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Review of Literature Review o f literature Review of Literature The order Batrachospermales as such was established in 1982 by Pueschel and Cole. However, some of the information on the algae belonging to this order is available right fi-om the establishment of the genus Batrachospermum by Roth, in 1797. The characteristic features of the order as mentioned by Hoek et al (1995) are as follows: “1) The rhodophytes of the order have cylindrical, branched or unbranched thalli, which are often more or less gelatinous and have a uniaxial or multiaxial structure. 2) The pit plugs probably, have cap membranes while the pit caps are two layered; the outer layer of the pit plug cap is conspicuously domed. 3) Tetrasporangia, and hence also tetrasporangial meiosis, are quite absent. Meiosis takes place instead in the apical vegetative cells of the sporophytes. 4) Auxiliary cells are absent. 5) The carpogonia are borne on the special carpogonial branches. 6) The Batrachospermales have a unique type of diplohaplontic life cycle, which is heteromorphic and contains a reduced tetrasporophyte for the basis modle of the heteromorphic, diplohaplontic cycle. Meiosis takes place in the apical cell of the diploid sporophyte, which is usually a filamentous, Audouinella ~ like plant, Following meiosis, the haploid apical ceil grow intn macroscopic gametophytes, which remain attached to the sporophyte. 7) The Batrachospermales are entirely restricted to the freshwater habitats.” As per Pueschel and Cole (1982) the order comprises of three families namely Batrachospennaceae, Lemaneaceae and Thoreaceae. The family Batrachospermaceae is the largest family of the order and 1 Review o f literature comprises of five genera viz. Batrachospermum Roth, Sirodotia Kylin, Nothocladus Skuja, Tuomeya Harvey and Steriocladia Smith. The family Thoreaceae is with two genera in it. viz. Thorea Bory. de. St. Vincent and Nemalionopsis Skuja. While the family Lemaneaceae is with single genus Lemanea Bory de. St. Vincent. During the survey of freshwater red algae of the Western Ghats (Maharashtra, India) between latitudes IS** N to 2l'* N, the author could encounter four genera of the family Batrachospermaceae as Batrachospermum Roth, Sirodotia Kylin, Nothocladus Skuja and Tuomeya Harvey. Therefore information included in the chapter “Review of Literature” is confined to these four genera. The first and foremost on the genus Batrachospermum is that of Sirodot (1884) who provided detailed account on organization, development and classification of the genus Batrachospermum Roth. Murry (1887) described Batrachospermum twaitesis Dickey ex Murray from Sri Lanka. Kylin in 1912, established the genus Sirodotia to accommodate the species of Batrachospermum having asymmetrical trichogyne and diffiised gonimoblast. Hamel (1925) described twenty six species of Batrachospermum and a species oTSirddotia mSThdrea each, from France. Monographic account on fresh water red algae was given by Pascher and Schiller (1925). This account includes seventeen species of Batrachospermum, twelve species of Lemanea and a species of Sirodotia. Review o f literature Some members of the genus Batrachospermum from British freshwater were described by West (1927). While studying distribution of Batrachospermum Schroder (1927) recorded eight species of Batrachospermum from Silesia. Starmach (1928) while elaborating ecology, morphology and life history of Hildenbrandia rivularis (Lieben) J. Ag. also commented on the distribution of Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth. Skuja (1931) described a new species of the genus Sirodotia viz. S. fennica along with Pseudochantransia stage. Further Batrachospermum huiellense Welwitsch was transferred by him to Sirodotia. While remarking on the life history of the Rhodophyceae, Kylin (1935) elaborated post fertilization changes in Batrachospermum. Two new species of Sirodotia and a new species of Batrachospermum were described by Skuja (1938 a). Skuja (1938 b) discussed in detail regarding the origin of freshwater red algae and subsequent distribution. Brieger (1938) studied species of Batrachospermum from Brazil. From China, Jao (1941) described twelve species of Batrachospermum out of which three were new to science viz. Batrachospermum intortum, B. sinense and B. szechwanense. In addition, a new species of Sirodotia viz. S. scinica has also been described. Review o f literature Israleson (1942) published detailed account including taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the fresh water Florideophyceae of Sweden. Taxonomy part includes three families viz. Chantransiaceae, Lemaneaceae and Batrachospermaceae. From the family Batrachospermaceae two genera namely Batrachospermum Roth and Sirodotia Kylin have been described with six and one species, respectively. While describing a new species of Batrachospermum, viz. B. frcuticolosum from England, Drew (1946) emphasized on importance of anatomical features of the thallus. Biswas (1949) reported Batrachospermum vagum (Roth) Ag., Sirodotia cirrhosa from Assam (India) Flint (1954) described Sirodotia suecica Kylin, S. tenuissima (Holden) Skuja, S. polygama Skuja, S. acuminate Skuja, S. fennica Skuja and S. gardneri Skuja from Lousiana. In a series of papers Flint (1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1953, and 1970) published accounts on fresh water Red algae occurring in USA. These accounts include description of eleven species of Batrachospermum and eight species of Sirodotia, and a species of Lemanea and Tuomeya, each. An eatable nature of Batrachospermtmi in Japan was brought to notice by Kamiya(1954). Hirose and Seto (1957) gave information on the Chantransia stages in the life cycle of Batrachospermum moniliforme from Japan. Review o f literature Three species of Batrachospermum and a species of Sirodotia occurring in North Carolina were described by Phihps and Whitford (1958). Papenfuss, (1958) recommended change in nomenclature of Baileya fluvitilis to Tuomeya americana (Kuetzing) Papenfuss. Dixon (1958) studied development of carpogonial branches and lateral branches of unlimited growth in Batrachospermum vagum. Reis (1958) studied fourteen species of Batrachospermum from Portugal giving information on habitat, thallus structure and reproduction in these species. Misra and Dey (1959, a) while studying the freshwater Rhodophyceae of Uttar Pradesh reported occurrence of Batrachospermum bharadwajii, a new species from slow flowing stream at Danda Lakoun. Further, they (1959, b) collected Batrachospermum nodosum growing on small piece of stone in streams of Khansro river, Dehra Dun. Yoshida (1959) studied cytology of a species of Batrachospermum and found meiosis in a zygote. Reis (1960, a) examined specimens of Batrachospermum and Sirodotia collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in Angola between 1857 - 1860 and deposited in nsT)aii Tierbarlumr The feature of trichogyne in defining the various sections of Batrachospermum was critically assessed by Reis (1960, b). Umezaki (1960) describe in detail Sirodotia delicatula from mountain stream at Hunsei Ubama Fukui Prefecture, Japan. Review o f literature Prescott (1962) in his book Algae of the Western Great Lakes area described family Batrachospermaceae with five species viz. Batrachospermum dillenii Bory, B. ectocarpum Sirodot, B. moniliforme Roth, B. vagum (Roth) C. A. Agardh and family Lemaneaceae with genus Lemanea Bory and species L. ficina (Bory) Atkinson and Tuomeya with single species T fluviatilis Harvey Ecology of Batrachospermum species in Doe Run, Meade County, Kentucky was investigated by Minckley et a/ (1963). Schumacher and Whitford (1965) provided data on respiration and uptake in Batrachospermum macrosporum Mont. Dillard (1966) analysed seasonal periodicity of Batrachospermum macrosporum Mont. in Turky creek Moore County, North Carolina and revealed important role of water temperature in periodicity of the algae. Batrachospermum crounianum Sirod. was reported by Vinyard (1966) from Okhalama. It’s occurrence was subsequently confirmed by Blair in 1978. Patel and Francis (1968) reported occurrence of Batrachospermum vagum (Roth ) Ag. for the first time from the state of Gujrat (India). Ultrastructure of chloroplast development in Batrachospermum was studied By Brown and^W ^ (W68y Differentiation of the thallus in Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth from the prostrate system of the Chantransia without forming an erect system was recorded by Haraguchi and Kobyasi (1969). Review o f literature Ultrastructure of plastids in Batrachospermum moniliforme was studied by Bergefield(1970). Brown and Weier (1970 a ) cultured Batrachospermum moniliforme in Bold’s 3N Bristol’s medium at 40 - 60 ft illumination and 10 - 12 hours day length. Ultrastructure studies on Batrachospermum and Chantransia as well as thin section of fteez - etch analysis of juvenile, photosynthetic filaments and vegetative cells were carried by Brown and Weir (1970 b). Mori (1970) provided detailed account on taxonomy and ecology of Batrachospermum ectocarpum Sirodot fi-om Japan. In light of his own convincing demonstration that practically all Florodiophyceae have triphasic life cycle. Rider and Wagner (1972), studied relationship of light, temperature and current to the seasonal distribution of Batrachospermum. Magne (1972) depicted evolution of different types of life cycles including that of Lemanea. Bourrelly (1972) in his book entitled “Les Algus d’e douce” provided illustrated taxonomic account on fresh water red algae including species of Batm^ospermM7^\rod6Tia, Nothodadus, and Tuomeya. Parker et al. (1973) compared microhabitats
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