Review o f literature

Review of Literature

The order as such was established in 1982 by Pueschel and Cole. However, some of the information on the algae belonging to this order is available right fi-om the establishment of the genus Batrachospermum by Roth, in

1797. The characteristic features of the order as mentioned by Hoek et al (1995) are as follows: “1) The rhodophytes of the order have cylindrical, branched or unbranched thalli, which are often more or less gelatinous and have a uniaxial or multiaxial structure. 2) The pit plugs probably, have cap membranes while the pit caps are two layered; the outer layer of the pit plug cap is conspicuously domed. 3)

Tetrasporangia, and hence also tetrasporangial meiosis, are quite absent. Meiosis takes place instead in the apical vegetative cells of the sporophytes. 4) Auxiliary cells are absent. 5) The carpogonia are borne on the special carpogonial branches. 6) The

Batrachospermales have a unique type of diplohaplontic life cycle, which is heteromorphic and contains a reduced tetrasporophyte for the basis modle of the heteromorphic, diplohaplontic cycle. Meiosis takes place in the apical cell of the diploid sporophyte, which is usually a filamentous, Audouinella ~ like plant,

Following meiosis, the haploid apical ceil grow intn macroscopic , which remain attached to the sporophyte. 7) The Batrachospermales are entirely restricted to the freshwater habitats.” As per Pueschel and Cole (1982) the order comprises of three families namely Batrachospennaceae, Lemaneaceae and

Thoreaceae. The family is the largest family of the order and

1 Review o f literature

comprises of five genera viz. Batrachospermum Roth, Kylin, Nothocladus

Skuja, Tuomeya Harvey and Steriocladia Smith. The family Thoreaceae is with two genera in it. viz. Thorea Bory. de. St. Vincent and Nemalionopsis Skuja. While the family Lemaneaceae is with single genus Lemanea Bory de. St. Vincent.

During the survey of freshwater of the Western Ghats (Maharashtra,

India) between latitudes IS** N to 2l'* N, the author could encounter four genera of the family Batrachospermaceae as Batrachospermum Roth, Sirodotia Kylin, Nothocladus

Skuja and Tuomeya Harvey. Therefore information included in the chapter “Review of Literature” is confined to these four genera.

The first and foremost on the genus Batrachospermum is that of Sirodot

(1884) who provided detailed account on organization, development and classification of the genus Batrachospermum Roth.

Murry (1887) described Batrachospermum twaitesis Dickey ex Murray from

Sri Lanka.

Kylin in 1912, established the genus Sirodotia to accommodate the species of

Batrachospermum having asymmetrical trichogyne and diffiised gonimoblast.

Hamel (1925) described twenty six species of Batrachospermum and a species oTSirddotia mSThdrea each, from France.

Monographic account on fresh water red algae was given by Pascher and

Schiller (1925). This account includes seventeen species of Batrachospermum, twelve species of Lemanea and a species of Sirodotia. Review o f literature

Some members of the genus Batrachospermum from British freshwater were described by West (1927).

While studying distribution of Batrachospermum Schroder (1927) recorded eight species of Batrachospermum from Silesia.

Starmach (1928) while elaborating ecology, morphology and life history of

Hildenbrandia rivularis (Lieben) J. Ag. also commented on the distribution of

Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth.

Skuja (1931) described a new species of the genus Sirodotia viz. S. fennica along with Pseudochantransia stage. Further Batrachospermum huiellense Welwitsch was transferred by him to Sirodotia.

While remarking on the life history of the Rhodophyceae, Kylin (1935) elaborated post fertilization changes in Batrachospermum.

Two new species of Sirodotia and a new species of Batrachospermum were described by Skuja (1938 a).

Skuja (1938 b) discussed in detail regarding the origin of freshwater red algae and subsequent distribution.

Brieger (1938) studied species of Batrachospermum from Brazil.

From China, Jao (1941) described twelve species of Batrachospermum out of which three were new to science viz. Batrachospermum intortum, B. sinense and B. szechwanense. In addition, a new species of Sirodotia viz. S. scinica has also been

described. Review o f literature

Israleson (1942) published detailed account including , ecology and distribution of the fresh water Florideophyceae of Sweden. Taxonomy part includes three families viz. Chantransiaceae, Lemaneaceae and Batrachospermaceae. From the family Batrachospermaceae two genera namely Batrachospermum Roth and

Sirodotia Kylin have been described with six and one species, respectively.

While describing a new species of Batrachospermum, viz. B. frcuticolosum from England, Drew (1946) emphasized on importance of anatomical features of the thallus.

Biswas (1949) reported Batrachospermum vagum (Roth) Ag., Sirodotia cirrhosa from Assam (India)

Flint (1954) described Sirodotia suecica Kylin, S. tenuissima (Holden) Skuja,

S. polygama Skuja, S. acuminate Skuja, S. fennica Skuja and S. gardneri Skuja from

Lousiana.

In a series of papers Flint (1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1953, and 1970) published accounts on fresh water Red algae occurring in USA. These accounts include description of eleven species of Batrachospermum and eight species of Sirodotia, and a species of Lemanea and Tuomeya, each.

An eatable nature of Batrachospermtmi in Japan was brought to notice by

Kamiya(1954).

Hirose and Seto (1957) gave information on the Chantransia stages in the life cycle of Batrachospermum moniliforme from Japan. Review o f literature

Three species of Batrachospermum and a species of Sirodotia occurring in

North Carolina were described by Phihps and Whitford (1958).

Papenfuss, (1958) recommended change in nomenclature of Baileya fluvitilis to Tuomeya americana (Kuetzing) Papenfuss.

Dixon (1958) studied development of carpogonial branches and lateral branches of unlimited growth in Batrachospermum vagum.

Reis (1958) studied fourteen species of Batrachospermum from Portugal giving information on habitat, thallus structure and reproduction in these species.

Misra and Dey (1959, a) while studying the freshwater Rhodophyceae of

Uttar Pradesh reported occurrence of Batrachospermum bharadwajii, a new species from slow flowing stream at Danda Lakoun. Further, they (1959, b) collected

Batrachospermum nodosum growing on small piece of stone in streams of Khansro river, Dehra Dun.

Yoshida (1959) studied cytology of a species of Batrachospermum and found meiosis in a zygote.

Reis (1960, a) examined specimens of Batrachospermum and Sirodotia collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in Angola between 1857 - 1860 and deposited in nsT)aii Tierbarlumr

The feature of trichogyne in defining the various sections of

Batrachospermum was critically assessed by Reis (1960, b).

Umezaki (1960) describe in detail Sirodotia delicatula from mountain stream at Hunsei Ubama Fukui Prefecture, Japan. Review o f literature

Prescott (1962) in his book Algae of the Western Great Lakes area described family Batrachospermaceae with five species viz. Batrachospermum dillenii Bory,

B. ectocarpum Sirodot, B. moniliforme Roth, B. vagum (Roth) C. A. Agardh and family Lemaneaceae with genus Lemanea Bory and species L. ficina (Bory) Atkinson and Tuomeya with single species T fluviatilis Harvey

Ecology of Batrachospermum species in Doe Run, Meade County, Kentucky was investigated by Minckley et a/ (1963).

Schumacher and Whitford (1965) provided data on respiration and uptake in Batrachospermum macrosporum Mont.

Dillard (1966) analysed seasonal periodicity of Batrachospermum macrosporum Mont. in Turky creek Moore County, North Carolina and revealed important role of water temperature in periodicity of the algae.

Batrachospermum crounianum Sirod. was reported by Vinyard (1966) from

Okhalama. It’s occurrence was subsequently confirmed by Blair in 1978.

Patel and Francis (1968) reported occurrence of Batrachospermum vagum

(Roth ) Ag. for the first time from the state of Gujrat (India).

Ultrastructure of development in Batrachospermum was studied

By Brown and^W ^ (W68y

Differentiation of the thallus in Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth from the prostrate system of the Chantransia without forming an erect system was recorded by

Haraguchi and Kobyasi (1969). Review o f literature

Ultrastructure of plastids in Batrachospermum moniliforme was studied by

Bergefield(1970).

Brown and Weier (1970 a ) cultured Batrachospermum moniliforme in Bold’s

3N Bristol’s medium at 40 - 60 ft illumination and 10 - 12 hours day length.

Ultrastructure studies on Batrachospermum and Chantransia as well as thin section of fteez - etch analysis of juvenile, photosynthetic filaments and vegetative cells were carried by Brown and Weir (1970 b).

Mori (1970) provided detailed account on taxonomy and ecology of

Batrachospermum ectocarpum Sirodot fi-om Japan.

In light of his own convincing demonstration that practically all

Florodiophyceae have triphasic life cycle.

Rider and Wagner (1972), studied relationship of light, temperature and current to the seasonal distribution of Batrachospermum.

Magne (1972) depicted evolution of different types of life cycles including that of Lemanea.

Bourrelly (1972) in his book entitled “Les Algus d’e douce” provided illustrated taxonomic account on fresh water red algae including species of

Batm^ospermM7^\rod6Tia, Nothodadus, and Tuomeya.

Parker et al. (1973) compared microhabitats of Batrachospermum vagum and

Batrachospermum testale. He studied the impact of light on both the species as they were growing in shaded places and found to deteriorate faster, loosed chlorophyll pigments and decrease photosynthesis rate. Review o f literature

The genus Batrachospermum from Japan was studied by Mori (1975) who described eighteen species along with comments on phylogenetic relationships.

Ratnasabapathy (1975) observed Gombak river algae of Malaya University and recorded two species of Batrachospermum.

Balakrishnan and Chaugule (1975) published a note on the occurrence of

‘Elimination cells’ in five species of Batrachospermum and a species of Sirodotia.

In Batrachospermum coerulescens, Mori (1976) found primordia arising from the basal cells as short protuberances were capable of developing into either carpogonial branches by modification of apical cell or into buds of new thalli by continuous growth of an apical cell. In 1976 he studied primordia in the genus

Batrachospermum and concluded that the carpogonial branch in the genus

Batrachospermum is a modified axial cell row of indeterminate growth.

Kumano (1978) described four species of Batrachospermum and a species of

Sirodotia and Tuomeya each, from West Malaysia.

Chaturvedi et al. (1979) recorded Batrachospermum moniliforme from Naktia and Domia river, Bareilly, (U.P. - India) and same species was also reported by

Pandey and Chaturvedi (1979) from the river Kunnout, Rohilkhand.

Reith (1979) described BatracEospermum iWortum Jao from Cuba.

A new species of Batrachospermum viz. Batrachospermum balakrishnatiii was described by Chaugule (1980). He also gives account of differentiation of from the Pseud ochantransia phase. Review of literature

Balakrishnan and Chaugule (1980, a) described developmental morphology, cytology, life history in a new species of Batrachospermum viz. Batrachospermum mahabaleshwarensis. In this paper these authors give detailed account of occurrence of meiosis in the apical cells of pseudochantransia and subsequent development of gametophyte. Similar observations were also made by these authors in the same year

(1980, b) on Batrachospermum kylinii.

Balakrishnan and Chaugule (1980, c) published taxonomic account on Indian

Batrachospermaceae which covers ten species of Batrachospermum and two species of Sirodotia.

Hinton and Maulood (1980) recorded Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth for the first time from Iraq.

Stosch and Theil (1980) described a new mode of life history in

Batrachospermum.

Sheath and Hymes (1980) surveyed sixty two streams and rivers within

Southern Ontario, Canada for their ecological and red algal spectrum. This paper also

includes taxonomic account on two species of Sirodotia, three species of

Batrachospermum, and a species of Lemanea, and Tuomeya, respectively.

XJfas^ (^r9^8iyr^p^rted Sirodotia huillensis (Welw.) Skuja for the first time

from Italy.

The order Batrachospermum was established by Pueschel and Cole (1982) the order is characterized by having Lemanea - type of life history and two pit plug

layers the outer layer of which is enlarged. Review o f literature

Kumano (1982) described four species of Batrachospermum and one species of each of Tuomeya and Sirodotia.

Based on collections of fresh water red algae from West Malaysia,

Ratnasabapathy and Kumano (1982) described three species oiBatrachospermum.

Kumano (1982) described in detail development of carpogonium and taxonomy of six species of Sirodotia from Japan and West Malaysia.

Kumano and Ohsaki (1983) described new species of Batrachospermum belonging to the section Contorta.

Kumano in 1983 described new species of Batrachospermum belonging to the section Contorta from Papuan Highlands, New-Guinea.

Morphometric analysis of Batrachospermum populations from Rhode Island was carried by Sheath and Burkholder (1983). These authors (loc. cit.) proposed merger of B. ectocarpum into B. boryamm.

Observations on the early development of the carposporophyte in two species of Batrachospermum were presented by Kumano in 1984 (a).

Kumano (1984 b) described reproductive organs in two species of

Batrachospermum from China.

Sankaran (1984) reporte3”'a nev7 specie^ W Batrachospermum as B. desikacharyi from Valparai, Anamalais, Tamil Nadu state of India.

Necchi and Kumano (1984) and Kumano and Necchi (1985) published an account on five species of Batrachospermum from Brazil.

10 Review o f literature

Entwisle and Kraft (1984) surveyed rivers and other fresh water habitats in

South Eastern AustraUa and described fourteen species and two forms of red algae.

Sheath (1984) provided critical information on fresh water algae in light of published information on Batrachospermales in which he included seventy three species of Batrachospermum thirteen species of Sirodotia, seventeen species of

Lemanea, a species of Nemenilinopsis, four species of Nothocladus, eight species of

Thorea and two spices of Tuomeya. He also gives information on distribution, ecology, carbon metabolism, ultra structure, cytology and life history patterns.

Six new species of Batrachospermum from Micronesia were described by

Kumano and Bowden (1986).

Hambrook and Sheath (1987) examined grazing of freshwater red algae by thirteen invertebrates. In addition they also provided information on lipid, carbohydrate, protein and ash contents in Batrachospermum and Tuomeya.

While studying macroalgae in Yarra River basin (Australia), Entwisle (1989) described four species of Batrachospermum, two species of Nothocladus and a species of Sirodotia.

Sheath and Cole (1990) described a new species of Batrachospermum from

Florida spring f ^ streams and name^ iTas Batrachospermum heterocorticum and assigned it to the section Batrachospermum on account of its straight carpogonial branch, large lateral whorls and presence of several carposporophytes in mid to outer portions of the whorls. Review o f literature

Necchi Jr. and Entwisle (1990) redefined sectional delineations in

Batrachospermum and proposed that the three genera namely Nothocladus, Sirodotia and Tuomeya be reduced to sectional level within Batrachospermum. Necchi (1990) carried revision of the genus Batrachospermum in Brazil, the study involve twenty seven species distributed in six sections of which five species are new records to

Brazil, including two new species viz. B. densiverticillatum and B. longiarticulatum .

In 1994, Kwandrans and Eloranta recorded Tuomeya americana for first time from Europe.

The new species of Batrachospermum from mountain streams of New-Zealand and Eastern Australia was discovered by Entwisle (1995).

Fifteen species of Batrachospermum from Australia and New-Zealand were documented including description, spatomicrographics, maps and keys by Entwisle and Foard (1997).

Sheath and his colleagues published series of papers dealing with distribution and systematics of Batrachospermum in North America using technique of muitivariatc moiphometric analysis. These authors dealt with the section Contorta

(1992), Setaceae (1993), Veristcantia (1994 a), Aristata (1994 b), Turfosa (1994 c),

TJ^rMdJlWS), and Batrachospermum (1996 a, b, c, d)

Similar type of study on the Batrachospermum species belonging to section

Batrachospermum was executed by Vis et at. al. (1995).

Eloranta and Kwandrans (1995) provided information of researches of fresh water red algae from North America, Sweden, Poland, Spain, Finland and also documented 12 Review o f literature

some species of Batrachospermum, Sirodotia and Tuomeya. Aspects of distribution and ecology of freshwater red algae in some central Finnish rivers (Central Finland) were studied by Eloranta and Kwandrans (1995).

Using light and electron microscope Sheath et al. (1996) examined Nothocladus lindaueri (Skuja) Necchi et Entwisle

Muller and coworkers (1997) studied the phenology of Batrachospermum population of the section Turfosa growing in a pond in New Foundland, Canada.

Necchi Jr. and Zucchi (1997) demonstrated Auduoniella macrospora as a chantransioid phase of Batrachospermum.

Entwisle (1998) reviewed documentation of Batrachospermaceae from France in light of taxonomic system proposed by Sheath et al. (1993, 1994 a, 1994 b, 1994 c)

Sheath and Vis, (1995) and Vis et al., (1995)

Vis et al, (1998) provided information on phylogeny of Batrachospermum

Keiper et al. (1998) observed incorporation of Batrachospermum gelatinosum into case of Ochrotrichia wojcickyi (Trichoptra: Hydroptilidae).

Vis et al. (1998) on the basis of results obtained tliiough rnoleculai' and morphological investigations, reduced Batrachospermum spermatoinvolucrum to a loxm oT B rg^tinosunu

Vis et al (1998) carried out phylogenetic studies of Batrachospermales inferred from rbd and 18s ribosomal DNA gene sequence. In this study four families, eight genera and six sections of the genus Batrachospermum were studied. Tuomeya,

Sirodotia, and Nothocladus were retained at generic level. According to them the 13 Review o f literature

genus Batrachospermum comprises many morphologically similar but distantly related taxa, which need further investigation to resolve the taxonomic status.

Sly (1998) while explaining the Australian microbial resources including bacteria,

fungi, algae, protests and viruses listed occurrence of Batrachospermum diatyches

from mountain lake Tasmania.

Curt Pueschel (1999) used pit plug as a character to distinguish freshwater

Acrochaetiales from the Chantransia stage of Batrachospermales.

Entwisle and co - workers (1999) showed that the most of the local representative

of the order Batrachospermales are endemic to either Australia or to Australia - New

Zealand.

Vis and Sheath (1999) carried molecular investigations on three species of

Sirodotia from North America viz. Sirodotia suecica, S. tenuissima and S. huillensis

and concluded that Sirodotia suecica, and S. huillensis are valid species.

Tatpome (1999) while studying the biodiversity of phytoplankton and macroalgae

in Mae Sa stream, Doi Suthep - Pui national park, Ching Mai Province recorded

occurrence of Batrachospermum for the fust time from Thailand. The species

recorded are Batrachospermum macrosporum Mont. and B. vagiim Agardh.

Elund et al. (1999) commented on distribution and conservation value of

Batrachospermum gelatinosum from Mangolia.

Flip Leaderer (1999) while working on the project Biodiversity and ecology of

selected rivers in Southwestern Bohenia (Czech Republic) reported one hundred sixty

14 Review o f literature

eight species of algal flora. Among those was a species of Batrachospermum viz. B. moniliforme. This species was treated by the author as rare and endangered species.

Miller and co - worker (2000) used molecular sequence and morphological data for the correct assessment of eleven collections of Batrachospermum helmintosum from North America, Lousiana and Tennessee in the South Michigan and

Massachusetts in the north.

Nancy Brown (2000) published a checklist of nonvascular plants in Grand

Canyon National Park, Arizona which included a species of Audeonello,

Batrachospermum, and Rhodochroton.

Vis and Entwisle (2002) studies thirteen representatives of the order

Batrachospermales from Australia were analysed with previously published

sequences in phylogenetic analysis of RUBISCO large sub unit (rbcL) gene sequence

data.

From Finland Eloranta and Kwandrans (2002) recorded Batrachospermum

helminthosum, B. skuji, B. atnm, Sirodotia suecica, S. temiissima and Tuomeya

American.

In 2002 Kumano published world monograph on freshwater red algae entitled ------“Freshwater red algae of the world”. This account represents compilationoTarrtHe^

species of freshwater red algae described by various workers throughout the world.

15