DOCSLIB.ORG

Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho STATE OF IDAHO H. C. BALDRIDGE, Governor 13, PLATE 1. BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY ERNEST W. ELLIS, Acting Secretary IDAHO BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY BULLETIN ISSUED QUARTERLY-PRICE 50 CENTS' No. 13 July, 1928' C. A. BonOLFSEN Parliamentary Law Area, Idaho ,CRATERS OF THE MOON NATIONAL MONUMENT, IDAHO PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BY HAROLD T. STEARNS. J. ~ i )patter , Cones " I on Chasm W--.J ~ Fissure lent­ UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO MOSCOW, IDAHO Entered as second class ma tter Aug. 11, 1924 at the post-office at Moscow, Idaho, under the Act of March 3, 1879. 1 ! IDAHO BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY BULLETIN 13, PLATE 1. )(7000 0 ~-<. The/fOoduos x. SurpriFie Water-Hole )j~::t,;',:':"" Half Cone /, , y~cres~~~~te"" < ::,::::,.6089 I I EXPLANATION lS;J Fissure vent ~ Direction that lava frowed from vent Lavao tube i)~~BOWI Crater o 2 34Miles ~L.-J_-'--__LI__..lI__.J1 Sketch Map of the Craters of the Moon National Monument. CONTENTS. Page. General view of the area 5 Geology ,............. 7 Non-violent eruptions 9 Types of lava , 10 Pahoehoe and aa lava flows 11 Types of cones 13 Bombs , " ".." - _ 15 Tree molds ; :' 16 i I Unusual occurrence of water 18 I Age of the flows , 19 Early exploration and Indian history 22 Future volcanic activity 23 Ackowledgments 24 Appendix Fauna , ~ ~ 26 Flora, by Marie McElreath c•.••...c •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••27 Sequence of lava flows , : :~ 32 Prominent cinder cones : , 33 Principal caves 33 I~portant natural bridges : 33 Tree mold localities 34 Occurrences of water and ice __ ; 34 Index __ 55 i j I , ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate I. Sketch map of the Craters of the Moon National Monument:.....;. .-­ ..... -_._ .._..... ..._.. ._ ...-------- . .__ ._ ..... __ .._..... .. ... FrontIspIece II. View looking southeastward from Big Cinder Butte, showing a double line of cinder cones, many of them grass-covered, and all of them vents of numerous flows which unite southward into one great field of lava, lonely and uninhabited ._ . __ .__ _._ 35 III. A, A chain of very symmetrical spatter cones marks the site of Crystal Fissure, near the end of the automobile road ............•.._.. __ ..36 B, Round Knoll, an ancient grass-covered cinder cone, stands as a yellow island in a sea of black lava .. __ __ 36 IV. A, A picturesque camp made by a lone geologist on the cinders of Inferno ._ _. __ .. __ ._. .__ .. .__ .. _._ _ _ _ 37 B, In the central part of the Monument the old cinder corie called .\ The Watchman reopened and lava flowed out quietly from the northwest and southeast sides . _ _ __ ._ _ __ _.. _ 37 V. A, Cinder crags, portions of cones floated away on the surface of a lava flow near the entrance to the Monument _. ._ _.._38 B, The last slop-over of lava on the slope of Big Craters Butte at. the end of the automobile road ._ _.. ._ __ _ 38 VI. A, An extensive billowy pahoehoe lava flow from North Crater was one of the last eruptions in the Craters of the Moon . ;_.._ 39 B, Close-up view of a cracked and fissured surface of a billowy pahoehoe lava flow northeast of Big Cinder Butte __ ._. 39 VII. The ropy and wrinkled surfaces of the pahoehoe are due to the hardening of a thin crust or scum on the flow while the crust is being pushed forward by the flowing lava below __ _ _ .40 VIII. A "frozen" casc~de of pahoehoe east of Surprise Cave _._._ .41 IX. A, Pahoehoe in places breaks up like slush ice on a river in spring..42 B, Entrance to Great Owl Cavern, the most perfect lava tube or cavern in the Monument __ .. .__ _._ _ _. .__ ._ _ .42 X. A, Entrance to Indian Tunnel, the largest and most accessible lava tube in the Monument __ _ _. _ .43 B, Crescentic piles of rocks which weighted down Indian tepees are . numerous near Indian Tunnel .__ __ . __ .43 XI. A, The narrow ledges parallel to the floor of Buffalo Caves are the shore lines of a subsiding river of lava __ .. _.. _. ...44 B, The natural bridges are small remnants of the tunnel roof that were left standing after the collapse that followed the draining away of the lava river .. _ __ __•. __ _.._.. _._ _ .44 XII. A few lava stalactites from the caves __ .45 XIII. A lava stalactite from the under surface of the crust of a pahoe­ hoe lava flow in contrast to- a stalactite from the roof of a lava tunnel ­ .....•.....--.--- - _ _ _ _ 46 XIV. A, The Bridge of the Moon, showing the graceful arch of .a lava tunnel - - - ­ _.._ _ _ 47 B, Dark, yawning fissures break the barren surface of Broken Top..47 XV. The rough, bristling, jagged kind of lava is known as aa.__ .48 XVI. A, The most symmetrical cinder cone! and crater bowl in the Mon­ ument is part of Two Point Butte .__ __ .49 B, A ribbon bomb "frozen" to a cinder __ _ .49 XVII. Some small spindle and ribbon bombs found on the cones in the Monument _ _ __ __ . ._ ._ 50 XVIII. A, A bread-crust bomb from North Crater _ 51 B, Lava pendants and gypsum crystals adorn the interior of Crys­ tal Pit ..- -- ---.- .. ----- ..-- -- __ _ 51 XIX. A, The impressions of charred logs and the molds of the tree ·trunks are preserved in some places in the pahoehoe lava ........•.._.. 52 B, The Highway aa lava flow as seen from Sunset Cone __ 52 XX. The lava trees are tree molds that rise above the surface of the lava flow __ ._ _ _ _.......•.................53 XXI. Hoodoo Water Hole, in the Serrate aa lava flow, where water only 1 0 or 2 0 above the freezing point can be found on the hottest summer days __ _. _..: 54 ~ i I I • Page. [onument . .'" Frontispiece CRATERS OF THE MOON NATIONAL ......., ;e, showing a fered, and all MONUMENT, IDAHO ward into one ..........................35 ks the site of i ............•.........36 By HAROLD T. STEARNS e, stands as a ..........................36 the cinders of GENERAL VIEW OF THE AREA• ._ 37 ler cone called ' HAn area of about 60 miles in diameter, where nothing meets etly from the _ 37 the eye but a desolate and awful waste, where no grass grows nor. the surface of water runs, and where nothing is to be seen but lava."! Undoubt­ ..........................38 edly Irving's description has reference to the area now known as aters Butte at ..........................38 the Craters of the Moon region of Butte and Blaine counties, North Crater Idaho. About 39 square miles2 of this unique volcanic area was M:oon ; 39 e of a billowy proclaimed the Craters of the Moon National Monument by ...........................39 President Coolidge on May 2, 1924. It is administered by the are due to the ile the crust is National Park Service of the Department of the Interior. The local representative is R. B. Moore, custodian of the Monument,' ~~~.. ::::::::::::::::::::~~ riverin spring.A2 whose address' is Arco, Idaho. c:t lava tube or The Monument is reached by a drive of 26 miles from Ar~o ...........................42 most accessible southwest along the Idaho Central Highway. It is easily acces~ .............................43 sible to tourists on the way to or from Yellowstone National Park. ldian tepees are . ............, _ 43 Upon entering j;heMonument the road leaves the dusty sagebrush ffalo Caves are desert and enters an area of barren black cinders and lava. Here ............................44 ;unnel roof that it winds among the smooth cones and across strips of rough; !d the draining fresh-looking rock. The similarity of the dark craters and 'tHe ............................44 ................45 cold lava nearly destitute of vegetation to the surface of ihe ~·~t·of" a pahoe­ moon as seen through a telescope gives to these peculiar features Nof of a lava ............................46 their name. The Monument comprises the most interesting and arch of a lava recent part of a vast lava field that covers hundreds of square ................•...........47 of Broken Top..47 miles and merges westward into the Columbia Plateau. This I as aa 48 plateau covers about 200,000 square miles. }wl in the Mon­ A marvelous view of this desolate lava waste is obtained from ····························t~ the summit of Big Cinder Butte, which rises to an altitude of 6,516 h;;··~o~~~.. i~·th~ feet and ranks among the largest purely basaltic cinder,cones :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~~ of the world. To the east stretches barren black lava until it nterior of Crys­ fades into the desert haze. Nothing breaks its monotony except .............................51 ,Ids of the tree one group of grass-covered cones which were not inundated by oe lava ........•.....52 1 IRVING, WASHINGTON, The adventures of Ca'ptain Bonneville, U. S. A. ; Cone 52 Hudson ed., p. 203, New York, 1868. ! surface of the 2 As this report goes to press the area has heen increased to about 80 square ...........•.. __ 53 miles making it the largest national monument under supervision of the National Park Service. 71, where water d on the hottest ................: 54 I 6 IDAHO BUREAU OF MINES AND GEOLOGY the floods of lava and which now stand together as a yellow island in a sea of black. Farther east rises Big Butte,; the sentinel of the Snake River desert. A little beyond and to the northeast of it, seeming to float in the blue haze, are two smaller peaks known as the Twin Buttes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glossary Glossary
    Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts.
    [Show full text]
  • Spattercone Trail
    Spattercone Self-Guided Trail 1 LONG RIVER OF LAVA Welcome to You are standing on the edge of the Hat Creek Lava Spattercone Flow. About 20,000 - 30,000 years ago, large vol- Trail. This 1.5 umes of fluid lava poured from a series of fissures mile loop trail (cracks in the earth) and flowed northward for 16 will take you miles, covering the floor of the Hat Creek Valley. to the origin of The spatter cones, further up the trail, mark the the recent Hat approximate locations of these fissures. Creek Lava Flow, an area ROCKS WITH HOLES with many 2 spattercones The rocks here and and associated all along the trail are volcanic fea- basalt, a fine grained tures. dark volcanic rock Some portions of the trail are steep. Due to hot, rich in iron and dry conditions, it is best to take this hike in the magnesium early morning or late afternoon. Carry water ! Notice the small holes in the rocks. This particular kind of rock is called vesicular basalt (from the Latin CAUTION vesicular or “little bladder”), because of the small Stay on maintained trails! Some of the rock holes. outcroppings and cave ins are unstable and During solidification, trapped gas bubbles expand dangerous ! within the lava and escape into the atmosphere, leaving behind the small holes or cavities (vesicles). 3 POLLUTION INDICATORS Look closely at these rocks; can you see any small, crusty green, grey and orange specs or blotches ? These are lichens - a type of fungus that grows in combination with algae, forming the small organ- isms that you see here.
    [Show full text]
  • Lofthellir Lava Tube Ice Cave, Iceland
    50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132) 3118.pdf LOFTHELLIR LAVA TUBE ICE CAVE, ICELAND: SUBSURFACE MICRO-GLACIERS, ROCKFALLS, DRONE LIDAR 3D-MAPPING, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EXPLORATION OF POTENTIAL ICE- RICH LAVA TUBES ON THE MOON AND MARS. Pascal Lee1,2,3, Eirik Kommedal1,2, Andrew Horchler,4, Eric Amoroso4, Kerry Snyder4, and Anton F. Birgisson5. 1SETI Institute, 2Mars Institute, 3NASA Ames Research Center, e-mail: [email protected], 4Astrobotic, 5Geo Travel Iceland. Summary: The Lofthellir lava tube, Iceland, con- tains massive ice formations accumulated from mete- oric H2O. We report here on micro-glaciers and rock- falls, as well as the first 3D-mapping of a lava tube and ice-rich cave by drone-borne lidar. Implications for the exploration of potential ice-rich lava tubes on the Moon and Mars are examined. Figure 1. Location of Lofthellir Lava Tube, Iceland. Introduction: Caves and pits have been identified on the Moon and Mars, many of which are likely lava tubes and their associated skylights, respectively. Can- didate impact-melt lava tubes and skylights recently reported at high latitude on the Moon [1], and volcanic lava tubes and skylights identified at high altitude on Mars’ giant volcanoes [2], might offer access not only to unique sheltered subsurface environments, but also to potential repositories of subsurface volatiles, in par- ticular H2O ice. Given this prospect on the Moon and Mars, under- standing the occurrence (origin, distribution, evolution through time) of ice inside lava tubes on Earth is im- portant. While analogies between the Moon or Mars and the Earth regarding ice in lava tubes are not ex- pected to be straightforward, some processes and fea- tures associated with ice in such subsurface environ- ments might nevertheless be shared, e.g., the potential role of gravity in cave-ice dynamics (independent of the origin of the ice), or the role of freeze-thaw cycling on cave stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Lava Tube Formation
    Lava Tube Formation Lava Flows and their Caves The Shaft, 3H-8, Lava Flows and Caves is an open >Long lava flows are invariably fed by tubes volcanic vent which insulate the lava travelling within them. Scoria Welded >The leading edge of a flow is an advancing Cone Spatter wall of pahoehoe lobes or aa rubble. >Behind the edge, flow is concentrated into surface channels, or hidden tubes beneath the crust. Stagnant areas solidify. Volcanic 10 m Chamber >When the lava drains out an open cave is left. Lava Flows ? ? ? Liquid lava spreads out from a vent but quickly crusts over. The crust can be smooth and Overview of lava cave formation wrinkly (Pahoehoe or Ropy lava) or if the lava is Observations of active lava flows has shown stiffer it may break into jagged fragments (Aa that there are two distinct ways in which lava lava). tubes or caves form: Liquid lava continues to flow beneath the Roofing of surface lava channels. This can crusted surface, inflating it and pushing out in happen in three ways (e.g. Peterson et al, front as lobes of pahoehoe or walls of rubbley 1994), see panel 2. aa. Sub-crustal drainage within thin lava lobes or Behind the advancing front the liquid flow sheets. (e.g. Hon et al, 1994), see panel 3 . becomes concentrated into linear streams: either surface channels or in tubes and Open Volcanic Vents are a rare type of cave chambers beneath the crust. The surface formed by the draining of the lava back into the channels may later crust over to form tubes.
    [Show full text]
  • Caves in New Mexico and the Southwest Issue 34
    Lite fall 2013 Caves in New Mexico and the Southwest issue 34 The Doll’s Theater—Big Room route, Carlsbad Cavern. Photo by Peter Jones, courtesy of Carlsbad Caverns National Park. In This Issue... Caves in New Mexico and the Southwest Cave Dwellers • Mapping Caves Earth Briefs: Suddenly Sinkholes • Crossword Puzzle New Mexico’s Most Wanted Minerals—Hydromagnesite New Mexico’s Enchanting Geology Classroom Activity: Sinkhole in a Cup Through the Hand Lens • Short Items of Interest NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF GEOLOGY & MINERAL RESOURCES A DIVISION OF NEW MEXICO TECH http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/litegeology/current.html CAVES IN NEW MEXICO AND THE SOUTHWEST Lewis Land Cave Development flowing downward from the surface. Epigenic A cave is a naturally-formed underground cavity, usually caves can be very long. with a connection to the surface that humans can enter. The longest cave in the Caves, like sinkholes, are karst features. Karst is a type of world is the Mammoth landform that results when circulating groundwater causes Cave system in western voids to form due to dissolution of soluble bedrock. Karst Kentucky, with a surveyed terrain is characterized by sinkholes, caves, disappearing length of more than 400 streams, large springs, and underground drainage. miles (643 km). The largest and most common caves form by dissolution of In recent years, limestone or dolomite, and are referred to as solution caves. scientists have begun to Limestone and dolomite rock are composed of the minerals recognize that many caves calcite (CaCO ) and dolomite (CaMg(CO ) ), which are 3 3 2 are hypogenic in origin, soluble in weak acids such as carbonic acid (H CO ), and are 2 3 meaning that they were thus vulnerable to dissolution by groundwater.
    [Show full text]
  • Raw Sewage and Solid Waste Dumps in Lava Tube Caves of Hawaii Island
    William R. Halliday - Raw sewarge and sold waste dumps in lave tube caves of Hawaii Island. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 65, n. 1, p. 68-75. RAW SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DUMPS IN LAVA TUBE CAVES OF HAWAII ISLAND WILLIAM R. HALLIDAY Hawaii Speleological Survey, 6530 Cornwall Court, Nashville, TN 37205 USA [email protected] Lava tubes on the island of Hawaii (and elsewhere) are possible subsurface point sources of contamina- tion in addition to more readily identifiable sources on the surface. Human and animal waste, and haz- ardous and toxic substances dumped into lava tube caves are subject to rapid transport during flood events, which are the dominant type of groundwater flow through Hawaiian lava tubes. Although these waste materials may not be a major source of pollution when compared with some surface sources, this potential hazard should be evaluated much as in the case of karstic floodwater conduits. This paper explores the interaction of water flow and solid waste dumps and sewage in lava tubes and lava tube caves of Hawaii Island, Hawaii - an island almost as large as the state of Connecticut (Fig. 1)-and resulting potential threats to groundwater quality. In recent years, Hawaiian cavers and speleologists have become increasingly concerned about these occurrences. Some of the solid waste dumps can be seen to contain partially empty containers of toxic and/or hazardous substances (Fig. 2), including automotive and agricultural waste. Stinking raw sewage speaks for itself (Fig. 3), and members of the Hawaii chapter of the National Speleological Society have been shown the top of a septic tank or cesspool near Keaau said to consist of an unlined segment of lava tube cave.
    [Show full text]
  • FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT: Matthew Doyle (530) 238-2341
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT: Matthew Doyle (530) 238-2341 LAKE SHASTA CAVERNS TO CELEBRATE INTERNATIONAL DAY OF CAVES AND SUBTERRANEAN WORLD ON 6 JUNE. Cave Enthusiasts Across the Globe Bring Attention to the Importance of our Subterranean World. LAKEHEAD, CA USA (6 June 2019) — Lake Shasta Caverns National Natural Landmark, a member of the International Show Caves Association, joins cave enthusiasts around the world to increase awareness about the importance of caves and karst landscapes by celebrating International Day of Caves & the Subterranean World. “Caves and karst landscapes are places of wonder and majestic beauty. We see the recognition of the importance of our subterranean world increasing worldwide,” said Brad Wuest, president of the International Show Caves Association, and president, owner and operator of Natural Bridge Caverns, Texas, USA. “Show caves worldwide are embracing their role of protecting and preserving caves and providing a place for people to learn about these special natural, cultural and historical resources. Show caves also play an important role in nature tourism and sustainable development, providing jobs and helping the economy of their regions. Approximately 150 million people visit show caves each year, learning about our subterranean world” said Wuest. Caves and karst make landscapes diverse, fascinating, and rich in resources, including the largest springs and most productive groundwater on Earth, not to mention at least 175 different minerals, a few of which have only been found in caves. These landscapes provide a unique subsurface habitat for both common and rare animals and preserve fragile archaeological and paleontological materials for future generations. “Everyone is touched by caves and karst.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Map of Lassen Volcanic National Park and Vicinity, California by Michael A
    Geologic Map of Lassen Volcanic National Park and Vicinity, California By Michael A. Clynne and L.J. Patrick Muffler Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 2899 Lassen Peak and the Devastated Area Aerial view of Lassen Peak and the proximal Devastated Area looking south. Area with sparse trees marks the paths of the avalanche and debris-flow deposits of May 19–20, 1915 (unitsw9 ) and the pyroclastic-flow and fluid debris-flow deposits of May 22, 1915 (unit pw2) (Clynne and others, 1999; Christiansen and others, 2002). Small dark crags just to right of the summit are remnants of the May 19–20, 1915, lava flow (unitd9 ). The composite dacite dome of Lassen Peak (unit dl, 27±1 ka) dominates the upper part of the view. Lithic pyroclastic-flow deposit (unitpfl ) from partial collapse of the dome of Lassen Peak is exposed in the canyon of the headwaters of Lost Creek in center of view. Ridges flanking central area are glacial moraines (unitQta ) thinly covered by deposits of the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak (Christiansen and others, 2002). Small permanent snowfield is seen on the left lower slope of Lassen Peak. Area east of the snowfield is the rhyodacite lava flow of Kings Creek (unitrk , 35±1 ka, part of the Eagle Peak sequence). Dacite domes of Bumpass Mountain (unit db, 232±8 ka), Crescent Crater (unit dc, 236±1 ka), hill 8283 (unit d82, 261±5 ka), and Loomis Peak (unit rlm, ~300 ka) are part of the Bumpass sequence. Photograph by Michael A. Clynne. 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence and Absence of Lava Tube Caves with Some Other Volcanic Cavities; a Consideration of Hu- Man Habitation Sites on Mars
    43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2012) 1613.pdf Occurrence and Absence Of Lava Tube Caves With Some Other Volcanic Cavities; a Consideration of Hu- man Habitation Sites on Mars. W.R. Halliday (1,2), G. Favre (1,3), A. Stefansson (4), P. Whitfield (5) and N. Banks (6). 1) Commission on Volcanic Caves of the International Union of Speleology, 2) Hawaii Speleological Survey of the National Speleological Society, 3) Swiss Speleological Society, 4) Thrihnukar e.h.f., 5) British Colum- bia Speleological Federation and 6) US Geological Survey (retired). [email protected], 6530 Cornwall Court, Nashville, TN 37205 USA In 1839, American missionaries in the Kingdom of ern pit crater was seen to be much like the western ex- Hawaii showed professor-to-be James Dana some lo- ample, plus a small alcove at its base. Its walls contain cally celebrated pit craters on the east rift zone of Ki- three rudimentary lava tubes much like those in the lauea Volcano (1). Dana recognized them as rem- western pit crater, but it does not connect to any lava nants of circular pools of molten lava with subsequent tube feeding system, and as Favre remarked (5), it does withdrawal of their lava column. Other pit craters were not “open out into a vast underground system”. De- found around the world, perhaps most notably on the spite published statements to the contrary, no terrestrial rift zones of Hawaii’s Hualalai Volcano where they are pit crater has been documented as a skylight of any so isolated that few have been investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Karst Identification and Assessment Using Lidar and Collector for Arcgis
    Karst Identification and Assessment Using LiDAR and Collector For ArcGIS • Karst? - Sinkholes, caves, and other features formed by the dissolution of carbonate rock • LiDAR? – Technology that can model surface and above-ground structure in high resolution • Collector? – Mobile app that permits users to collect, edit, and sync features from the field Carl Beyerhelm – Resource Information Specialist – Coconino National Forest Karst Features Are Important This karsty Swiss cheese landscape facilitates hydrologic recharge. Release of those waters support: • Perennial stream • Riparian vegetation • Recreation • Aquatic/terrestrial life Identification And Assessment – Why? • Project – Thin veg and Rx burn on ~64,000 ac • Need – Protect structure and function of karst features • Task – Identify and assess karst features Typical Karst Features Sinking (captured) stream Cave or opening Emerging stream or spring Bedrock collapse (14 acres) Sinkhole or pit Prep – Geodatabase Schema • Karst type (solution, pseudo, not karst, …) • Feature type (cave, sinkhole, pit, lava tube, …) • Surface and sub-surface geology • Opening, air flow, human-accessible, … • Hydrologic evidence, amount/location of debris • Micro-climate veg, vert/invert/cultural use • Hazards, proposed protections Prep – Pre-Identify 400+ Features Prep – Metrics From GIS Techniques Footprint at pour point elev Depth profile Max depth and volume Flow accumulation Contributing area Pour point location Prep – ArcGIS Online (AGOL) • Publish hosted feature service from ArcMap • Enable edit,
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanic Geology of Craters of the Moon National Monument
    - Volcanic Geology of Craters of the Moon National Monument Background Information Compiled b y Da v id Cl a r k , P ar k Inter p reter , 1984 OUTLINE I. Regional Setting/Pacific No~thwest A. Cascade Range B. Columbia Plateau C. Snake River Plain D. Basin and Range Province E. Craters of the Moon/The Great rift II . Hi story of Eruptions at Craters of the Moon A. Past Volcanic History/Eruptive Sequence B. Fissure Eruptions III. Silica Levels IV . For mations, Features and Characteristics A. Cinder Cones B. Spatter Cones C. Pahoehoe Lava D. AA Lava E. Blocky Lava F. Lava Tubes G. Cinders and Bombs H. Tr ee Molds and Lava Trees I. Coloration J. Lava Depth K. Formation of Aa Lava From Pahoehoe Lava L. Minerals M. Bedroc k Composition N. Vesicles 0. Joints in Lava Flows P. Xenoliths V. Future and Conclusions A. Prediction of Future Eruptions B. Warning Signs I. Regional Setting/Pacific Northwest A. Cascade Range Bingham--Bio #4--Mount St. Helens is just one of 15 majestic volcanic peaks capping the rugged coastal Cascade Range from southern British Columbia to northern California. The chain of volcanoes is the surface manifestation of an ongoing collision between two crustal plates -- the North American plant and the tiny Gorda plate <see National Geographic on which plate this is) that lies offshore. At the boundary between the Gorda and pacific plates, the Juan de Fuca rift zone adds about one inch of new crust each year to both plates. The growing Pacific plate moves away in a northwest direction, but the new sea floor added to the little Gorda plate moves on a collision course toward the coast of Washington and Oregon where it plunges beneath the westward marching North American Plate.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy
    McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy Second Edition McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto All text in the dictionary was published previously in the McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMS, Sixth Edition, copyright ᭧ 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, Second Edi- tion, copyright ᭧ 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1234567890 DOC/DOC 09876543 ISBN 0-07-141044-9 This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a mini- mum of 50% recycled, de-inked fiber. This book was set in Helvetica Bold and Novarese Book by the Clarinda Company, Clarinda, Iowa. It was printed and bound by RR Donnelley, The Lakeside Press. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premi- ums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill, Professional Publishing, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McGraw-Hill dictionary of geology and mineralogy — 2nd. ed. p. cm. “All text in this dictionary was published previously in the McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, sixth edition, —T.p.
    [Show full text]