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Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho

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STATE OF IDAHO H. C. BALDRIDGE, Governor 13, PLATE 1. BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY ERNEST W. ELLIS, Acting Secretary IDAHO BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY BULLETIN ISSUED QUARTERLY-PRICE 50 CENTS' No. 13 July, 1928' C. A. BonOLFSEN Parliamentary Law Area, Idaho ,CRATERS OF THE MOON NATIONAL MONUMENT, IDAHO PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BY HAROLD T. STEARNS. J. ~ i )patter , Cones " I on Chasm W--.J ~ Fissure lent­ UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO MOSCOW, IDAHO Entered as second class ma tter Aug. 11, 1924 at the post-office at Moscow, Idaho, under the Act of March 3, 1879. 1 ! IDAHO BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY BULLETIN 13, PLATE 1. )(7000 0 ~-<. The/fOoduos x. SurpriFie Water-Hole )j~::t,;',:':"" Half Cone /, , y~cres~~~~te"" < ::,::::,.6089 I I EXPLANATION lS;J Fissure vent ~ Direction that lava frowed from vent Lavao tube i)~~BOWI Crater o 2 34Miles ~L.-J_-'--__LI__..lI__.J1 Sketch Map of the Craters of the Moon National Monument. CONTENTS. Page. General view of the area 5 Geology ,............. 7 Non-violent eruptions 9 Types of lava , 10 Pahoehoe and aa lava flows 11 Types of cones 13 Bombs , " ".." - _ 15 Tree molds ; :' 16 i I Unusual occurrence of water 18 I Age of the flows , 19 Early exploration and Indian history 22 Future volcanic activity 23 Ackowledgments 24 Appendix Fauna , ~ ~ 26 Flora, by Marie McElreath c•.••...c •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••27 Sequence of lava flows , : :~ 32 Prominent cinder cones : , 33 Principal caves 33 I~portant natural bridges : 33 Tree mold localities 34 Occurrences of water and ice __ ; 34 Index __ 55 i j I , ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate I. Sketch map of the Craters of the Moon National Monument:.....;. .-­ ..... -_._ .._..... ..._.. ._ ...-------- . .__ ._ ..... __ .._..... .. ... FrontIspIece II. View looking southeastward from Big Cinder Butte, showing a double line of cinder cones, many of them grass-covered, and all of them vents of numerous flows which unite southward into one great field of lava, lonely and uninhabited ._ . __ .__ _._ 35 III. A, A chain of very symmetrical spatter cones marks the site of Crystal Fissure, near the end of the automobile road ............•.._.. __ ..36 B, Round Knoll, an ancient grass-covered cinder cone, stands as a yellow island in a sea of black lava .. __ __ 36 IV. A, A picturesque camp made by a lone geologist on the cinders of Inferno ._ _. __ .. __ ._. .__ .. .__ .. _._ _ _ _ 37 B, In the central part of the Monument the old cinder corie called .\ The Watchman reopened and lava flowed out quietly from the northwest and southeast sides . _ _ __ ._ _ __ _.. _ 37 V. A, Cinder crags, portions of cones floated away on the surface of a lava flow near the entrance to the Monument _. ._ _.._38 B, The last slop-over of lava on the slope of Big Craters Butte at. the end of the automobile road ._ _.. ._ __ _ 38 VI. A, An extensive billowy pahoehoe lava flow from North Crater was one of the last eruptions in the Craters of the Moon . ;_.._ 39 B, Close-up view of a cracked and fissured surface of a billowy pahoehoe lava flow northeast of Big Cinder Butte __ ._. 39 VII. The ropy and wrinkled surfaces of the pahoehoe are due to the hardening of a thin crust or scum on the flow while the crust is being pushed forward by the flowing lava below __ _ _ .40 VIII. A "frozen" casc~de of pahoehoe east of Surprise Cave _._._ .41 IX. A, Pahoehoe in places breaks up like slush ice on a river in spring..42 B, Entrance to Great Owl Cavern, the most perfect lava tube or cavern in the Monument __ .. .__ _._ _ _. .__ ._ _ .42 X. A, Entrance to Indian Tunnel, the largest and most accessible lava tube in the Monument __ _ _. _ .43 B, Crescentic piles of rocks which weighted down Indian tepees are . numerous near Indian Tunnel .__ __ . __ .43 XI. A, The narrow ledges parallel to the floor of Buffalo Caves are the shore lines of a subsiding river of lava __ .. _.. _. ...44 B, The natural bridges are small remnants of the tunnel roof that were left standing after the collapse that followed the draining away of the lava river .. _ __ __•. __ _.._.. _._ _ .44 XII. A few lava stalactites from the caves __ .45 XIII. A lava stalactite from the under surface of the crust of a pahoe­ hoe lava flow in contrast to- a stalactite from the roof of a lava tunnel ­ .....•.....--.--- - _ _ _ _ 46 XIV. A, The Bridge of the Moon, showing the graceful arch of .a lava tunnel - - - ­ _.._ _ _ 47 B, Dark, yawning fissures break the barren surface of Broken Top..47 XV. The rough, bristling, jagged kind of lava is known as aa.__ .48 XVI. A, The most symmetrical cinder cone! and crater bowl in the Mon­ ument is part of Two Point Butte .__ __ .49 B, A ribbon bomb "frozen" to a cinder __ _ .49 XVII. Some small spindle and ribbon bombs found on the cones in the Monument _ _ __ __ . ._ ._ 50 XVIII. A, A bread-crust bomb from North Crater _ 51 B, Lava pendants and gypsum crystals adorn the interior of Crys­ tal Pit ..- -- ---.- .. ----- ..-- -- __ _ 51 XIX. A, The impressions of charred logs and the molds of the tree ·trunks are preserved in some places in the pahoehoe lava ........•.._.. 52 B, The Highway aa lava flow as seen from Sunset Cone __ 52 XX. The lava trees are tree molds that rise above the surface of the lava flow __ ._ _ _ _.......•.................53 XXI. Hoodoo Water Hole, in the Serrate aa lava flow, where water only 1 0 or 2 0 above the freezing point can be found on the hottest summer days __ _. _..: 54 ~ i I I • Page. [onument . .'" Frontispiece CRATERS OF THE MOON NATIONAL ......., ;e, showing a fered, and all MONUMENT, IDAHO ward into one ..........................35 ks the site of i ............•.........36 By HAROLD T. STEARNS e, stands as a ..........................36 the cinders of GENERAL VIEW OF THE AREA• ._ 37 ler cone called ' HAn area of about 60 miles in diameter, where nothing meets etly from the _ 37 the eye but a desolate and awful waste, where no grass grows nor. the surface of water runs, and where nothing is to be seen but lava."! Undoubt­ ..........................38 edly Irving's description has reference to the area now known as aters Butte at ..........................38 the Craters of the Moon region of Butte and Blaine counties, North Crater Idaho. About 39 square miles2 of this unique volcanic area was M:oon ; 39 e of a billowy proclaimed the Craters of the Moon National Monument by ...........................39 President Coolidge on May 2, 1924. It is administered by the are due to the ile the crust is National Park Service of the Department of the Interior. The local representative is R. B. Moore, custodian of the Monument,' ~~~.. ::::::::::::::::::::~~ riverin spring.A2 whose address' is Arco, Idaho. c:t lava tube or The Monument is reached by a drive of 26 miles from Ar~o ...........................42 most accessible southwest along the Idaho Central Highway. It is easily acces~ .............................43 sible to tourists on the way to or from Yellowstone National Park. ldian tepees are . ............, _ 43 Upon entering j;heMonument the road leaves the dusty sagebrush ffalo Caves are desert and enters an area of barren black cinders and lava. Here ............................44 ;unnel roof that it winds among the smooth cones and across strips of rough; !d the draining fresh-looking rock. The similarity of the dark craters and 'tHe ............................44 ................45 cold lava nearly destitute of vegetation to the surface of ihe ~·~t·of" a pahoe­ moon as seen through a telescope gives to these peculiar features Nof of a lava ............................46 their name. The Monument comprises the most interesting and arch of a lava recent part of a vast lava field that covers hundreds of square ................•...........47 of Broken Top..47 miles and merges westward into the Columbia Plateau. This I as aa 48 plateau covers about 200,000 square miles. }wl in the Mon­ A marvelous view of this desolate lava waste is obtained from ····························t~ the summit of Big Cinder Butte, which rises to an altitude of 6,516 h;;··~o~~~.. i~·th~ feet and ranks among the largest purely basaltic cinder,cones :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~~ of the world. To the east stretches barren black lava until it nterior of Crys­ fades into the desert haze. Nothing breaks its monotony except .............................51 ,Ids of the tree one group of grass-covered cones which were not inundated by oe lava ........•.....52 1 IRVING, WASHINGTON, The adventures of Ca'ptain Bonneville, U. S. A. ; Cone 52 Hudson ed., p. 203, New York, 1868. ! surface of the 2 As this report goes to press the area has heen increased to about 80 square ...........•.. __ 53 miles making it the largest national monument under supervision of the National Park Service. 71, where water d on the hottest ................: 54 I 6 IDAHO BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY the floods of lava and which now stand together as a yellow island in a sea of black. Farther east rises Big Butte,; the sentinel of the Snake River desert. A little beyond and to the northeast of it, seeming to float in the blue haze, are two smaller peaks known as the Twin Buttes.
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