DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of the Life of Chinese Women

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A History of the Life of Chinese Women A HISTORY OF THE LIFE OF CHINESE WOMEN —THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE FEMINISM by Carol Evelyn Johnson B.A., University of British Columbia, 1970 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UWERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August, 1974 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department of by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of History The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada i ABSTRACT Ch'en Tung-yuan's History of the Life of Chinese Women, written in 1927, is the only comprehensive contemporary account of the early women's movement in China. For this reason it has been widely used by Western scholars who have recently become interested in the origins of Chinese feminism. This thesis consists of a translation of the sections of Ch'en's History which deal with the period between 1895 and 1927, and a commentary which examines the value of Ch'en's work as a source for our understanding of women's history in China. In general, Ch'en's description of the changes in women's lives is accurate; but its scope is too narrow; the only women it applies to are those of the Orthodox Confucian past and the Modern, May Fourth generation of the 19201s. The omission of working class and peasant women, and of the cultural stereotypes of the folk tra• dition, lead to a serious distortion of the nature of Chinese feminism. Only by recognizing the limitations of Ch'en's approach and researching the role of women in the popular tradition, can we achieve a more balanced picture. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION . • • . 1 PART I. COMMENTARY CHAPTER 1. CH'EN TUNG-YUAN AND WOMEN'S LIBERATION 5 Ch'en's Background 5 Ch'en's Intellectual Position 7 Positivism 7 Rationalism and Sexual Morality 8 Discarding Tradition and Accepting the West . 11 Socialism and the Reorganization of the Family . 14 Nationalism Vs. Feminism 17 The Educated Elite . 19 Confusion: The Clans 21 Gaps in the Structure- 23 The Working Poor 23 Women and Industrialization 26 The Great Tradition and the Folk Tradition . 29 2. MU LAN AND THE GIRLS—ALTERNATE STEREOTYPES .... 34 Swordfighters and Warriors 34 The Underworld 37 Secret Societies 38 Rebellion 41 iii Page Banditry 43 Interpreting the Mu Lan Tradition 46 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FEMINISM IN CHINA 49 Witke's Periodization: Feminism as a Product of the May Fourth Movement 50 The Women's Movement of 1912 52 An Alternate Interpretation 60 PART II. TRANSLATION A NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION 63 CHAPTER 1. THE LIFE OF WOMEN IN THE REFORM PERIOD 65 General Discussion 65 The Germination of the Intellectual Revolution . .67 A. The First Period—before the reform movement of 1898 67 B. The Second Period—after the 1898 reforms ... 69 The Establishment of a System for Women's Education 71 Reaction Against the Idea of Women's Rights . 75 The Accomplishments of Girls' Schools Established by Missionary Societies .... 80 The First Growth of the Intellectual Revolution . 81 A. The First Period—Before 1911 81 Women Studied Overseas 81 Women Who Sacrificed for the Revolution ... 83 Women Who Sacrificed for Love ....... 88 i v Page B. The Second Period—After 1911 91 Enthusiastically Joining the Army 92 The Movement for Political Participation ... 97 Women's Education in the First Years of the Republic 100 2 THE LIFE OF CONTEMPORARY WOMEN 104 A. The Flowering of the Intellectual Revolution . 104 The First Period--Before the May Fourth Movement 104 The First Period of The New Youth 105 The Heyday of The New Youth Ill B. The Second Period—After the May Fourth Movement 121 The May Fourth Movement and Women's Liberation . 121 Liberation in Education and Its Defects . 125 Liberation in Professions and Its Difficulties . 134 Liberation in Marriage and Its Inadequacies . 138 The Extreme Need for Change in Sexual Attitudes . 146 Mrs. Sanger's Visit to China and the Birth Control Movement 151 The Movement for Political Participation and Its Theory 159 Women Under Ideal Socialism 167 3 EPILOGUE 174 Bibliography 178 Ah Sz's wife wagged her head and sighed. Then she rose to her feet and said angrily: "No wonder Ah To says that the meek and humble haven't a chance! "He's right. The world's going to turn head over heels'. "My father-in-law used to say that the Long Hairs will be coming again. I hear there are women Long Hairs too. You know, we 've got a big Long Hair 2 sword in our house ..." Mao Tun, [Shen Yen-ping jtfft ^ L "Winter Ruin*,"1 in. Spring Silkworms and Other Stories, (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1956 (1932)), p. 77. 1 INTRODUCTION The standard treatment of "Women in China" is a Cinderella story. The Wicked Stepmother (the Confucian Tradition) inflicted endless hardships on women. Not only did they literally do all the housekeeping, they were also responsible for maintaining the moral cleanliness of society through a severe code of chastity, applicable in practice to them alone. Suddenly, just when the civil war, follow• ing the years of war with Japan, had made conditions unbearable, a fairy godmother, (the ideology of Marxism-Leninism) appeared. Prince Charming (the Chinese Communist party under the leadership of Mao Tse-tung) led Chinese women from their oppression into a new life of freedom and happiness. This is in many ways a satisfying story, as all Cinderella stories should be; but it is not enough. Prompted by a revitalized Western feminism, some Western scholars have begun to study the be- 2 ginnings of the Chinese women's movement early in the 20th century. Here they hope to find a more accurate, if less dramatic story, material See: Roxane Witke, Transformation of Attitudes Toward Women in the May Fourth Era of Modern China (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1970). Janet Salaff and Judith Merkle, "Women in Revolution: The Lessons of the Soviet Union and China," Berkeley .^JournalnofySociology, Vol. XV, (1970), pp. 166-191. Marilyn Young, ed., Women in China, Michigan Papers in Chinese Studies, No. 15 (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan, 1973). la 2 for a comparison of Chinese and Western feminism, and the reasons, beyond the Fairy Godmother, for the amazing progress which Chinese women have made. In this search, Ch'en Tung-yuan's ( ) History of the Life of Chinese Women (Chung-kuo fu-nii sheng-huo shih ^Ij^-ir% )» published in 1928, is probably the single most important source of in- 3 formation. Roxane Witke depends heavily on Ch'en for her account of 4 the women's movement before 1919. Jane Salaff and Judith Merkle rely on him almost entirely for their information on the earlier years of the 5 women's movement, as does Chow Tse-tsung in his brief note on feminism c in The May Fourth Movement. It is easy to account for the popularity of Ch'en's History. In a spate of books on the women's question (fu-nii wen-t'i kJf-hr?4M- ) published after the May Fourth Incident, it is unusual in providing a long and reasonably scholarly narrative rather than a collection of articles on the different aspects of the problem.7 In addition, Ch'en (Shanghai: Shang-wu yin-shu-kuan, 1928). 4 For examples see Witke, Transformation of Attitudes, pp. 24-5, 44-45, 62-64, 68-69, 225. 5 Salaff and Merkle, "Women in Revolution," pp. 179-180. Chow Tse-tsung, The May Fourth Movement (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960), pp. 257-59, 437. 7 For examples see: Mei Sheng () ed., Collected Discussions on the Chinese Women's Question (Chung-kuo fu-nii wen-t'i t'ao lun chi v& MM Utfct )». (Shanghai: Hsin-wen-hua shu-she, 1924-1928). T Mei Sheng, ed., The Women's Yearbook (Fu-nu'-nien-chien 3 is relatively nonpartisan. Although he supports the Nationalist government, he possesses a degree of political impartiality that became increasingly rare as the struggle between the nationalists and the communists developed. As important a source deserves more careful consideration; and should ideally be available even to those who do not read Chinese. For this reason I have translated the final sections of Ch'en's History; essentially those pages describing women's emancipation in the twentieth century. (The book begins with the status of women in pre-Han times and gives detailed accounts of how it has changed through successive dynasties.) In the course of translating Ch'en's work, I became convinced that although his information is, on the whole, reliable, it is in• complete; and for this reason his general interpretation is misleading. In an attempt to provide a more accurate picture of the way in which the women's movement developed, I will preface the translation with a short critique of Ch'en and his work. Part of the critique will be devoted to Roxane Witke1s Transformation of Attitudes Toward Women During the May Fourth Era of Modern China, which is at present the only important Jf ), (Shanghai: Hsin-wen-hua shu-she, 1924-1926).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Christian History & Biography
    Issue 98: Christianity in China As for Me and My House The house-church movement survived persecution and created a surge of Christian growth across China. Tony Lambert On the eve of the Communist victory in 1949, there were around one million Protestants (of all denominations) in China. In 2007, even the most conservative official polls reported 40 million, and these do not take into account the millions of secret Christians in the Communist Party and the government. What accounts for this astounding growth? Many observers point to the role of Chinese house churches. The house-church movement began in the pre-1949 missionary era. New converts—especially in evangelical missions like the China Inland Mission and the Christian & Missionary Alliance—would often meet in homes. Also, the rapidly growing independent churches, such as the True Jesus Church, the Little Flock, and the Jesus Family, stressed lay ministry and evangelism. The Little Flock had no pastors, relying on every "brother" to lead ministry, and attracted many educated city people and students who were dissatisfied with the traditional foreign missions and denominations. The Jesus Family practiced communal living and attracted the rural poor. These independent churches were uniquely placed to survive, and eventually flourish, in the new, strictly-controlled environment. In the early 1950s, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement eliminated denominations and created a stifling political control over the dwindling churches. Many believers quietly began to pull out of this system.
    [Show full text]
  • Young Feminist Activists in Present-Day China: a New Feminist Generation?
    China Perspectives 2018/3 | 2018 Twenty Years After: Hong Kong's Changes and Challenges under China's Rule Young Feminist Activists in Present-Day China: A New Feminist Generation? Qi Wang Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/8165 ISSN: 1996-4617 Publisher Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Printed version Date of publication: 1 September 2018 Number of pages: 59-68 ISSN: 2070-3449 Electronic reference Qi Wang, « Young Feminist Activists in Present-Day China: A New Feminist Generation? », China Perspectives [Online], 2018/3 | 2018, Online since 01 September 2019, connection on 28 October 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/8165 © All rights reserved Articles China perspectives Young Feminist Activists in Present-Day China A New Feminist Generation? QI WANG ABSTRACT: This article studies post-2000 Chinese feminist activism from a generational perspective. It operationalises three notions of gene- ration—generation as an age cohort, generation as a historical cohort, and “political generation”—to shed light on the question of generation and generational change in post-socialist Chinese feminism. The study shows how the younger generation of women have come to the forefront of feminist protest in China and how the historical conditions they live in have shaped their feminist outlook. In parallel, it examines how a “po- litical generation” emerges when feminists of different ages are drawn together by a shared political awakening and collaborate across age. KEYWORDS:
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Beyond New Waves: Gender and Sexuality in Sinophone Women's Cinema from the 1980s to the 2000s Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4h13x81f Author Kang, Kai Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Beyond New Waves: Gender and Sexuality in Sinophone Women‘s Cinema from the 1980s to the 2000s A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature by Kai Kang March 2015 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Marguerite Waller, Chairperson Dr. Lan Duong Dr. Tamara Ho Copyright by Kai Kang 2015 The Dissertation of Kai Kang is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements My deepest gratitude is to my chair, Dr. Marguerite Waller who gave me freedom to explore my interested areas. Her advice and feedback helped me overcome many difficulties during the writing process. I am grateful to Dr. Lan Duong, who not only offered me much valuable feedback to my dissertation but also shared her job hunting experience with me. I would like to thank Dr Tamara Ho for her useful comments on my work. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Mustafa Bal, the editor-in-chief of The Human, for having permitted me to use certain passages of my previously published article ―Inside/Outside the Nation-State: Screening Women and History in Song of the Exile and Woman, Demon, Human,‖ in my dissertation. iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Beyond New Waves: Gender and Sexuality in Sinophone Women‘s Cinema from the 1980s to the 2000s by Kai Kang Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Comparative Literature University of California, Riverside, March 2015 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 1972 FAMILY TAPE CODE Variable Tape Number Location Content ------1 1-3 Study Number 768 (Wave 5) (2401) (4501-4503)
    1972 FAMILY TAPE CODE Variable Tape Number Location Content -------- -------- ------- 1 1-3 Study Number 768 (Wave 5) (2401) (4501-4503) ------------------------- 2 4-7 1972 Interview Number (2402) (4504-4507) --------------------- 3 8-9 *State of Residence at time of 1972 Interview (2403) (4508-4509) --------------------------------------------- 4 10-12 *County of Residence at time of 1972 Interview (2404) (4510-4512) ---------------------------------------------- 5 13-17 *State and County of Residence at time of (2405) (4513-4517) 1972 Interview ----------------------------------------- V3 and V4 combined into one variable 6 18 Size of Largest City in PSU (2406) (4518) --------------------------- 34.2 1. SMSA: largest city 500,000 or more 22.0 2. SMSA: largest city 100,000 - 499,999 11.7 3. SMSA: largest city 50,000 - 99,999 7.2 4. Non-SMSA: largest citv 25,000 - 49,999 9.5 5. Non-SMSA: largest city 10,000 - 24,999 15.1 6. Non-SMSA: largest city under 10,000 0.2 9. N.A.; DU is not in continental U.S.A. ----- 99.9 7 19 Color of Coversheet (2407) (4519) ------------------- 75.0 0. Brown (Main Family) 3.0 1. Yellow (Split-off) 20.0 2. Blue (Main Family) 2.0 3. Pink (Split-off) ----- 100.0 * Detailed State and County Codes will be furnished on request 8 20 Whether Originally Refused in 1972 A variable (2408) (4520) to determine whether or not the respondent at first refused to be interviewed this year --------------------------------------------- 99.8 0. Never refused 0.2 1. Refused at least once 0.0 9. N.A. ----- 100.0 9 21 Whether Telephone Interview in 1972 (2409) (4521) ----------------------------------- 97.2 0.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Feminism Across the Taiwan Strait Author
    Out of the Closet of Feminist Orientalism: Rethinking Feminism Across the Taiwan Strait Author: Ya-chen Chen Assistant Professor of Chinese Literature and Asian Studies at the CCNY What is Chinese feminism? What is feminism in the Chinese cultural realm? How does one define, outline, understand, develop, interpret, and represent women and feminism in the Chinese cultural realm? These questions are what scholars will always converse over in the spirit of intellectual dialogue.1 However, the question of “which version of [feminist] history is going to be told to the next generation” in the Chinese cultural realm is what cannot wait for diverse scholars to finish arguing over?2 How to teach younger generations about women and feminism in the Chinese cultural realm and how to define, categorize, summarize, or explain women and feminism in the Chinese cultural realm cannot wait for diverse scholars to articulate an answer that satisfies everyone. How women and feminists in the Chinese cultural realm, especially non- Mainland areas, should identify themselves cannot wait until this debate is over. Because anthologies are generally intended for classroom use, I would like to analyze a number of feminist anthologies to illustrate the unbalanced representation of women and feminism in the Chinese cultural realm. In this conference paper, I will examine the following English-language feminist anthologies: Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Criticism and 327 Theory; The Second Wave: A Reader in Feminist Theory, Western Feminisms: An Anthology of
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Rights in China and Feminism on Chinese Social Media
    Issue Brief June 14, 2021 Women’s Rights in China and Feminism on Chinese Social Media Frida Lindberg In recent years, women in China have to a greater extent than previously raised their voices about issues relating to women’s rights and gender equality. Social media has served as an important tool and venue for women to share their own experiences with sexual harassment, domestic violence, and gender discrimination in the labor market. Yet, while the feminist movement has been on the rise over the past ten years, feminists and women in China who speak up about gender-related issues nevertheless face threats, antagonism, and censorship online.1China has stated that it aims to empower women and protect their rights.2 However, activities and discourses that have the potential to disturb the existing social order or challenge the authorities are not tolerated by the government, as social stability is one of its top priorities.3,4 This paper addresses how women and feminists in China use social media to speak up, while at the same time having to cope with gender antagonism in Chinese society and monitoring efforts by the government. Oppression and Discrimination Against enshrined in the constitution, while initiatives that Women in China involved women in building the new communist China were introduced.8 Through posters and In ancient China, women were subordinate to first speeches, the party projected the image of female and foremost their fathers, secondly their husbands, socialist icons, so-called “iron women”, who were and lastly, as widows, their sons. At that time, depicted as labor heroes that also managed to religious and philosophical norms had been set up maintain a harmonious family.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing the Baseline Hypothesis in South Korea
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Rudolf, Robert; Kang, Sung-Jin Working Paper Adaptation under Traditional Gender Roles: Testing the Baseline Hypothesis in South Korea Discussion Papers, No. 101 Provided in Cooperation with: Courant Research Centre 'Poverty, Equity and Growth in Developing and Transition Countries', University of Göttingen Suggested Citation: Rudolf, Robert; Kang, Sung-Jin (2011) : Adaptation under Traditional Gender Roles: Testing the Baseline Hypothesis in South Korea, Discussion Papers, No. 101, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Courant Research Centre - Poverty, Equity and Growth (CRC-PEG), Göttingen This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/90495 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Courant Research Centre ‘Poverty, Equity and Growth in Developing and Transition Countries: Statistical Methods and Empirical Analysis’ Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (founded in 1737) Discussion Papers No.
    [Show full text]
  • Anarcha-Feminism.Pdf
    mL?1 P 000 a 9 Hc k~ Q 0 \u .s - (Dm act @ 0" r. rr] 0 r 1'3 0 :' c3 cr c+e*10 $ 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.... 1 Anarcha-Feminism: what it is and why it's important.... 4 Anarchism. Feminism. and the Affinity Group.... 10 Anarcha-Feminist Practices and Organizing .... 16 Global Women's Movements Through an anarchist Lens ..22 A Brief History of Anarchist Feminism.... 23 Voltairine de Cleyre - An Overview .... 26 Emma Goldman and the benefits of fulfillment.... 29 Anarcha-Feminist Resources.... 33 Conclusion .... 38 INTRODUCTION This zine was compiled at the completion of a quarters worth of course work by three students looking to further their understanding of anarchism, feminism, and social justice. It is meant to disseminate what we have deemed important information throughout our studies. This information may be used as a tool for all people, women in particular, who wish to dismantle the oppressions they face externally, and within their own lives. We are two men and one woman attempting to grasp at how we can deconstruct the patriarchal foundations upon which we perceive an unjust society has been built. We hope that at least some component of this work will be found useful to a variety of readers. This Zine is meant to be an introduction into anarcha-feminism, its origins, applications, and potentials. Buen provecho! We acknowledge that anarcha-feminism has historically been a western theory; thus, unfortunately, much of this ziners content reflects this limitation. However, we have included some information and analysis on worldwide anarcha-feminists as well as global women's struggles which don't necessarily identify as anarchist.
    [Show full text]
  • Daoist Connections to Contemporary Feminism in China Dessie Miller [email protected]
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Projects and Capstones Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Spring 5-19-2017 Celebrating the Feminine: Daoist Connections to Contemporary Feminism in China Dessie Miller [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone Part of the Chinese Studies Commons, and the Feminist Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Dessie, "Celebrating the Feminine: Daoist Connections to Contemporary Feminism in China" (2017). Master's Projects and Capstones. 613. https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone/613 This Project/Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Projects and Capstones by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. !1 CELEBRATING THE FEMININE: DAOIST CONNECTIONS TO CONTEMPORARY FEMINISM IN CHINA Dessie D. Miller APS 650: MA Capstone Seminar University of San Francisco 16 May 2017 !2 Acknowledgments I wish to present my special thanks to Professor Mark T. Miller (Associate Professor of Systematic Theology and Associate Director of the St. Ignatius Institute), Professor John K. Nelson (Academic Director and Professor of East Asian religions in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies), Mark Mir (Archivist & Resource Coordinator, Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History), Professor David Kim (Associate Professor of Philosophy and Program Director), John Ostermiller (M.A. in Asia Pacific Studies/MAPS Program Peer-Tutor), and my classmates in the MAPS Program at the University of San Francisco for helping me with my research and providing valuable advice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sleeping Feminism Awareness in China
    Zhiduan Jiang Msc in Media and Communication Thesis MKVN13 - May 2017 Supervisor: Joanna Doona Examer: Helena Sandberg The sleeping feminism awareness in China – Through the case study of Girls’ Day and Women’s Day Abstract This thesis aims to explain how Chinese females’ are aware of their identities and feminism in a new media age. The study will answer the question through the case study of Girls’ Day and Women’ Day. The approach I adopt to solve the problem is qualitative research. More specifically, I will use semi-structured interviews to gain data and then utilize coding and summaries. Identity is a key concept in the study; I believe that the way Chinese females present themselves can reveal their ideas about feminism and gender issues. Through in-depth interviews, the interviewees revealed their real attitudes and ideas on their identities and feminism. From the analysis of the coding and the context from the interviews, I found that Girls’ Day is a new festival that distinguishes Chinese females into two groups: girls and women. At the same time, the popularity of Girls’ Day leads to the rejection of the identity label “woman”, which is essentially the stigmatisation of feminism. Under the double suppression from both the traditional patriarchal culture and the ignorance and avoidance from the governors, Chinese feminism is marginalised. The reason that Chinese females lack awareness of feminism is mainly because they acquire little information and knowledge about gender equality on a regular basis. In addition to the absent of reports on gender discrimination in the media, new media helps businesses spread the wrong messages about gender and use happiness from material objects to hide the true problem of gender inequality.
    [Show full text]
  • Division of Domestic Labour and Lowest-Low Fertility in South Korea
    DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 37, ARTICLE 24, PAGES 743-768 PUBLISHED 26 SEPTEMBER 2017 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol37/24/ DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.24 Research Article Division of domestic labour and lowest-low fertility in South Korea Erin Hye-Won Kim This publication is part of the Special Collection on “Domestic Division of Labour and Fertility Choice in East Asia,” organized by Guest Editors Ekaterina Hertog and Man-Yee Kan. © 2017 Erin Hye-Won Kim This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 2.0 Germany, which permits use, reproduction, and distribution in any medium for noncommercial purposes, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/de/ Contents 1 Introduction 744 2 Current knowledge and gaps in the literature 745 2.1 Husbands’ contribution 745 2.2 Help from parents and parents-in-law 746 2.3 Formal childcare 747 3 The Korean context 748 4 Data, variables, and the research design 749 4.1 Data 749 4.2 Fertility intentions and fertility behaviour 750 4.3 Division of domestic labour 750 4.4 Regression analysis of fertility intentions and behaviour on help 751 with domestic labour 5 Results 753 5.1 Description of fertility intentions and fertility behaviour 753 5.2 Women’s domestic labour, informal and formal help received, and 755 related factors 5.3 Regression analysis of fertility on help with domestic labour 757 6 Conclusion 760 7 Acknowledgements 763 References 764 Demographic Research: Volume 37, Article 24 Research Article Division of domestic labour and lowest-low fertility in South Korea Erin Hye-Won Kim1 Abstract BACKGROUND One explanation offered for very low fertility has been the gap between improvements in women’s socioeconomic status outside the home and gender inequality in the home.
    [Show full text]
  • War, Women, Vietnam: the Mobilization of Female Images, 1954-1978
    War, Women, Vietnam: The Mobilization of Female Images, 1954-1978 Julie Annette Riggs Osborn A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee: William J. Rorabaugh, Chair Susan Glenn Christoph Giebel Program Authorized to Offer Degree: History ©Copyright 2013 Julie Annette Riggs Osborn University of Washington Abstract War, Women, Vietnam: The Mobilization of Female Images, 1954-1978 Julie Annette Riggs Osborn Chair of the Supervisory Committee: William J. Rorabaugh, History This dissertation proceeds with two profoundly interwoven goals in mind: mapping the experience of women in the Vietnam War and evaluating the ways that ideas about women and gender influenced the course of American involvement in Vietnam. I argue that between 1954 and 1978, ideas about women and femininity did crucial work in impelling, sustaining, and later restraining the American mission in Vietnam. This project evaluates literal images such as photographs, film and television footage as well as images evoked by texts in the form of news reports, magazine articles, and fiction, focusing specifically on images that reveal deeply gendered ways of seeing and representing the conflict for Americans. Some of the images I consider include a French nurse known as the Angel of Dien Bien Phu, refugees fleeing for southern Vietnam in 1954, the first lady of the Republic of Vietnam Madame Nhu, and female members of the National Liberation Front. Juxtaposing images of American women, I also focus on the figure of the housewife protesting American atrocities in Vietnam and the use of napalm, and images wrought by American women intellectuals that shifted focus away from the military and toward the larger social and psychological impact of the war.
    [Show full text]