 228–229, 190–191, 210–211, 225, 229, 233, 285, 288, 316 231, 293 Calabar, 5, 63, 205 attention, 19 bone, 99, 105, 343, 350 Old Calabar, 21, 29 biology, 235, 241 calcaneus, 58 people, 21 birds, 207 cranial, 99 calcaneus, 58 captive-bred, 167, 234, 238, 264, nasal, 31 Callithrichidae, 155 346, 352, 356, 365 navicular, 58 Callithrix, 155, 157 collars, 229 phalangeal, 24 jacchus, 165, 172 conditions, 233 premaxillary, 25, 29 penicillata, 194 diets, 167 tarsal, 7, 19 Cambodia, 27, 31, 62, 202, 215, 217, environment, 281 vertebrae, 24, 28, 30, 58, 64 228, 289 housing, 243 Borneo, 220 dipterocarp forests, 202 insects, 49 Indonesia, 344 eastern, 228 lorisids, 14 Malaysia, 334 camera, 291, 321, 374 management, 9, 217 Bosman, Willem, 19, 23–24, 76 video camera, xix, 212, 272 nutrition, 166 brachial gland, 12, 266 Cameroon, 29, 63, 204, 206, 285 populations, 11–12, 14, 209, 326 exudate, 12, 267 Mount Cameroon, 29 potto, 19, 207, 209, 239 sebaceous, 11 south-east, 349 prey, 111, 207 brachial oil, 343 campaign, 350, 372, 399 primate, 364 brachioradialis, 79–80, 92–93 conservation, 372 procedures, 266, 289 Bradypus,20 education, 356, 365 pygmy lorises, 231 breeding, 137, 166, 239, 243, 263, social, 373 recapture, 288, 295, 320 265, 267, 269–270, 273, 275, canine (teeth), 28, 45, 67, 69, 74–75, records, 14 355 157 setting,11,149,257,259,281,319 activity, 270 lower, 67 sites, 65 captive, 234, 264, 346, 352, 365 post-, 49 specimens, 66 colony, 275 upper, 30, 157 stressors, 243, 258 cycles, 264, 267 canonical variate analysis, 73 study, 7, 11, 211, 258, 316–317, farms, 355 canopy, 9, 50, 54, 76, 175, 185, 194, 322 patterns, 264, 267, 274 196, 211, 226, 231, 288, 308 trade, 364, 395 programme, 235 closed, 185 variation, 175 protocol, 263 continuity, 315 caretaker, 169, 247, 263–264, 268, season, 8, 233, 238, 275 dense, 194 270, 272, 275 selective, 169 high, 215 carpal vibrissae, 53 stocks, 355 middle, 212 cathemeral, 52 bricks-and-mortar markets, 342, open, 176, 185 primates, 178 345 top, 212 species, 9, 178 bridging, 7, 150, 210–211, 217 cantilever (movement), 7, 150–151, CDA. See cultural cultural domain locomotion, 140 211, 217, 308 analysis Buchholz, Rheinhold, 19 lorisid, 8 Cebuella, 155, 157

468 Index

cellulitis, 266 traps, 285 Act of the Republic of Indonesia Central Africa, 5, 41, 76 trees, 196 on Conservation No. 5 of Central African Republic, 350 communication, 6, 130, 174, 205, Living Resources and Cercomoniidae, 37 344–345, 374, 391 Ecosystems, 396 cheirogaleid, 116, 129, 155, 185 function, 13 action, 65, 295, 333, 365, 397 Cheirogaleidae, 130 intra-species, 271 Agency for the Conservation of chemosensory, 97–98 negative, 381 Natural Resources, 220 China, 15, 26, 31, 187, 326–327, olfactory, 6, 13, 103, 111, 129, applications, 64 332, 364, 393 205, 271 attitudes, 382 National Bureau of Statistics, 333 social, 205 awareness, 333, 392 Red List of Vertebrates, 327 signal, 13 behaviours, 381 South, 25, 228 system, 13 centres, 235 Survey on Key Protected ultrasonic, 55, 209 conservation effort, 352 Terrestrial Wild Animal community, 341, 350, 355, 373, 390 education, 346, 350, 365, 372, Resources, 327 engagement, 397 381, 391 Yunnan, 332 hunting, 348 effectiveness, 307, 333 chiromyiform, 36 local, 332–333, 398 efforts, 1, 4, 9, 11, 15, 271, 334, circannual clock, 190 microbiomal, 168 338, 365, 379, 398, 400 circumorbital online, 362 energy, 190 form, 113, 115, 127 primate, 348 facilities, 338 function, 114 rural, 350, 383 goals, 261 region, 113, 118, 127 scientific, 209 impacts, 366 CITES, 64, 235, 242, 339, 360, 364, comparative and evolutionary International Union for 398 approach, 174, 218 Conservation of Nature, Appendix I, 357, 375, 396–397 competition, 233 397 Appendix II, 358, 396 conspecific, 220 issues, 350, 365, 381, 393 Appendix III, 396 food, 187 knowledge, 381 CITES-listed species, 360 intraspecific, 11, 233, 242 management, 65, 210, 234, 295, permissions, 364, 395 male, 271 304 reports, 364 confiscation (of illegally trade), 16, marketing, 373 Trade Database, 361 65, 220, 242–244, 251, 256, Natural Resources Conservation clicking calls, 206, 209, 273 258, 338, 355, 364, 397–398 Agency, 396 clinging behaviour, 273, 290, 312, animals, 332, 397, 399 organisation, 382, 397 319 fauna, 403 programmes, 65 code words, 360 guns, 332 projects, 275, 365 colony, 263–264, 275 infants, 244, 260 research, 350, 362, 370, research, 263 mothers, 243–244, 249, 251, 254, 392 colour, 25–26, 28, 174, 177–178, 257, 259–260 strategies, 14, 228, 314 185, 270, 302 pregnant animals, 244, 257 studies, 1 bands, 302 Congo, 29 threats to, 391 cues, 180 Congolese, 341 UN Environment World discrimination, 176, 178, 182 Democratic Republic of Congo, Conservation Monitoring Munsell, 291 29 Centre, 360 pelage, 28, 191, 196 Republic of Congo, 63, 350 value, 203 vision, 174, 177–181, 185–186 River, 29 Wildlife Conservation Enactment wavelength, 177 conservation, 1, 64, 194, 203, 228, 1997, 334 commerce, 339, 355 236, 275, 293, 307, 315, 327, Wildlife Conservation Society, breeding, 356 334, 339, 346, 349, 351–352, 307 entertainment, 363 355, 362, 365–367, 372–374, conservation status, 327, 337, plantations, 333 379, 381–382, 385, 389, 393, 397–398, 403 trade, 339, 396 396–399, 403 Critically Endangered, 64, 327

Index 469

Endangered, 211, 241, 307, 327, size, 104, 108, 111 deciduous, 116 333, 357, 365, 394 surface, 105 disease, 166 Extinct, 29, 37, 43, 49, 64, surface area, 104, 106, 110 morphometrics, 158, 161 115–116, 122, 153, 331, 333, crime, 344, 360 problems, 166, 364 350 crop foraging behaviour, 349 remains, 39 Least Concern, 304 cross-cultural, 391 signature, 75, 155–157 Vulnerable, 337, 403 cryptic, xix, 2, 50, 130, 304, 316, topographic methods, 44, 68 conservationists, 350, 362, 366, 370, 321, 332 Derhputhia, 358 380 function, 193 detection, 49, 103, 180, 182, 207, conspeciﬁcs, 8, 13, 55, 103, 205, locomotion, 10, 155 295–296, 301–302, 304, 207, 220, 266, 269, 271, 273 primates, 195, 303, 307, 316, 321, 307–308, 310, 312–313 aggression, 266 325 calls, 312 biting, 242, 266 CT scan, 69 food, 98 competition, 220 culture, 15, 350–351, 357, 363, 368, late, 310 wild, 189 378, 381–382, 384, 391 non-detection, 307–308, 312, 314 consumers, 346–347, 351, 355, backgrounds, 383 odour, 98, 102 363–364, 366 beliefs, 357, 363 prey, 53 availability, 281 cultural domain analysis, 384, 390 probabilities, 307–308, 310, behaviour theory, 370 differences, 361, 391 313–315 interviews, 353 domain, 368, 390 rates, 307 preferences, 339, 346, 352 information, 367 deterioration, 332–333 surveys, 351 norms, 351 development, 28, 115, 259–260, content (internet sites), 362, salience, 368 291, 398 366–368, 370, 373–374 socio-cultural, 400 abnormal behaviour, 258 creators, 372 traditions, 382 behaviour, 243, 261 emotional, 366 CVA. See canonical variate analysis conservation, 228 online, 362–363, 366, 372 cytochrome b, 31, 61, 64 delay, 244, 259 social media, 362, 366 cytotoxicity, 13 foreign, 398 user-generated, 363 infants, 243, 247, 256–257, video, 370 dark web, 357 259–260 viral, 362 data sheet, 291 infrastructure, 393 content analysis, 384, 387, 391 databases, 235, 352, 360 management targets, 65 contraception, 274 online, 360 normal, 260 Convention on International Trade scientiﬁc, 236 physical, 260 in Endangered Species. See trade, 339, 360 primate, 260 CITES zoo, 236 sexual dimorphism, 225 convergence, 6, 30, 45, 53, 110, 113, Daubentonia, 36, 67, 69, 181 sibling, 137 115–117, 119, 123, 125–126, dazzle (response to light), 281 stories, 382 160, 174, 323 deciduous, 308 technology, 374 conversation, 1, 15, 349, 351, 358 dipterocarp, 229 trends, 259 copulation, 268, 271 forest, 175, 202 dichromat, 103, 179–180, 185 coronoid processes, 58 mixed, 229 diet, 7, 14, 19, 44, 49, 68, 74–75, corridors, 315 defence, 10, 12, 137 155, 157, 160, 165–166, 168, covariates, 307–308, 312 behaviour, 204, 208 170, 173, 186, 202, 209, 219, CPSA. See cribriform plate mechanism, 11, 208 264, 285, 391 craniodental, 31, 57, 63 posture, 24, 208–209 angwantibos, 207 Cretaceous, 37, 153 deforestation, 193, 332 behaviour, 44, 68 cribriform plate, 100, 104–105, 108, dentition, 7, 24, 45, 49, 57, 62, Bengal slow loris, 202 110 68–69, 116, 157, 160–161 captive, 11, 167, 259 measurements, 105 adaptations, 7, 45, 155, 157 components, 185 results, 108 characteristics, 3, 160 conditioning, 206

470 Index

diet (cont.) distributions, 25–26, 29, 31, 63, 65, ecological, 186 differences, 225, 227, 258 140, 203, 304, 327, 355 flowers, 202 exudates, 74, 155–156, 158, age, 249 genetic, 26, 263, 271 165–166, 171, 185, 207, 247 areas, 328, 332 lorisids, 7, 33, 61 fossil, 45 Asian lorises, 9 lorisiform skull, 127 fruit, 169–170, 288 Bengal slow loris, 202, 211, 327, 331 mammal, 334 fruit-free, 169 bites, 13 morphology, 153 galagos, 166 clumped, 205 phenotypic, 113, 115, 118, 127 insectivorous, 29, 74 diurnal primates, 295 primates, 210, 326, 333 Javan slow loris, 220 enamel, 69, 73, 158 social organisation, 130 lorises, 166, 288 epithelium, 99 species, 25, 63, 193 lorisid, 14, 44 food, 265 strepsirrhines, 103 lorisiforms, 168 geographic, 31, 59, 64, 76, 153, 332 surveys, 337 malnutrition, 167 grey slender loris, 304 taxonomic, 4, 65 natural, 165, 219 heterogeneous, 307 trees, 202 niche, 6–7, 11, 68, 155, 161, 364 historical, 331 Djebelemur, 37, 435 Nycticebus, 50, 171, 219 L. lydekkerianus, 25, 60, 263 DNA, 65 patterns, 166 lemuriform, 106 analysis, 291 potto, 166, 288 Loris, 304, 310 mitochondrial, 30, 62–63 preferences, 127 lorises, 59, 187 mtDNA, 27, 57 primate milk, 258 lorisids, 41, 106 nuclear, 27, 30 specialisation, 7, 184, 202 Nycticebus, 27, 66, 188, 211 sequence data, 66 trials, 169 OTSA, 108 domestic animals379 digital extensor, 89, 92 patchy, 312 dogs, 10 digital flexor, 79, 91, 93 Perodicticus,26 guinea pigs, 48 deep, 91, 93 Philippine lorises, 226 market, 363 extrinsic, 94 pottos, 26, 29, 204 pet trade, 342 superficial, 91, 93 primates, 63 pets, 393 diphyly, 2, 30 range, 187, 190, 295, 307, 327 settings, 281 direct observations, 180, 220, 316, records, 333 species, 165 322 slender loris, 304 Donrussellia,37 disease, 12 slow lorises, 326–327, 332–334 dorsal, 99 dental, 166 spatial, 302–303 clinging, 206, 271 infectious, 241 spatiotemporal, 129 dorsal–ventral position, 206 spread, 347 species, 315, 326 line, 26–27 transmission, 339, 364 utilisation, 230 pelage, 13 zoonotic, 347 utilisation distribution overlap stripe, 23, 25–26, 191 dispersal, xix, 8, 11, 129, 234, 293 index, 230 Duke Lemur Center, 77 capability, 209 vibrissae, 56 dusting, 167–168 early, 137 diurnality, 8, 113, 178, 180, 230 family group, 8, 130, 132–133, 137 adaptation, 177 East Africa, 3, 38 harem, 129, 136 animals, 126, 176, 288 East African Rift, 29 lorisidae, 1 organisms, 126 EAZA. See European Association of multi-female, 137 primates, xix, 8, 193, 204, 295, Zoos and Aquaria multiple-male/single-female, 129 312, 348 ecology, 6, 8, 12, 40, 47, 50, 53, 56, primates, 193 species, 9, 174 60, 97, 150, 179, 192, 194, seed, 193 diversification, 37, 59, 138 209, 212, 279, 307, 382 socially, 19, 130 diversity, 6, 25, 30, 33, 60, 63, 126, attitudes, 369 species, 137 218, 339 behaviours, 210, 219, 285, 382, single-male/multiple-female, 204 behaviour, 226, 244, 249, 251, 389, 392 single-male/single-female, 204 256, 260–261, 265 characteristics, 58, 62, 295

Index 471

conditions, 210 elbow, 148 needs, 187 context, 110, 139 angles, 144 primate, 211 data, 60, 279 compliance, 142 energy, 156, 167, 169, 171, 187, determinants, 303 flexor, 79 190, 260, 325 differences, 48, 204 function, 148 acquisition, 226 diversity, 186 joint, 144–145 conservation, 188, 190 division, 9 yield, 142 conversion, 168 face touch, 47 electromyography, 145, 148, 150 exertion, 325 factors, 11, 137, 174 elusive species, 130, 304, 307, 310, expenditure, 187, 190, 316–317, feeding, 165, 219 312 324 flexibility, 195 primates, 12, 192, 294 maximisers, 226 foraging, 194 EMG. See electromyography requirements, 190, 210 function, 12, 193–194 empathy, 381, 391 saving, 191–192 locomotor, 139 empathic words, 382 shortage, 190 influences, 210 EN. See endangered storage, 187 movement, 325 enamel, 45, 69, 158 enforcement, 16, 65, 220, 242, 338, niche, 149, 160 enamel–dentine junction, 70 346, 355, 370, 393, 395, 397, parameters, 192 labial, 69–70 399 primate, 157 layer, 45 agencies, 354, 360 sensory, 47, 49, 56 lingual, 69, 157–158 efforts, 242, 347, 352 touch, 47, 50, 56 thickness, 69, 73, 75 officers, 364 value, 161 encephalisation, 113, 124–125 operations, 364 visual, 174, 177–178, 180, enclosure, 178, 205, 221, 247, 260, English, 343, 358, 383–384, 399, 184 264–265, 273 403 economy birthing, 272 enrichment, 264–265, 364 alternative, 293 design, 217 conditions, 266 conditions, 396 free-range, 265 diet, 166 resources, 393 furnishings, 265 food, 265 returns, 350 habituation, 221, 398 environment, 3, 54, 56, 138, 142, security, 398 indoor, 264, 267 184, 210, 264, 273, 367, 369 value, 346, 348, 354–355 outdoor, 189, 265 arboreal, 6, 53, 144, 150, 152 ecosystem, 339, 396, 400, 403 wire-mesh, 247 captive, 149, 265, 281 functions, 193 encounters103, 205, 212, 309–310, complex, 139, 142 ectotympanic, 30 314, 328, 332, 342, 354, 374, conditions, 190, 267–268, 275 EDJ. See enamel–dentine junction 380 education, 366, 381–382, 390 education, 275, 369–370, 372, aggressive, 12 enrichment, 265–266 381–382, 391, 399, 403 agonistic, 12 exploration, 47, 260, 265, 387 campaigns, 350, 356, 365 animals, 314 forest, 50, 55, 103, 175 course, 382 rate, 194, 301, 303–304, 314, 332, fragmented, 217 efforts, 346 354 human, 374 events, 399 Endangered, 211, 241, 307, 327, hypervariable, 156 initiatives, 391 333, 357, 365, 394 issues, 381 messages, 373 Endangered Primate Rescue Centre, light, 175–176, 180, 185 pre-post, 383–385, 387 189 managed, 271 programme, 381 endemic, 60, 63, 194, 228, 307, native, 274 programmes, 365, 372, 382, 390, 382 natural, 149, 316 392 energetics natural lighting, 264 public education programmes, advantage, 148 navigation, 56, 98 333 costs, 191, 211 niche, 364 research, 365 data, 148 nocturnal light, 174 Egypt, 3, 34, 36, 42, 67 expenses, 188, 190 requirements, 275

472 Index

environment (cont.) online content, 372 species, 363, 372 scotopic, 181 programme, 384 experimental seasonal, 187 tracking, 15 enclosures, 180 stressors, 267 variation, 115 methods, 149, 180 unstable, 260 evergreens research, 139 warm, 188 forest, 196, 211, 215, 229, 308 studies, 12, 139, 210 Eocene, 3, 34, 36–37, 43, 59, 68, shrubs, 212 work, 104, 149 116, 132, 153 evolution, 1, 37, 65, 74–75, 139, export, 355, 395 epoch, 31 160 exporters, 345, 352, 354, 393 EPRC. See Endangered Primate adaptation, 59 quotas, 396 Rescue Centre anthropoids, 2 ex-situ, 263, 274 Equatorial Guinea, 29, 63 changes, 113 breeding, 263 ethics, 341, 346, 364, 366, 376 context, 75, 159, 174 conservation, 228 animal, 372 cooperative breeding, 137 husbandry, 268 approach, 353 diurnality, 113 management, 264, 271, 274–275 boards, 345 explanations, 69, 75 numbers, 263 code, 341 feeding function, 12 populations, 263, 274 considerations, 345 history, 2, 33, 45, 59, 66, 185, research, 275 conundrums, 344 378 extant species, 37, 185 implications, 344 lorisidae, 161 Arctocebus, 34, 69 manner, 352, 361 lorisids, 2–3, 7, 30, 33, 51 Euoticus,69 standards, 243, 341, 376 lorisiform, 155 galagid, 19 structures, 341 Lorisiformes, 161 lorises, 3, 33 Ethiopia, 3, 42 mechanisms, 13 lorisids, 2–3, 33, 41, 43, 108, 153 ethmoturbinals, 99 nocturnal strepsirrhines, 184 lorisiforms, 113, 127, 185 ethogram, 218, 222, 247 nocturnal vision, 127 mammals, 49, 174 Eulemur fulvus, 115 olfactory system, 111 Nycticebus, 38, 69 Euoticus, 30, 69, 133, 155, 157–158, origins, 33, 36, 75, 174 primates, 2, 160 161, 211 parallel, 30 scrapers, 74 elegantulus,74 pathways, 130 strepsirrhines, 3, 67, 97, 115–116, Eurasia, 42 perspective, 191, 259 122, 153 Europe, 37, 263, 375, 399 pottos, 26 extensors Eastern, 364 primate, 2, 43, 59, 75, 124–125, extensor digiti minimi, 91–92 institutions, 238 129, 157, 210 extensor digitorum, 91–92 region, 236 relationships, 57 extensor indicis, 79, 89, 92 Willem Bosman, 19 slow loris, 14 extensor pollicis longus, 91, 93 zoological collections, 238 social organisation, 129–130 extinction, 115–116, 122, 153, 263, zoological records, 241 strepsirrhines, 36–37, 155, 161 279, 331, 333, 339, 350, 393 European Commissions, 398 studies, 1, 97 risk, 365 European Union, 393 time, 129–130 extra-forest matrix, 201 European Union Trade in Wildlife trade-off, 51 extrinsic ﬂexors, 94 Information Exchange, 360 transformations, 114 extrinsic muscle, 48, 78–79, 93 European Association of Zoos and transitions, 33, 45, 137, 160 exudate, 13, 49, 68, 74, 126–127, Aquaria, 236, 241 vibrissae, 47 155, 166, 168, 185, 202, 207, euthanasia, 179, 243 zoological records, 235 211, 219, 222, 247, 258, 265 EU-TWIX. See European Union zoos, 235 acquisition, 69 evaluation, 328, 353 exhibit, 264–265, 267, 275 brachial gland, 12, 267 distribution, 327 exotic, 378 consumption, 195 farms, 403 animal, 356, 378 extraction, 75 measures, 384 pet trade, 374 feeding, 9, 69, 161, 185, 202, 217 medical, 273 products, 393 ﬂow, 155

Index 473

gum, 156 boxes, 266 intake, 190 plant, 209 dairy, 166 resources, 156, 159, 187, 190 tree, 19, 45, 68–69, 155, 187, 190, ecology, 165, 219 footfall, 140 203 formula, 274 sequence, 142 exudativory, 45, 68, 73–75, 165, fruits, 169, 222 foraging, xix, 8, 11, 53, 103, 110, 171, 185, 194, 202, 288 function, 12 129, 169, 181, 189, 194, 202, Asian slow lorises, 207 gums, 156–157, 202, 207, 217, 265 204, 206, 208, 220–222, 224, behaviour, 69, 75 insects, 168 226, 243, 273, 312 diet, 171 invertebrates, 226 activities, 193, 199, 202 Euoticus, 211 observation, 224 behaviours, 10, 53, 166, 176, 220, exudativory hypothesis, 69, 74 proclivities, 126 222, 224, 226–227, 281, 349 lorisiforms, 166, 168, 172 schedules, 219 ecology, 194 obligate, 166, 171, 243 trials, 165 foraging-based test, 178 scrapers, 74–75 fertility, 270 patterns, 193 eye shine, 181, 281, 288 fertile periods, 263, 270, 275 strategies, 9, 174, 226 fieldwork, xix, 1, 63, 65, 139, 149, trips, 190–191 face-touch, 6, 47, 49, 51–52, 55 180, 186, 191, 221, 234, 279, forelimb, 7, 10, 24, 26, 44, 78, 138, Facebook, 356, 362, 367 281, 291, 317, 320, 352, 400 142, 145 Indonesia, 343 behavioural experiments, 180 flexors, 148 faeces conditions, 291 peak forces, 142 consistency, 169 conservation, 275 peak tangential force, 145 hormonal analysis, 268 data, 11, 142, 161 protraction, 138 oestrogen metabolites, 272 experimental methods, 180 forest, 9, 26, 33, 40, 42, 50, 55, 65, samples, 168, 272 farmers, 400 175, 185, 193–194, 196, scoring, 169–170 methods, 196 201–202, 204, 279, 290, 295, false potto, 21 observations, 149, 184, 234 301, 312, 314, 327, 331, 333, farming, 15, 355, 399–400, 403 reports, 7, 155 339, 393, 395, 398, 400 artisanal, 349 research, 2, 187, 320 Afrotropical, 348, 350 breeding, 355 researchers, xix, 15 architecture, 175 fat, 166–167, 171, 189 settings, 178, 281 areas, 331 body fat, 187 sites, 1, 15, 65, 234, 334 authorities, 220 content, 167, 258 staff members, 221 biodiversity, 201 crude, 167 station, 290 canopy, 54, 175, 185, 194, 296 reserves, 188, 190 studies, xix, 2, 7, 10, 130–131, costal, 29 slow loris, 343 149, 218, 228, 267, 281, 331 deciduous, 202, 229 storage, 10 survey, 228, 296, 331 dense, 103, 314 fatalities, 12 techniques, 295, 301, 303 destruction, 193 fatty acids, 167–168 field-friendly techniques, 186 dipterocarp, 202–203, 229 profiles, 167 fission–fusion, xix dry deciduous, 175 fauna, 15, 42, 339, 350, 381, 403 flexors ecosystem, 400 Fauna and Flora Protection flexor digiti minimi brevis, 93 evergreen, 229, 308 Ordinance, 357 flexor pollicis longus, 92–93 extra-forest matrix, 193 feeding, 7–8, 98, 161, 167, 169, 173, flora, 339, 350 fragments, 212, 308, 327, 185, 193, 196, 198, 202, 204, focal animal, 222, 323 332–333 212, 217, 219–220, 222, 224, instantaneous point sampling, health, 193 226, 256, 260, 325 212 higher forest strata, 208 apparatus, 113 scan sampling, 222, 230 indigenous, 196 behaviour, 7, 9, 11, 53, 161, 168, folklore, 12, 332 lakeside, 311 207, 219–220, 222, 224, food lower strata, 208 226–227, 265 acquisition, 53, 111, 204 low-growth, 196 bouts, 194 availability, 187, 190, 220 lowland, 221

474 Index

forest (cont.) population, 26 kinematic data, 144 Malagasy, 176 sleep, 322 Komba,44 monoculture, 193 free list, 382, 384–385, 389, 391 lineage, 31, 36 mosaic, 195, 229 exercises, 384 locomotion, 2, 44, 148, 155 natural, 194, 197, 199, 203 free-ranging, 167 O. crassicaudatus, 23, 74, 115, old-growth, 196 animals, 167 118, 120, 134, 157–158, 160, patches, 193–194, 203, 212, 296, Bengal slow loris, 211 166, 181, 185 303–304, 315 enclosures, 265 postcranial adaptation, 3 plantations, 194, 203 ﬁeldwork, 281 stem, 59 primary, 50, 193, 219, 221 insects, 167 traits, 36, 38 products, 327 frontation, 113–114, 116–117, 120, Wadilemur elegans, 185 rain, 31, 63, 279 122, 125–126 Galagidae, 1–2, 19, 45, 52, 57, 59, regeneration, 193 frontoturbinal, 99 130, 153, 161, 207 regions, 328, 331 frugivory, 115 GEA. See attitude reserve, 221, 301, 304 fruit. See diet genera, 1–3, 11, 22, 25, 30, 62, riparian, 326 full-spectrum light, 265 131–132, 153, 326 scrub, 312 functional olfactory receptor African, 57, 59, 63 secondary, 50, 196, 208, 219 genes, 98, 103–104, 106, African lorisid, 30 sections, 327 108, 110 Asian, 31, 57 semi-evergreen, 211, 215, 229 fur, xx, 11, 54, 69, 188, 191, 206, Asian lorisid, 62 strata, 211 268–269 extant, 69 subtropical, 333 alopecia, 267 galagid, 30 tropical, 41, 59, 63, 193, 393 female, 206 loris, 25 units, 327 infants, 272 lorisid, 22, 60, 139, 142, 154 Vietnamese, 191 lorises, 191 strepsirrhines, 37, 116 wet, 25, 311 mother, 206 genetics179, 326 fORG. See functional olfactory subadults, 230 analysis, 49 receptor genes Sunda slow loris, 191 aspects, 285 fossils, 33, 36, 42, 45, 103, 117, 153, thick body fur, 296 data, 4, 61, 64, 66, 111, 153 161 differences, 27 African, 33 gait, 8 distance, xx ape, 42 characteristics, 138 diversiﬁcation, 26 Asian, 33 cycle, 145 diversity, 26, 263, 271 evidence, 3, 59 diagonal sequence, 138, 140 drift, 26 fossilisation, 130 features, 138 evidence, 3, 103, 111, 179, 182 Karanisia, 7, 31, 36, 45 lateral sequence, 138, 140 information, 65 lorisid, 3, 33, 36, 39, 41, 44–45 parameters, 142 material, 137 lorisiforms, 161 sequence, 140 molecular, 2–3, 326 non-primate, 122 spatiotemporal, 140 olfaction, 97 Nycticeboides,40 symmetric, 140 sampling, xx, 291 perodicticine, 42, 45 galagid, 3, 19, 30–31, 33, 38, 44–45, studies, 65, 182 primate, 7, 45, 68 50, 58, 65, 69, 101, 104, genitalia, 268–269, 271–272 record, 2–3, 33, 38, 42, 45, 67, 69, 106, 108, 113, 116, 118–119, scent glands, 53 74, 153 123, 127, 142, 153, 155, 158, scratching, 206 relatives, 33 161 genus, 21–22, 24, 40, 63–64, 347, 357 representative, 45 characteristics, 3, 154 Arctocebus,29–30, 34, 40 sites, 42 Euoticus, 155 Bradypus,20 species, 46 fossil record, 42 Euoticus,30 strepsirrhines, 67, 69 G. moholi, 74, 134, 157, 166, 171, Ficus, 222 fragmentation, 25, 216–217, 315, 332 181 Galago,30 distributions, 332 G. senegalensis, 115, 118, 120, Karanisia, 33, 59 forest, 333 125, 157, 165–166, 168, 171, L. gracilis,23 habitat, 209, 279, 333 182, 185 L. tardigradus,23

Index 475

Lemur,22 gums, 7, 14, 45, 50, 68, 155, 158, natural, 180, 219, 369, 393 Loris, 23, 25, 30, 60, 62, 116 161, 165–166, 168, 171, 180, natural forest, 175 Mioeuoticus, 38, 59 185, 202, 214, 217, 265, 288 occupancy, 225 Nycticeboides, 40, 59 acquisition, 158 patches, 208 Nycticebus, 23, 25, 30, 38, 60–61, consumption, 158, 168, 207 preferences, 304, 315 76, 168, 242 eating, 165 ranges, 332 Perodicticus,29–30, 38, 64, 76 extracting and , 157 requirements, 364 potto, 110 harvesting, 157 secondary forest, 219 Pseudopotto,64 feeders, 157, 165, 265 structure, 139 sivaladapine, 37 feeding, 156–157, 160, 207, suitability, 201, 315 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, 22, 265–266 type, 185, 199, 203, 291, 295, 26, 60 ﬂow, 157 302–303, 315 gestation gum arabic, 168, 266 use, 9, 139, 194–195, 199, 201, length, 11, 243–244, 271 plug, 157 203, 217–218, 279 period, 98, 240 seasonal, 156 viability, 42 glands trees, 166, 202, 207, 243 hair plucking, 267 brachial, 12, 266 gum-based enrichment, 265 handling, 221, 265–266, 269, 291, brachial sebaceous, 11 gummivory, 155, 158, 160 294, 364 mammary, 23 bushbabies, 157 Hapalemur griseus, 115 scent, 6, 53 lineages, 161 Haplorrhine, 37, 101, 103, 106, 179 scrotal, 206 primates, 265 harem, 129, 136 secretions, 13, 205 species, 185 hashtag, 375 specialised scent, 6 strepsirrhines, 160 head sway, 251 specialised scrotal, 206 taxa, 157 headlamp, 301 sweat, 12 guns, xix, 332, 350 health glenoid foramen, 58 gunshots, 332 care, 241, 264 global trade, 242 hunters, 332 issues, 166, 260, 273, 381 golden man, 358 shotguns, 348, 350 risks, 12 golden potto, 21, 24, 29 gut bacteria, 168 heterothermy, 189 gouging, 45, 68–69, 74, 155, gut health, 165 hibernation, 10, 187, 189, 191–192 157–158, 160, 266 hindlimb, 7, 58, 138, 140, 142, 145, government, 338 habitat, xix, 8–9, 19, 42, 54, 60, 149 agencies, 16 174, 180, 185, 187, 194, historical records, 236, 393 authorities, 291 196–197, 202, 207–208, home range, 8–9, 15, 131, 194–195, bodies, 360 218–219, 221, 227, 263, 289, 197, 201, 203, 205, 210, 228, local, 333, 397–398 302, 304, 308, 312, 315, 341, 230–231, 233, 279 practices, 355 387, 391–392, 400 adult male, 231 GPS, 196, 230, 285, 291, 308, 314, areas, 332 data, 196 320 assessment, 221 estimate, 201, 230 Gray, John, 21, 23–24, 30–31 change, 9, 209 kernel analysis, 201 Great African Rift, 31 complexity, 265 overlap, 8, 129, 202, 230 grip strength, 6–7, 52, 92–94, 149 conditions, 295, 301, 307 size, 131, 195, 197–198, 201, grooming, 8, 45, 68, 74–75, 194, continuous, 217 231 196, 199, 207, 251, 271 destruction, 150 horizontal quadrupedalism, 140 autogrooming, 212 differences, 219 housing, 221, 247, 269 hypothesis, 69, 74 disturbed, 9, 349 captive, 243 maternal, 251 dry scrub, 216 density, 243 tool, 69 fragmentation, 209, 279 guidelines, 263 group size, 131–132, 210 location, 308 modiﬁcations, 273 group living, 129–130, 257 loss, 228, 293, 315, 327, 333, red light, 281 Guangxi, 326–327 397 social, 268 Guinea, 31 low-light, 49 HPA. See hypothalamic–pituitary– Guinea Coast, 19 microhabitat, 186 adrenal

476 Index

humans poaching, 244 age, 249–251, 256, 260 activity, 310, 317, 382 possession, 334 behaviours, 243–244, 249, 251, conﬂict, 400, 403 trade, 15, 234, 242, 332, 339, 347, 256, 260–261 contact, 363, 365 354, 357, 363, 374, 393, 397 birth weight, 257 disturbance, 310, 327 wildlife products, 357 care, 11, 137, 244, 273–274 encroachment, 315 wildlife trade, 61, 64, 243, 249, carrying, 206, 253, 259 health, 339, 347 258, 261, 266, 338, 344, 350, clinging, 273 humidity, 187, 202, 264, 291, 352, 355, 362–364, 367, 370, crania/skull, 115 320 374, 380, 394, 397, 399 development, 243, 247, 257, interactions with wildlife , 350, imagery, 363, 372 259–260 363 in situ, 290 full-term, 257 hunting, 19, 230, 234, 282, 285, in vivo, 148, 151 growth, 259–261, 272 289, 293–294, 327–328, 332, incisors, 29, 49, 69 health, 260, 350 334, 339, 345, 347–348, lower, 67, 157 mortality, 167, 243–244, 258, 350–351, 353–354, 393–394 spatulate, 37 260, 273 animal, 393 upper, 23, 29 neglect, 243 bushmeat, 15, 349, 353 income, 352, 364 nursing, 258 camp diaries, 353–354 income-generating activities, 352 orphans, 274 China, 332 index ﬁnger, 21, 23–24, 28, 30, 52 parking, 11, 206, 259, 314 communities, 348 India, 19, 31, 41, 43, 66, 187, rejection, 258 consumption, 293, 341, 195–196, 211, 357, 359–360 retrieval, 256 394 Assam, 212 sanctuary-born, 244 follows, 346 eastern, 25 sex, 249, 251 illegal, 393, 397 New Delhi, 358 status, 116, 247 income, 352 north-east, 41, 202, 357 stereotypies, 261 Indonesia, 397 rupee, 359 survival, 243, 259, 261 interviews, 351, 353 south, 5, 25, 60, 289, 357 welfare, 244 offtake surveys, 346, 350 Times of India, 360 infanticide, 137 methods, 352 individual variation, 91, 270 infection, 266 practices, 349 Indonesia, 15, 19, 25, 242, 289, infraorbital foramen, 47, 49, 51 pressure, 332, 348 342–343, 382, 390–391, 394, infraorbital nerve, 47 pygmy loris, 234 396–397 infrastructure, 339, 393 shotgun, 348 Borneo, 344 insectivory, 29, 159, 165, 288 trophy, 339 Indonesian rupiah, 343, 396 animals, 165 husbandry, 9, 263, 266, 268 International Animal Rescue, Lorisiformes, 161 conditions, 372 219–221 lorisiforms, 165, 168 improvements, 266 Java, 194, 243, 382 primates, 170 protocols, 263 markets, 398 strepsirrhines, 160 recommendations, 11 pet trade, 16 in-situ requirements, 364 primates, 227 conservation, 228 standards, 365 slow loris trade, 343 habituation, 221 hyper-abducted pollex, 77 Sumatra, 355, 397 Instagram, 356, 362, 375, 377, 380 hypocone, 28–29 West Java, 189, 244, 383 interbirth intervals, 15, 240 hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal, wildlife trade, 394, 396 international pet trade, 342 258, 260 indoor enclosure, 264, 267 International Studbook for Grey hypothermia, 264 indoor exhibits, 265, 267 Slender Lorises, 274 Indraloris,37 internet, 236, 339, 342, 345, 356, 358, illegal activities, 341, 344, 346, infants, 11, 116, 124, 196, 207, 209, 362, 365–368, 374, 377, 399 354–356, 364, 370, 375, 396 231, 243–244, 249, 251, 256, access, 342, 357 hunting, 393, 397 258–261, 264, 272–273 campaign, 399 importing, 364, 375 activity budget, 256 forums, 358

Index 477

interorbital allometry, 120 Java, 23, 26, 242, 281, 342, 344, 364 distribution, 106 interorbital breadth, 115, 117, 119 West, 12 strepsirrhines, 113 interorbital septum, 25 joints, 144 Lemuriformes, 153 interspecific, 116, 120, 124–126 angles, 144 lemuroids, 37, 55, 67, 116 analyses, 118 excursions, 144, 210 lemurs, 1, 30, 65, 78, 101, 108, 110, comparisons, 127 juveniles, 27 153, 185, 194, 211, 316, 325 correlation, 124 A. calabarensis, 206 Alaotran gentle, 313 data, 115 behaviour, 207 anatomy, 101 differences, 216 classification, 196, 347 cheirogaleid, 185 patterns, 120, 125 clinging, 206 distribution, 108 transposition, 117 home range, 195 dwarf, 130, 136, 188 variation, 115, 120, 184, 186 lorisiforms, 125 glandular secretions, 13 interturbinal, 99 P. ibeanus, 206 Malagasy, 189 interviews, 234, 327, 345, 347, 351, potto, 28, 206 mouse, 49, 130, 136, 180, 188 367, 394 muscles, 78 consumer, 353 Kamoyapithecus,42 nocturnal, 182, 185, 211, 317 face-to-face, 327 Karanisia, 3, 7, 33, 36, 38, 42, 45 ring-tailed, 379 formal, 346 clarki,31 Libya, 34, 42 free listing, 367 karyological, 57 life history, 11, 346, 365 household, 351 Kenya, 3, 38, 41–42, 76, 209 group size, 210 hunters, 351, 353 northern, 38, 41–42 strategies, 11 in-depth, 351 western, 38 light interviewer, 351 kinematics, 144, 210 conditions, 220 period, 327 hand, 144 energy, 282 response, 328, 331 joint, 142 Likert scale, 367 semi-structured, 349, 351 limb joint, 144 Lilliput, 358 structured, 351 locomotor, 144 Linnaeus, 20, 22 survey, 327, 332 primates, 144 Little Fireface Project, 12, 383 technique, 351–352, 367 knee yield, 142 live animals, 15, 347 trader, 353 live pet trade, 242, 347, 362 unstructured, 351 lactation, 11, 231, 274, 293 local, 19, 363 wildlife trade, 352–353 landscapes, 193, 201, 301, 333 areas, 328 intragroup relationships, 129 landscape-level survey, 301 communities, 332–333, 398 intraspecific, 120 Laos, 26, 228, 332–333 conservation, 337, 398 aggression, 13 last common ancestor (LCA), councils, 364 agonistic encounters, 12 129–131, 133, 153 educators, 384 competition, 11, 233, 242 law enforcement, 220, 360, 364, farmers, 15, 400 social cues, 98 393, 396–397, 399 fauna, 15 variation, 125, 186 Lawrence, 358 flora, 350 intrinsic musculature, 48 LCA. See last common ancestor folklore, 12, 332 hand musculature, 78, 80, 92 leaping, 3, 7, 19, 31, 59, 139–140, forestry, 220, 327–328 IOF. See infraorbital foramen 145, 150, 155, 190, 207, government, 16, 397–398 ION. See infraorbital nerve 210–211, 215, 217, 285, 319 hunters, 289 IUCN, 397 LED lights, 281 knowledge, 338 IUCN Red List, 64, 263, 304, 307, legislation, 65, 345, 357, 394–395 legislation, 65 403 Lemur linguistic variations, 350 IWT. See illegal wildlife trade Lemur tardigradus, 20, 23 loris, 327 lemurids, 115–116 loris names, 358 Jacobson’s organ. See Vomeronasal lemuriforms, 30, 38, 97, 108, market studies, 349 organ 115–116, 118–119, nature reserves, 331 Japan, 356, 364, 393 124–126, 153, 155, 161 people, 234, 314, 350, 400

478 Index

local (cont.) long-wavelength sensitivity, 179, philia, 219, 226 schools, 399 182 phobia, 176, 219, 226 slender loris names, 358 Loris,1–3, 8, 22, 25, 30, 57, 60, 62, species, 26 78, 98, 101, 108, 149, macaque, 403 villages, 234, 327, 332 153–154, 160, 165, 170, 264, bonnet, 312 weather, 285 268, 304, 314–315 long-tailed, 394 wildlife, 381 conservation, 15, 315, 397, 399 pig-tailed, 403 locomotion, xix, 7, 43, 79, 140, lydekkerianus, 5, 9, 25, 60, 211, rhesus, 260 144–145, 148–149, 186, 207, 215, 226, 263, 272, 312 toque, 312 210, 212, 218, 285, 317, 320, lydekkerianus grandis, 274, 296, Madagascar, 30, 65, 153, 156, 175, 391 357 180, 188–189, 191, 194 arboreal, 150 lydekkerianus lydekkerianus, 61, magic, 357, 359, 393–394 behaviour, 10, 139, 142, 213, 215 195, 301–302, 312, 357 practitioner, 359 biomechanics, 8, 139, 148 lydekkerianus malabaricus, 61, magic cryptic, 2, 10, 155 289, 296, 357 animals, 20 exploratory, 215 lydekkerianus nordicus, 61, 289, creatures, 359 galagid, 148 296, 307, 310, 312, 357 powers, 357 hand-over-hand, 77 lydekkerianus uva,61 practices, 347 in vivo, 148 monophyly, 58, 154, 160 property, 358 lorisid, 46, 148 tardigradus, 5, 21, 23, 25, 49, 53, purposes, 394 mode, 44, 139, 142, 144–145, 60, 78, 104, 144, 148, thinking, 360 148, 210, 213 181–182, 186, 188, 211, 215, main olfactory system, 98, 102, 104, morphology, 7 234, 263, 272, 274, 312 110 Perodicticus,76 tardigradus nycticeboides, 61, 296 investment, 103–104, 110 potto, 208 tardigradus parvus,61 pottos, 104 quadrupedal, 43, 140, 144, 154, tardigradus tardigradus, 61, 210, proxy, 104 308 289, 296, 302, 310, 312 sensory epithelium, 99, 102 rapid, 149 Lorisinae, 1–2, 4, 31, 38, 57, 59, 62, strepsirrhines, 103 slow climbing, 58, 207 154, 160 Malaysia, 15, 19, 31, 333–334, 342, stability, 148 lorisine, 3, 6, 40, 42–43, 45, 133, 354, 395 suspensory, 138, 140, 144–145 153, 210, 263–264, 267, 270, east, 334 types, 317 273–275 mainland, 25 logging (data), 301, 315, 319, 325 home range, 131 Malaysian ringgit, 343 activity, 319 Loris,4 Peninsula, 26, 333–334 bio-logger, 317 Nycticebus,4,42 pet trade, 337 data, 189, 291, 317 oestrous females, 271 west, 333 temperature, 189 lorisoids, 3, 19, 22, 30, 34, 36–37, Malaysian Borneo, 334 weight, 325 42, 45, 55, 67, 69, 75, 139 Malaysian Primatological Society, Lokonepithecus,42 Lorisoidea, 1–2, 19, 38 338 longevity, 15, 236–238, 241 lumbricals, 92 malnourishment, 347 long-term, 171, 317 luminance, 180, 185 management guidelines, 263 care, 398 cues, 185 market survey, 345–347, 352, conservation, 203 lunar 356 cooperation, 400 altitude, 175 marketing, 362, 364, 372–373 health, 14, 166 behaviour, 176 analysis techniques, 370 medical impact, 14 calendars, 309 supply chain, 370 monitoring, 313, 315 cycle, 186 marketplaces, 345, 357 observation, 12, 209 fraction, 176 maternal, 260 study, 281, 289, 296, 334 illumination, 226 activity, 260 survival, 14, 209, 263 neutral, 312 activity budget, 250 sustainability, 339 phase, 175 age, 244, 257

Index 479

behaviours, 243, 249, 251, problems, 244, 249, 251, 256, monotypic, 25 257–259, 261, 273 258, 260 monsoon, 196, 229, 359 care, 9, 273 records, 247 moonlight, 9, 174–176, 219, 226, condition, 258 requirements, 220 265 factors, 244 medicinal, 363, 393 morality, 341, 344, 366 grooming, 251 practices, 347 action, 367, 369, 372 instincts, 378 purposes, 342 attitude, 367 interaction, 98 trade, 293, 347, 352 beliefs, 367, 369, 372 parity, 258 use, 20, 344, 353 morbidity, 236, 244, 266, 272 rejection, 250 megachiropteran, 55 Morbidity and Mortality Analysis stress, 260 memes, 363, 366 Medical Resource, 241 threat, 251 mesquite, 131 morphology, 1, 4, 6, 10–11, 31, 52, mating metabolism 55–56, 60, 62, 69, 93, 142, season, 206, 229, 267 adaptations, 166 144, 149–150, 157, 227, selection, 271 rate, 165, 188, 190 296, 326 system, 129, 228, 231, 234, 291 microchiropteran, 54, 56 adaptations, 6, 157 MATLAB, 322–323 micro-CT, 69 basicranial, 125 maxilloturbinal, 99, 105 microhabitat, 186 characteristics, 2, 10, 327 maximum likelihood, 131 Microloris,40 clitoris, 268 MCP. See minimum convex polygon pilbeami,39 craniomorphology, 61 measurements, 15, 182, 184, 291, micronutrients, 165, 168–169 data, 110, 153 317 milk, 166, 258, 260, 273 datasets, 30 bio-logging, 322 composition, 258 dental, 68 body, 291 primate, 258 differences, 53, 60, 204 canonical variate analysis, 73 minimum convex polygon, 197, 201 digital, 52 cranial, 116 Miocene, 3, 38, 40–41, 46, 59, 133 diversity, 26 cribriform plate, 105 early, 3, 38, 42, 44 evidence, 44, 58 enamel, 73 late, 3, 37, 39, 42 features, 92, 144, 151 labial, 73 middle, 38–39, 42, 62 functional morphological light, 175 Mioeuoticinae, 38 hypothesis, 152 lingual, 73 Mioeuoticus, 3, 38, 44–45, 59 functional muscle, 78 moonlight, 175 bishopi, 38, 45 gnathic, 68 neck girth, 293 kichotoi,38 hand, 52, 144 olfactory turbinal surface, 105 shipmani, 38, 44 limb length, 142 pulp cavity, 73 mistreatment, 347 loris, 139, 151 mechanoreceptors, 47, 54 mitochondria, 59 muscle, 145 media exposure, 363 cytochrome, 61 P. potto,78 medical, 247, 394 data, 60 predictions, 144 care, 338 DNA, 30, 62–63 primate, 79 checks, 220 genes, 62 retinal, 181 complications, 14 marker, 62 skull, 64 condition, 258 molar, 28–30, 36, 38, 64, 68, 157, studies, 57, 65, 148, 160, evaluation, 273 161 326 events, 247 cusps, 29 testes, 270 examination, 398 molecular genetics, 2–3, 30, 326 traits, 7, 52–53, 58 facility, 350 monochromat, 130, 134, 137, 179, variation, 28 history, 251, 257, 261 182, 204 vertebral, 138, 151 impact, 14 monogamy, 8, 131, 133, 137 vibrissae, 52–53 issues, 256, 258–259, 261 monogamy hypothesis, 137 whisker, 6 kit, 291 monophyly, 2, 46, 49, 57, 59, 61, wrist, 144 practitioners, 21 153, 160 MorphoSource, 70, 104

480 Index

mortality, 12, 14, 244, 394 mutations, 178, 180, 185 Nepal, 26, 41, 359 infant, 167, 243 rate, 31 Nepali mass animal sacrifice, 359 live animal trade, 242 Myanmar, 26, 66, 332–333 southern, 41 rate, 273, 394 myology, 52, 78, 92 nest box, 265, 281 trapped animals, 285 hand, 6 neural volume, 117 MOS. See main olfactory system mystical, 12, 342 neuroepithelium, 53, 98, 102 mosaics, 194, 202 mythology, 20, 363 New World monkeys, 52, 166 mother, 11, 137, 206, 243, 247, 251, mythological powers, 342 NGO. See non-governmental 257–260, 262, 273, 293 organisations abnormal behaviour, 11, 249, Namaloris, 38, 41–42 night surveys, 196, 334 251, 257–259, 261 rupestris,38 night vision, 282, 296 age, 254, 261 Namibia, 33, 38, 41 human, 281, 296 behaviour, 244, 251, 258 nasal fossa, 99, 105, 111 wildlife, 281 social, 251 nasoturbinal, 99 nipples, 196, 295–296 captive, 11 native, 263, 274, 344, 381–382, nocturnality, 6, 19, 52, 303–304 carrying, 253, 273 390 activity budget, 195 clicking call, 209, 273 natural, 203, 221 activity patterns, 316 death, 247, 274 behaviours, 165, 316 animal observations, 281 experience, 249 day/night, 265 animals, 77, 176, 186, 279, 281, foster, 274 diets, 165, 219 314, 325 fur, 206 disasters, 236 arboreal animals, 50, 52 grooming, 250–251 environments, 149, 316 arboreal lifestyle, 154 medical, 247, 249, 251, 257–258 factors, 220 disciplines, 282 milk, 259–260, 273 feeding, 168, 219 fieldwork, 279 offspring care, 243 forests, 175, 194, 197, 199, 203 forests, 175 parking, 206, 259, 273 gouging, 266 geckos, 176 pregnancy, 244, 249, 251, 253, gum feeding, 265 irradiance, 180 257, 259–260, 273 habitats, 180, 219, 369, 393 lemurs, 182, 185, 211, 317 primiparous, 258, 273–274 history, 21, 243, 258, 261 lifestyle, 65, 185, 295, 365 reintroduction, 273 history museums, 19 light, 175, 177, 185 release, 261 light, 180 lineage, 185 rescued, 243 light cycles, 264 lorisids, 9, 50, 348 stressors, 243, 258, 260 lives, 391 mammals, 49, 181, 219, 296, 337 trauma, 243, 249, 258–259 locomotor ecology, 139 nature, 2, 332 mother–infant interaction moonlight, 265 niche, 174 behaviour, 9, 11, 257 movement, 281 potto, 127 dyads, 243, 247, 251 postures, 166 predation, 126, 181 observations, 206 resources, 334, 339 primate research, xix relationships, 257 setting, 149 primates, xix, 6, 8, 15, 48, 130, motor stereotypies, 251, 257, 261 studies, 139 174, 176–178, 181, 186, Müllerian mimicry, 13 theology, 21 192–194, 209–210, 226, 279, musculature, 7, 48, 78–79 weather conditions, 221 281–282, 285, 296, 316, 321, efficiency, 144 navicular, 58 325, 337, 348 recruitment, 145, 148 near-fatal anaphylaxis, 14 prosimians, 50, 129–130 epaxial, 151 necrosis, 266 research, 279 forearm, 78 nectar, 19, 49, 186, 219, 288 slender loris, 127 hand, 78 neonate, 206, 244, 272 slow loris, 127 intrinsic, 48, 53 full-term, 244 species, 49, 126, 137, 178, 181, intrinsic hand, 78, 80, 92 injury, 273 186, 194, 281, 296, 307, 317 Perodicticus,79 potto, 206 strepsirrhines, 2, 8, 51, 99, 126, 136, vibrissae, 48 trauma, 241, 272 181, 184–186, 211, 234, 326

Index 481

surveys, 288 rich, 170, 225 observations, 8, 36, 50, 68–69, 80, vision, 176 species-specific, 170 91, 142, 183, 188, 191–192, visual function, 113 stress, 260 196, 202–203, 206, 209, 212, visual predation, 113, 127, 186 values, 169 215, 217, 220, 234, 249, 260, nocturnal visual predation NVPH. See nocturnal visual 268, 270, 281, 301, 308, 316, hypothesis, 125, 127 predation hypothesis 322, 327 nomenclature, 1, 22–23, 49, 115, Nycticeboides, 40, 59 activity, 197 174, 314 simpsoni, 3, 40, 44–45 angwantibos, 207 non-digital forearm, 78 Nycticebus,1–3, 6–7, 10, 23, 25, 28, behaviour, 93, 139, 149, 221–222, non-government agencies, 338 30, 38, 44–45, 52, 57, 59–61, 249, 316, 320, 398 non-governmental organisations, 69, 76, 78, 98, 108, 127, data, 12, 205, 222, 244, 247, 307 341, 382 147–148, 154, 157, 160, 168, direct, 180 non-human primate, 92, 220, 317, 184, 186, 219, 226, 242, empirical, 190 348, 350 264–266, 268, 270–271, 273, feeding, 224 hand, 52 307, 314, 363–364, 375 field, 149, 184, 234 non-native, 194, 224 (c.) ornatus,26 GPS, 196 non-primate, 14 bancanus, 5, 27, 344 hibernation, 188 close relatives, 127 bengalensis,5,7,9,23,26–27, 49, 61, instantaneous, 320 locomotor behaviour, 142 66, 133, 166, 169, 171, 194, 211, Loris tardigradus, 149 mammals, 47, 101, 127, 181–182 259, 265, 267, 296, 302, 314, mother–juvenile interactions, 206 outgroups, 118, 122 326, 328, 337, 343, 357, 363 movement, 139 sister taxa, 115–116, 122 borneanus,5,27 nocturnal, 281–282 non-volatile odorants, 98 ceylonicus,23 participants, 349 noose-catching, 289 coucang, 5, 7, 9, 27, 49, 61, paternal care, 207 North America, 37, 263, 274 78–80, 92, 94, 104, 115, 118, period, 198, 222, 247, 258 population, 241 120, 125, 133, 144, 149, 166, red light, 281 zoo, 264–265 169, 181–182, 184, 188, 220, session, 212 North American Potto Studbook, 274 242–243, 265–266, 302, 333, spatial overlap, 136 nose-down foraging, 53, 207 337, 344, 394, 397, 400 study, 139 Notharctidae, 37 coucang hilleri,27 time, 247 nuchal spine, 24 coucang sensu lato,27 times, 222 nursing, 244, 251, 258, 273 hilleri, 5, 61, 344, 395, 397 occupancy dynamics, 259 intermedius, 62, 326 estimates, 307, 310 foster mother, 274 javanicus, 5, 7, 23, 26, 49, 55, 61, modelling, 15, 303, 307–308, 312 inadequate, 273 133, 166, 168–169, 171, 189, occurrence, 155, 189, 224, 243, 322, nutrition, 8, 11, 167, 247, 260, 264, 194, 210, 219, 265, 289, 302, 328, 345 273, 364 312, 314, 344, 382 all-occurrence behaviours, 247 care, 262 kayan, 5, 27, 334, 337, 344 all-occurrence data, 247 components, 165 linglom, 38, 42, 45 data, 303, 322 composition, 168 menagensis, 5, 10, 27, 61, 169, ODBA. See overall dynamic body condition, 261 219, 289, 301, 334, 344 acceleration effects, 259 pygmaeus, 5, 7, 9, 27, 49, 61–62, odorant, 98, 100, 102, 104, 110 issues, 261 133, 148, 166, 171, 182, 184, detection, 98, 102 needs, 74, 219 188, 210, 220, 263, 265, 267, non-volatile, 98 parameters, 14 289–290, 301, 326, 343, 363, predator-related, 98 profile, 159 382 receptor neurons, 100 quality, 157, 159, 165, 259 volatile, 98 recommendations, 172 obligate, 45, 155, 157 odour, 102 requirements, 8, 165, 167, 172, dietary niche, 68, 155, 161 oestrus, 233, 271 225–226, 364 exudativory, 166, 243 OFA. See optic foramen area resources, 260 gummivory, 7, 155, 157 offline, 357, 372

482 Index

offspring, 136–137, 237, 239, 260, marketplace, 357 paraphyletic, 3, 37, 49, 154 267, 273–274 platforms, 345, 356 parental care, 204, 209 care, 240, 243 trade, 344–345, 356–357, 374 parturition, 258, 272–273 genes, 137 trends, 370 peak vertical forces, 145 immature, 137 videos, 365 pelage, xx, 23, 26, 28, 62 rearing, 137, 220 world, 362 change, 62 sex, 237 ontogenetics, 28, 113, 115, 117, characteristics, 61, 326 siblings, 137 120, 124–125, 127 colouration, 28, 191, 196 survival, 240 ontogeny, 26, 115, 118–119, 126 differences, 61 weaned, 240 opponens digiti minimi, 93 distress, 258 offtake, 348, 350, 354 opponens pollicis brevis, 93 issues, 167 oil palm, 196 optic foramen area, 182 markings, xix–xx, 291 Old Calabar, 21, 29 orbit, 25, 31, 113–114, 120, patterns, 13 olfaction, 6, 52–53, 56, 97, 125–126 seasonal, 187, 191 100–102, 205, 247 convergence, 125 Perodicticinae, 1–2, 4, 31, 38, 57, anatomy, 6, 97, 101, 108, 110 diameter, 115, 120, 125 59, 63, 76, 154, 160 bulb, 53, 98, 100, 103–104, 106, divergent, 113 perodicticine, 3, 6, 38, 42–43, 45, 110 orientation, 113, 115–116, 126 153, 263 communication, 6, 13, 129, 205, width, 120, 125 cranium, 40 271 orbital fossil, 42 contact, 8 allometry, 120 stem, 59 cues, 53, 103, 110, 180, 271 aperture, 117 Perodicticus,1–3, 6–7, 9–10, 22, 24, epithelium, 99, 103, 108 apertures, 113 26, 28–30, 52–53, 57, 63–64, fossa, 105 breadth, 117 69, 76–77, 79–80, 91–92, 94, function, 13, 101 convergence, 6, 110, 113, 98, 104, 108, 127, 133, performance, 101 115–117, 120, 123, 125–126, 148–149, 154, 158, 160, receptor gene, 98, 102, 110–111 174 272 receptors, 111 diameter, 115, 117 calabarensis,21 recess, 101–102, 110 frontation, 113, 115, 117, 120, edwardsi, 5, 22, 29, 64, 204, 207, reduction, 101 124–126 210, 236, 289, 296, 303, 341, secretions, 206 margin, 113, 116 349 senses, 47 orientation, 114, 117 geoffroyi,24 sensitivity, 104, 111 rims, 30 ibeanus, 5, 29, 64, 206, 209, 236, signals, 13, 207 size, 115 296, 302–303 structures, 111 Otolemur, 69, 78, 108, 132–133, ibeanus stockleyi,64 studies, 103 155, 171 juju,5 systems, 6, 53, 97–98, 110–111 crassicaudatus, 74, 115, 118, 120, martini,64 turbinals, 99–100, 103–104, 108, 134, 157–158, 160, 166, 181, potto, 5, 22, 29, 38, 49, 53, 64, 76, 110 185 78, 80, 92–93, 104, 115, 118, Oligocene, 31, 33, 38, 42, 59 garnetti, 144–145 120, 125, 165, 171, 181–182, omens, 357 outdoor enclosure, 189, 265 184, 186, 207, 236–238, 265, online, 342, 351, 356, 358, 360, 363, overall dynamic body acceleration, 267, 302, 314 365, 367, 369–370, 374–375, 317 potto edwardsi, 237 377, 379 potto juju,64 activities, 343 pair-living, 129, 137, 234 potto potto, 19, 21 advertising, 366 Pakistan, 3, 39, 41, 59 potto sensu lato,79 content, 362–363, 366, 372 palate, 98, 169 potto sensu stricto,29 database, 360 length, 117 potto spp., 49, 153, 204, 236, 241, engagement, 374 paleoecology, 68 348 images, 372 Paleogene, 37 potto stockleyi,29 journal, 362 palm wine, 19 pest control, 193

Index 483

pets, 14–15, 64, 228, 242, 332, physical injury, 243, 247, 257 primate, 193, 296 341–342, 347, 356, 360, physiological, 58, 94, 172, 187–188, rescue, 243 363–364, 366, 370, 374, 190, 260, 264, 272, 316 status, 327 378–379, 394, 397, 399 pigmentation, 270 structure, 346 animals, 356 plantation, 194, 196, 203, 219, survey, 333 domestic, 393 332–333 trends, 209, 307 exotic, 339, 362, 366, 374 Acacia, 203 viable, 201 lorises, 360 agar, 195 wild, 65, 209, 219, 228, 235, 333, monkeys, 370 bamboo, 203 339, 363, 395, 397 owners, 220 banana, 333 positional behaviour, 10, 204, 210, primates, 347, 363, 367, 370 commercial, 333 212 trade, 15, 219, 242, 293, 332, 337, forests, 194, 203 positional muscles, 79 342, 347, 353, 397 lemon, 203 postcranial, 3, 31, 44 Peters, Wilhelm, 19 non-native, 195 postural, 207, 210, 214 PGLS. See phylogenetic generalised oil palm, 196 potto hair, 350 least squares rubber, 333 predation, 77, 191, 282, 293 phalanges, 24 tea, 201 avoidance strategy, 226 pheromones, 98 teak, 197, 199, 203 nocturnal, 126, 181 Philippines, 25, 27, 31, 334 vanilla, 194 predator–prey relationships, phone applications, 361 Plesiopithecus,36 387 photographs, 79, 343, 374–376, poaching, 242, 244, 257, 294, 359, predator-related odorants, 98 379 394 pressures, 9, 257 anthropomorphic wildlife, 375 policy change, 370 risks, 137, 281 chimpanzees, 379 policy measures, 351–352 visual, 126–127 general, 377 policy-makers, 365–366 predators, 9–10, 13, 50, 113, 127, photo props, 16, 64, 242, 341, pollination, 193–194 182, 185, 191, 208, 213, 226, 374–375, 377, 379 polyoestrous, 267 285 sharing, 380 Ponytail, 358 behaviour, 174 slow loris, 377, 383 popular detection, 184 SNS, 374 ﬁlms, 363 response, 191 tourists, 374 media, 363 wild, 209 phylogenetic, 2, 113 social media, 375 pregnancy, 220, 231, 243–244, 249, afﬁnities, 98 social network, 343, 362, 380 251, 256–257, 260, 270, analysis, 34, 37, 45, 67, 136 videos, 242, 363 272–273, 291, 293 comparisons, 117 websites, 362 premaxilla, 25, 29–30 contexts, 33, 125 wildlife tourism, 374 premolars, 157 generalised least squares, 104, population, 15, 28, 57, 62, 158, 166, primary forest, 50, 193, 221 106, 108, 182 194, 234, 244, 266, 274, 295, primates grade shifts, 49 302–303, 314–315, ecology, 157 least squares, 182 326–327, 352–353, 393, 400 energetics, 211 position, 36 abundance, 296, 332 evolution, 2, 43, 75, 124–125, relationships, 45, 61–62, 67, 185 assessment, 334, 338 129, 174, 210 scheme, 154 coalescence, 26 milk, 258 signals, 59, 183 decline, 234, 239, 263, 332, 346, specialists, 364 studies, 33 349, 352, 397 vision, 177 tree, 45, 131–132 density, 1, 15, 279, 295, 314 primitive, xix, 1, 30, 34, 36, 45, 67, variation, 115 fragmentation, 26 97–98, 100, 108 phylogeny, 127, 184 historic, 238 products, 351, 357, 366, 393 lorisid, 2–3, 49, 64 levels, 325, 400 animal, 342 mammals, 105 museum, xix dairy, 166 molecular, 131 parameters, 296 forest, 327

484 Index

products (cont.) locomotion, 43, 144, 154 period, 398 leather, 393 sitting, 214 process, 398 luxury, 393 standing, 211 programmes, 217 slow loris, 343 walking, 10, 213, 216 reintroduction, 9, 11, 228, 234, 243, wildlife, 344, 347, 352, 357, 393 qualitative data, 347 275, 293, 398 profile, 362 questionnaires, 347, 352, 367, 400 release, 12, 15, 65, 219, 227, 229, activity, 323 online, 351 235, 243, 247, 257, 261, 293, behavioural, 260–261 332–333, 338, 398–399 buyer, 347 R software, 105, 176, 182, 230, animals, 10, 15 consumers, 347 322–323 area, 398 higher-profile primates, 65 radio tracking, xix confiscated animals, 65 nutrition, 159 collars, 215, 221, 228, 230–231, feeders, 171 public, 362 285, 291, 293, 319–320, 398 Javan slow loris, 219 social media, 362 frequency, 221 lorises, 221 user, 375 receivers, xix, 221, 230 monitored, 399 progesterone, 268 telemetry, 209 pair, 221 promiscuity, 136–137 transmitters, xix Philippine slow loris, 220, 225–226 Propithecus verreauxi, 115, Raghunandan Hill Reserve Forest, 195 post-release monitoring, 219, 118–119, 126 rain, 222, 224, 320 226, 398 Propotto,36 rainfall, 196, 212, 229, 308, 320, programmes, 243 prosecution, 355 359 site, 221 Prosimian Regional Collection Plan, rainforest, xix, 4, 8, 31, 63, 175, slow loris, 10, 227, 261 241 185, 204, 263, 279, 320 reproduction, 11, 167, 187, prosimians, 50, 52, 274 records, 15, 235–237, 241, 270, 274, 226–228, 236, 240, 263, 265, body temperature, 188 353–354 267, 275 nocturnal, 50, 129–130 captive, 14 biology, 263 thermoregulation, 188 cards, 235 condition, 266 protected area, 195–196, 331 CITES, 360 costs, 220 protoconid, 30 distribution, 333 cycles, 268, 270, 275, 346 proximity, 55, 195, 204, 243, 247, fossil, 3 efforts, 268 251, 259, 261, 311, 347 historical, 236, 393 interactions, 129 changes, 247, 259 medical, 247 management, 264, 268 Proximity Index, 249, 254 non-digital, 237 monitoring, 268 pseudogenes, 102 sight, 296 patterns, 268 Pseudopotto, 21, 64, 236 software, 235–236 phase, 270 psychological, 180, 244, 259, 370 studbook, 263, 267 pressures, 225 public, 236, 293, 338, 360, 365, 374, trade, 354, 360 stages, 270 380 written, 269 status, 269 attitude, 375, 379 ZIMS, 237 success, 11, 268, 317 awareness, 363 zoo specimens, 235 rescue, 243 domain, 354 zoological, 14, 235, 241 and rehabilitate, 16, 338, education programmes, 333 ZSL, 237–238 397–398 interest, 365 red light, 279, 281–282, 296, 314 centre, 167, 189, 242–243, 257, perception, 360, 363, 373, 380 filter, 196, 212, 229, 281, 296, 263–264, 275, 326, 354, 397 profile, 362 327 context, 244 reactions, 356 regional languages, 343 mothers, 243 spaces, 345 regulation, 259, 261, 364, 370, 394, pet trade, 219 viewing, 264 396 populations, 243 rehabilitation, 219–221, 227, 338, 399 programme, 398 quadrupedalism, 44, 53, 140, 150, 213 centre, 397–398 slow loris, 10, 266, 338 climbing, 50, 308 facility, 16 trade, 243, 261, 266, 332

Index 485

resting, 194, 196, 199, 212, 250, 325 scent marking, xix–xx, 103, 110, touch ecology, 49 metabolism, 188 271 trade-offs, 52 retia mirabilia, 30, 58, 77 scrotum, 196, 270 sex retina, 176–177, 179, 181–183, 186, seasons, 8, 171, 210, 220, 226, 370 dimorphism, 37, 137, 220, 225, 314 breeding, 233 228, 231, 291 all-rod retinas, 181 cold, 187–188 maturity, 11, 268, 275 ganglion cell, 176, 179 dry, 175, 228 receptivity, 6 Loris, 182 hot and cold, 187 selection theory, 228 magniﬁcation, 179 mating, 206, 229, 267 size dimorphism, 220 morphology, 181 monsoon, 196 sex differences, 10, 220, 222, response, 282 peak, 169 225–226 summation, 176, 182 rainy, 196, 199, 228 theory, 227 retroposons, 57, 59 tourist, 375 short-wavelength sensitivity, 179, reverse day–night cycles, 264 wet, 202, 226, 229 181, 185 rhinarium, 98 winter, 203 SINEs, 59 rice puller, 358 seasonality, 155, 169, 197, 219, 239, Sivaladapinae, 37 Robb, Rev. Alexander, 21 257, 267, 346, 354 Siwaliks, 39 rubber, 195, 291, 319, 328, 333 body weight, 188 skull size, 62, 105, 113–114, 117, Russia, 20, 363 breeding, 233, 238, 257, 264, 267, 122, 281 274–275 sleeping, 19, 137, 194, 196, 199, Saguinus, 157 change, 265 202, 207, 212, 231, 234, 259, Saharagalago, 3, 36, 38, 59 consumption, 156, 158 265, 316–317, 322 misrensis,38 data, 158 sleep site, 137, 205, 226, 228, sale, 339, 342–343, 346–347, 355, environments, 187 230–231, 234, 281, 293 358–360, 363, 393–394 fruit, 266 sleep stage, 322 saliency, 368, 384, 387, 390 movements, 279 slender loris, 1–2, 8, 15, 20, 23, 57, Smith’s saliency index, 384 patterns, 359 60, 113, 127, 129, 131, 133, Smith’s saliency model, 368 pelage, 62, 191 142, 144–145, 153, 155, 165, saliva, 11–13, 266 weather, 264 188, 191–192, 202, 215, 217, salivary venom, 12 Seba, Albertus, 19–20, 23, 25 234, 263, 266, 270, 288, 296, sampling, 62, 183, 304, 307, 310 second digit, 6, 76, 79, 90, 93–94 304, 310, 312, 314 ad libitum, 222 secondary forest, 50, 196, 208, 219 beliefs, 357 distance, 295, 302 seed dispersal, 193 calls, 312 effects, 26 seizure, 354, 360 Ceylonese, 23 ﬁxed-point, 308 self-mutilation/trauma, 267 detectability, 312 focal, 320 sellers, 332, 343, 345, 359–360, distribution, 59, 304 focal scan, 222, 230 394 gestation, 272 genetic, xx semicircular canals, 43 grey, 60, 132, 272, 274, 304, 307, geographic, 61 sensory, 53 310, 357 instantaneous, 196, 212 ecology, 47, 56 highland, 61, 357 recapture, 295 epithelium, 99, 102, 110 home states, 359 scan, 247 function, 54 Horton Plains, 61 sites, 310 hairs, 10, 49, 54 infants, 272 transect, 308 information, 6 local names, 358 sanctuaries, 242, 261, 263 modality, 51 Malabar, 61, 357 sanctuary-born infants, 244, 261 nerves, 47 Malabar range, 357 scaling, 111, 115, 117, 119, 125, 149 neuroepithelium, 98 Mysore, 61, 195, 215, 281, 312, scapular shield, 6, 10, 24, 53, 208 organs, 49, 103 357 scars, 231 sensory-end organs, 47 Mysore range, 357 SCC. See semicircular canals studies, 111 northern, 357 scent gland, 6, 53 systems, 97, 103, 111 predators, 10

486 Index

slender loris (cont.) gestation, 272 saliva, 13 pregnancy, 272 gouging, 14 skin, 343 protection, 357 greater, 5, 11, 233, 242–243, 247, Slow Loris Protector, 403 red, 5, 25, 60, 132, 140, 215, 217, 256, 259, 261, 344, 394, social behaviour, 259 272, 274, 310, 312 397–398 social organisation, 391 species, 194 habitat, 203, 218 Sody’s, 5 Sri Lankan grey, 217 Hiller’s, 344, 397 solitary, 257 trade, 358–360 hunting, 332 stereotypic behaviour, 243 trafficked, 357 infants, 182, 244, 259, 261, studies, 212, 334, 364 slow loris, 1–2, 7, 11, 15, 23, 27, 57, 273–274 Sumatran, 5, 397 60, 65, 131, 142, 144, 153, Javan, 5, 55, 132, 166, 168, 189, Sunda, 79, 166, 188, 192, 333 157, 168–169, 192, 196, 221, 192, 194, 202, 216–217, 219, survey, 337 242, 263, 289, 307, 375, 400 234, 281, 312, 314, 344, 382 temperature, 188, 190 activity budget, 202 Kayan, 5, 344 threat, 332 activity patterns, 203 kinetic data, 145 torpor, 189 adaptation, 7, 155, 219 knee flexors, 147 toxin, 12 anaesthesia, 293 local names, 358 trade, 12, 15, 242, 337, 342–343, ashy, 26 mother–infant pairs, 247 355–357, 364, 375, 396–397, Bangka, 344 mothers, 258, 261 399 behaviour, 257, 391 movement, 217 traditional medicine, 16 beliefs/folklore, 342 muscles, 145 trafficked, 355, 357 Bengal, 5, 9, 166, 194, 199, Mysore, 216 translocations, 261 201–202, 211, 213, 215, 217, nails, 343 venom, 11–14, 233 314, 326–327, 331, 343, 357 nocturnal, 127 video, 365, 375 Bengal home range, 201 North Sumatran, 395 wild, 12, 220 bite, 12, 242, 291 obligate, 155, 242 wounds, 266 Bornean, 5 oil, 343 zoo-housed, 243 breeding, 270, 274 online, 343, 377 small mammals, 139, 145, 288, 317 captive, 79, 217, 243, 259, 326 ontogeny, 26 small-bodied animals, 57, 127, 295 collaring, 279 pet, 363 primates, 15, 28, 155 confiscated, 258, 397–398 Philippine, 5, 219–220, 227, 288, strepsirrhines, 126 conservation, 15, 327, 334, 382, 334, 344 SNS. See social networking sites 397, 399 photo prop, 375 social, 204 defence, 10 poached, 242, 244 associations, 136 density, 332 population decline, 332 behaviour, xix, 6, 8, 53, 204, 207, derivatives, 343 populations, 12, 14, 266, 327, 212, 234, 251, 259 development, 259 333, 397, 400 campaigns, 373 diet, 166, 169, 247, 364, 403 predation, 191 change, 373 dimorphism, 220 pregnant, 243 communication, 205 distribution, 59, 326–327, 332, protected, 357 complexity, 130, 137 334 pygmy, 5, 9, 27, 131, 133, 145, contexts, 110 ecological function, 195 165, 188, 190–192, 220, 231, cues, 98 education, 382, 386, 389, 391 267, 326–327, 331, 343, 356, engagement, 373–374 elbow, 144 363, 382 groups, 55, 154, 202 evolution, 11, 13–14, 127 range, 271 housing, 268 faecal scoring, 170 range states, 359 human social factors, 400 fat, 343 rehabilitation, 219, 399 interactions, 129, 205, 259, 391 feeding, 202, 222 reintroduced, 332 isolation, 364 foraging, 220 release, 10, 219–220, 227, 261, 398 lives, 8, 391 fragmentation, 333 rescue, 10, 243, 261, 266, 338 media, 16, 242, 343, 345, 356, fur, 191 research, 334 362, 365–368, 372–373, 375

Index 487

monogamous association, 137 gait, 140 olfactory recess, 101 monogamy, 8, 130–131, 134, 137 studies, 142 olfactory system, 97, 103 neighbourhoods, 195 species 360, 236 olfactory turbinals, 108 networks, 103, 129, 136, 343, identification, 61, 347, 356 ontogeny, 117, 120, 124–125, 366, 368, 380 presence, 346 127 networking sites, 357, 362, 366, spine, 64, 207 primitive, 102 370, 374, 380 cervical, 10 scent marking, 110 organisation, 8, 129–130, nuchal, 24 small-bodied, 126 132–133, 136, 234, 243, 279, vertebral, 53 social association, 137 391 SPSS, 222, 249, 376 species, 115 partners, 364 Sri Lanka, 25, 60, 289, 304, 307, stem, 34, 36, 67 platforms, 368 314, 357 suspensory, 216 play, 251 stereoscopic vision, 115, 126 taxa, 2, 36, 120 proximity, 247 stereotypic behaviours, 243, 261 trait, 36 reality, 366 pacing, 251 visual acuity, 182 relationships, 8 strepsirrhines, 6–7, 20, 28, 33, 37, visual ecology, 185 requirements, 364 45, 68, 97, 99, 101, 120, 125, VNO, 98 science, 362 127, 130, 144, 149, 181, 185, vomeronasal organ, 111 settings, 268 205, 210, 243, 259 Strepsirrhini, 1, 22, 36, 67, 69, 98, spacing, 209 acuity, 182 153, 161 status, 394 allometric factors, 126 studbook, 235–236, 263, 267, 274 structure, 204, 209 altricial, 98 subadult, 230–231, 234 system, 62, 129, 234 ancient, 75 sub-Saharan Africa, 31, 57, 59 traits, 137 convergence, 120, 123, 125 substrate, 9, 76, 139, 144–145, 150, sociality, 8, 19, 130, 181, 259 crown, 34, 38, 67 208, 210–212, 217, 265, 289, sociocultural, 400 data, 115 312 socioecology, 129 dental features, 157 angle, 144 socioeconomic, 339 divergence, 37 availability, 218 solitary, xix, 129, 137, 188, 202, diversity, 103 diameters, 139, 142, 148 204, 231, 243, 256–257, evolution, 37, 155 discontinuous, 150 260–261 extant, 3, 67, 97, 115–116, 122, grasping, 77, 208 South Asia, 202, 357 153 height, 213 South India, 289, 357 extinct, 115, 122 horizontal, 214 South Sulawesi, 343 fossil, 67, 69 orientation, 140, 142, 145, South-east Asia, 1, 11, 25, 31, 33, fossil record, 3 149–150 40, 59, 61, 187, 202, 211, frontation, 118, 122, 125 size, 9–10, 138, 211, 217 333, 342, 400 genes, 102–103 soft, 273 spatial, 129 gum-feeding, 160 vertical, 139, 145, 218 analysis, 230 gummivory, 160 Sumatra, 26–27, 31, 242, 344, 355, area, 234, 301 insectivory, 160 364, 394, 397 distribution, 303 lemuriform, 113 North, 344, 397, 399–400 level, 302 MorphoSpace, 127 South, 344 overlap, 136, 234 movement patterns, 217 West, 344 patterns, 65 muscles, 78 Sunda pangolin, 354, 395 proximity, 204 nocturnal, 2, 8, 51, 99, 126, superficial digital flexor, 91, 93 requirements, 234 136, 181, 184–185, 211, 234, supernatural, 357–358, 360 variation, 308 326 survey techniques, 295, 301 spatiotemporal odorant detection, 98 survival, 14, 16, 64, 209, 219, 243, characteristics, 142 olfaction, 102 259, 263, 293–294, 322, 341, data, 140, 144 olfactory bulb, 101, 106, 110 343, 365, 381, 393 features, 140, 142 olfactory cues, 103 suspension, 211, 217

488 Index

suspensory locomotion, 138, 140, Asian lorises, 23–24 Thailand, 26, 31, 39, 42, 61, 66, 194, 144 assessment, 64 203, 230, 395 suspensory postures, 215, 218 Bengal slow loris, 5 thermoregulation, 10, 188–189, sustainability, 339, 398 categorisation, 2 191–192 sympatric, 9, 40, 207, 285, 295, 312 data, 4 lorises, 187 Systema Naturae, 20, 23 diversity, 4, 65 primates, 189 systematics, 57 expansion, 2 prosimians, 188 groups, 6 pygmy slow loris, 189 taboos, 351 history, 2 slow loris, 191 tactile lorisids, 2–3, 64, 66 Sunda slow loris, 188 cues, 47 lorisiforms, 60 Thevangu, 358 function, 54 name, 237 threatened species, 194, 203 hairs, 53 note, 1 threats, 208, 311, 350, 352, 374, information, 47 rank, 61 391, 403 receptors, 56 revisions, 1, 153 habitat loss, 293 stimulation, 56 status, 291 mitigating, 65 tail, 10, 23, 28, 52, 231 validity, 58 population, 327 absent, 30 technology, 2, 15, 235, 380 slow loris, 397 external, 29, 31 bio-logging, 316 survival, 381 length, 24, 76 cloud-based, 236 toothcomb, 12, 25, 36, 45, 67, 69, long, 7, 64 record keeping, 241 74–75, 157–158 missing, 23 remote sensing, 320 appearance, 69, 74–75 reduced, 2, 6–7, 25, 58 trapping, 339 fossil, 7, 67 short, 25, 76 teeth, xx, 28, 157, 230, 266 Karanisia,7 stump, 27 anterior, 36, 67–68 mandibular, 12 talismans, 357 cheek, 28 primate, 45, 69, 74–75 talonid, 30 clipping, 242 reduced, 67 tarsal bone, 7, 19 damage, 243, 364 six-toothed, 67 tarsal region, 30 intact, 243 topographic tarsier, 49, 55, 127, 160, 185, 211, lower, 68 analysis, 45, 68 221, 312, 316, 325 lower cutting, 24 maps, 179 taxa, 2, 5, 11, 25, 27, 29–30, 36, 38, molar, 36, 68 methods, 45 40, 43, 61, 64, 73, 79, 92, specialisations, 157 metrics, 68 101, 104, 106, 108, 110, 113, upper, 68 torches, 281, 288, 301 120, 124, 127, 209–210, 216, television, 363, 366, 370 torpor, 10, 187–189, 191–192, 264, 266, 273–275 temperature, 191, 196, 212, 308 264 frugivorous, 7 ambient, 187, 189–190, 264 bouts, 189–190 gracile, 30 body, 10, 187, 189–190, 314, 316 duration, 189 gummivorous, 157 control, 264 trade-off, 191 insectivorous, 159 extreme, 264 touch, 47, 49, 52 Malagasy, 30 high, 188 acuity, 47, 49, 52 mammalian, 13 increasing, 190 cells, 47, 52 non-gouging, 69 outdoor, 264 ecology, 49–50, 56 non-primate, 14 rectal, 188 hand, 47, 52 primate, 190 season, 187 sensitivities, 47 sister taxa, 31, 62, 64, 115–116, skin, 189 sensory-end organ, 47 122, 130 studies, 188 tourism, 328, 332 splitting, 2 threshold, 190 industry, 374 taxonomy, 2, 23, 49, 57, 60, 65, 78, tissue, 77 wildlife, 374 153, 188, 237, 263, 285, 338, warmer, 264 toxicity, 12, 266–267 389, 391, 398 testes, 228, 231, 268, 270, 296 toxins, 11–12

Index 489

trade, 16, 228, 339, 342, 344, traders, 19, 242–243, 343–344, 346, range, 209 346–348, 352–355, 351, 354, 356, 359, 394–395 sounds, xx, 56 357–358, 361, 363, 393, 396 interviews, 353 tactile stimulation, 56 animal, 395 surveys, 351 vocalisations, 6, 55 bushmeat, 347–348, 350, traditional waves, 56 353–354 accounts, 12 UN Environment World chain, 352 belief, 12 Conservation Monitoring commercial, 339, 355, 396 face touch, 55 Centre, 360 consumption, 347 medicine, 15–16, 64, 228, 242, undergrowth, 9–10, 186, 199, 208, global, 242 332, 341, 393–394 211, 308 highly traded species, 235 methods, 314 UNEP-WCMC. See UN Environment hubs, 359 narrative, 381 World Conservation illegal, 12, 15, 234, 242, 332, 339, practices, 350, 395 Monitoring Centre 344, 347, 354, 357, 363, 374, transect, 295, 302, 314, 327 unethical, 293 393, 397 belt, 303 urine, 6 illegal pet, 15, 337 line, 295, 302–303, 314, 334 marking, 6, 205, 271 international, 242, 393, 396 line and strip, 307 samples, 272 laws, 394 non-linear path, 334 secretions, 205 live animals, 242, 347, 362 sampling, 308 trails, 205 lorises, 341, 360 techniques, 307 washing, 103 lorisids, 353, 361 zero length, 308 user-friendly software, 321 market, 347 translocation, 221, 234, 243, 261 user-generated content, 363 market survey, 346 transpedicular foramina, 58 username, 345 medicinal, 293, 347, 352–353 transportation, 332 utilisation distribution overlap monitoring, 345 trapping, 15, 279, 288, 293–294, index, 230, 234 networks, 345 337, 339, 351, 359 online, 344–345, 356–357 trauma, 241–243, 247, 259, 272 V1R. See vomeronasal receptor parts, 347 events, 266 type 1 pets, 15–16, 219, 242, 293, 332, injuries, 244, 258 V2R. See vomeronasal receptor 341–342, 347, 353, 397 trichromatic, 103, 191 type 2 practices, 364 tropical, 196 vegetation, xix, 207, 215, 219, 221, primates, 339, 347, 363 almonds, 195 225, 231, 265, 301, 327, 334 records, 354, 360 area, 189 venom, 11–14, 233, 242, 266 reducing, 65 climate, 187 administration, 12 regulation, 356 forest, 41, 59, 63, 175, 193, 333, bite, 12, 291, 364 research, 344, 347–348, 351, 356, 393 component, 12–13 361 rainforest, 320 deﬁnition, 13 routes, 346, 355 Tunisia, 37 function, 13 seasonality, 346 turbinal, 99, 103–104, 108 mammals, 12 slender loris, 358, 360 Turkey, 375, 377 primate, 6, 12, 242 slow loris, 15, 242, 342, 344, 356, Twitter, 362 properties, 13 375, 397 vertebrae, 24, 28 species, 397 UDOI. See utilisation distribution cervical, 24, 28–29 surveys, 353 overlap index chest, 64 trade, 242 Uganda, 29, 38, 42, 45, 158, 206 lumbar, 30, 58, 138, 267 traditional medicine, 15, 332 ulnocarpal articulation, 58 postcervical, 58 wildlife, 15, 61, 64, 219, 243, 249, ultrasonic thoracic, 24 257–258, 261, 266, 338–339, auditory cues, 55 vertical climbing up, 140 341–342, 345–346, 350, 352, calls, xix vertical descent, 140 355–356, 361–362, 374, 380, communication, 55, 209 vertical peak force, 138, 145 393–395, 397, 399 components, 273 vestigiality, 6, 76, 90, 93

490 Index

vibrissae, 48, 50, 53, 56 fields, 126, 178 violations, 372 Aotus,52 function, 9, 113, 174, 176, 178, West African potto, 19, 64 capsule, 54 180, 186 Western countries, 344 count, 48, 51 low-light, 181 wet season, 202, 226, 229 facial, 51 nocturnal, 176, 181 whisker, 6, 47–49, 53 immobile, 54 orientation, 144 count, 49 length, 48, 52–53 performance, 174 mobile, 6 mammals, 54 predation, 126–127 morphology, 6 morphology, 52, 54 predators, 113, 181, 185 moveable, 49 movement, 47–48, 53 resolution, 182 movement, 53 reduction, 53 sensitivity, 176, 181, 281 pad, 48 sensitive, 50 sighting, 295 touching, 53 touch, 47 systems, 52, 97, 174, 177, 180 whisking, 48 variation, 53 tasks, 177 vibrissae, 48 video, 291, 356, 359, 362, 364, trichromatic, 191 white light, 281–282, 296, 314 368–369, 375 world, 174 exposure, 281 animals, 367, 369 visual-evoked potentials, 178 harm, 314 camera, xix, 212 visually oriented mammals, 177 wild-born, 238 content, 370 visually oriented predators, 50 wild meat, 339 sharing, 366 VNO. See vomeronasal organ wild population, 65, 219, 228, 235, viral, 242, 272, 362, 367 vocalisation, 9, 13, 155, 176, 209, 333, 339, 363, 395, 397 wildlife, 375 233, 271, 273, 295, 312 wild-caught, 79, 237, 356, 364–365, videography, 320 vomeronasal 374 Vietnam, 15, 25–26, 31, 62, 66, 188, function, 99 wildlife, 279, 281, 339, 345, 191, 228, 326, 332, 382, neuroepithelium, 53, 98 350–351, 357, 369, 374, 381, 390–391 neuron axons, 110 393, 400 Vietnamese film, 363 organ, 6, 98, 102, 111 alternatives, 352 Vietnamese forests, 191 receptor neurons, 98 business, 396 views/viewers (online), 362–363, receptor type 1, 102–103 collectors, 394 365 receptor type 2, 102–103 conservation, 382, 397 villagers, 327, 332 Vosmaer, Arnout, 20, 23, 26 crimes, 360 villages, 201, 230, 234, 327, 348, customs and seizure, 360 350, 352, 354, 382, 395, wavelength, 177–178 diversity, 337 399 medium, 182 economies, 348, 350 viral content, 362 red, 175 encounters, 374 vision, 6, 47, 52, 97, 174, 180, 184, WAZA. See World Association of endemic, 382 208, 247, 269 Zoos and Aquariums exploitation, 382 abilities, 174 weaning, 182, 206 goods, 347 acuity, 9, 51–52, 55, 174, weather conditions, 221–222, 224, human conflict, 400, 403 176–177, 179–180, 182–183 264, 307 human interactions, 350, 363 human, 15 website, 237, 356, 358, 366, hunting, 350, 353, 397 adaptations, 174, 176 399 import, 393 anatomy, 174, 182 welfare, 294, 375 Indonesian laws, 396 angle, 177, 179 animal, 165, 173, 257, 261, 364, law enforcement, 360 arc, 177 370, 372, 374 legally protected, 344 barrier, 265 captive, 364 local, 381 cues, 50, 111, 184 conditions, 394 market survey, 345 deficiencies, 50 lorisiforms, 173 markets, 65, 242, 342, 345–347, descriptions, 78 officers, 364 396 details, 116 primate, 366 native, 390 ecology, 177–178, 180, 185 reduced, 244, 259 photographs, 375

Index 491

population, 304, 400 YouTube, 242, 360, 362–364, 367 websites, 237 products, 347, 352, 357 Yunnan, 326–327, 332–333 Wroclaw Zoo, 399 protected, 344 Zoological Information sales, 347, 356, 360 ZIMS. See Zoological Information Management Systems, stolen wildlife, 399 Management Systems 236–237, 239–240 tourism, 374 zoos, 235 Zoological Society of London, 24, trade, 15, 61, 64, 219, 243, 249, American Zoo, 238 235–237 257–258, 261, 266, 338–339, archives, 236 zoology 341–342, 345, 350–352, database, 236 collections, 237, 241 355–356, 358, 361–362, 374, enthusiasts, 236 gardens, 399 380, 393–395, 397 exhibits, 264 institutions, 167, 241 trade monitoring, 356 Hodonin Zoo, 399 International Board of traders, 243, 394 International Zoo Yearbook, 236 Zoological Nomenclature, value, 346 Jersey Zoo, 239 31 videos, 375 Liberec Zoo, 399 London Zoological Societies, Wildlife Conservation Enactment London Zoo, 237–238 237 1997, 334 Olomouc Zoo, 399 nomenclature, 22 Wildlife Conservation Society, 307 Ostrava Zoo, 399 records, 14, 235–236 Wildlife Protection Act, 357 populations, 263 Zoological Garden of Hamburg, wire cage, 265, 269 professionals, 241 237 wire mesh, 247, 285, 290, 293 records, 235, 237, 241 Zootierliste, 236–237 World Association of Zoos and San Diego Zoo, 264 ZSL. See Zoological Society of Aquariums, 236 specimens, 235 London