Development of a Laboratory Model of a Phototroph-Heterotroph Mixed-Species Biofilm at the Stone/Air Interface
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METHODS published: 17 November 2015 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01251 Development of a Laboratory Model of a Phototroph-Heterotroph Mixed-Species Biofilm at the Stone/Air Interface Federica Villa1,2*, Betsey Pitts1, Ellen Lauchnor1, Francesca Cappitelli2 and Philip S. Stewart1 1 Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 2 Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy Recent scientific investigations have shed light on the ecological importance and physiological complexity of subaerial biofilms (SABs) inhabiting lithic surfaces. In the field of sustainable cultural heritage (CH) preservation, mechanistic approaches aimed at investigation of the spatiotemporal patterns of interactions between the biofilm, the stone, and the atmosphere are of outstanding importance. However, these interactions have proven difficult to explore with field experiments due to the inaccessibility of Edited by: David Emerson, samples, the complexity of the ecosystem under investigation and the temporal Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean resolution of the experiments. To overcome these limitations, we aimed at developing Sciences, USA a unifying methodology to reproduce a fast-growing, phototroph-heterotroph mixed Reviewed by: species biofilm at the stone/air interface. Our experiments underscore the ability of Johannes Gescher, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, the dual-species SAB model to capture functional traits characteristic of biofilms Germany inhabiting lithic substrate such as: (i) microcolonies of aggregated bacteria; (ii) network Anna Gorbushina, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany like structure following surface topography; (iii) cooperation between phototrophs *Correspondence: and heterotrophs and cross feeding processes; (iv) ability to change the chemical Federica Villa parameters that characterize the microhabitats; (v) survival under desiccation and [email protected] (vi) biocide tolerance. With its advantages in control, replication, range of different Specialty section: experimental scenarios and matches with the real ecosystem, the developed model This article was submitted to system is a powerful tool to advance our mechanistic understanding of the stone- Microbiological Chemistry biofilm-atmosphere interplay in different environments. and Geomicrobiology, a section of the journal Keywords: subaerial biofilms, stone monuments, Lab-scale system, phototroph-heterotroph interactions, dual- Frontiers in Microbiology species subaerial biofilm Received: 24 August 2015 Accepted: 27 October 2015 Published: 17 November 2015 INTRODUCTION Citation: Villa F, Pitts B, Lauchnor E, Microbiologists working in the field of cultural heritage (CH) are faced with the challenge of Cappitelli F and Stewart PS (2015) understanding the physiology and the activity of biofilms inhabiting outdoor stone heritage Development of a Laboratory Model (subaerial biofilms, SABs), and their complex interactions with the mineral substrate and the of a Phototroph-Heterotroph atmosphere at different spatial and temporal scales (Gorbushina, 2007; Pinna, 2014). Mixed-Species Biofilm at the Stone/Air Interface. The approaches used to explore such complexity rely mainly on field investigations (Polo et al., Front. Microbiol. 6:1251. 2012; Villa et al., 2015). Although field experiments are undoubtedly instrumental in understanding doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01251 the relationship between SABs and ecosystem properties, their experimental design and execution Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 November 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1251 Villa et al. Laboratory Model of Subaerial Biofilms are hampered by a number of challenges. These challenges a no-shear environment (Anderl et al., 2000). Seiffert et al. (2014) include limited and extremely small samples, complexity of used the same well-characterized consortium to test the mineral sample structure, the importance of maintaining spatial integrity weathering potential of mono and dual-species biofilms grown at and inaccessibility to repeated sampling (Owens et al., 2014). the solid/liquid interface. Minerals with different grain sizes and Furthermore, the results of many field-based studies are limited mineralogy were incubated with and without biofilm in batch and by the temporal resolution of the experiments, as many processes in flow through experiments over a 5-month period. The biofilm that might be important in structuring SAB communities and was exposed to an organic-carbon-rich environment, being fed activity, such as succession, coevolution, invasion, and climate with a nutrient medium. change occur over a longer time scale than those of the average Although many authoritative scientific works have research grant, limiting the understanding of the phenomena successfully embraced microbial model systems as tools to under investigation. address questions related to the biological colonization of lithic In the light of the previous considerations, the simplicity of substrate, none of them offer the opportunity in one single model systems provides a stark contrast to the complexity and system to reproduce a fast-growing, phototroph-heterotroph inaccessibility of the environmental system, enabling researchers mixed species biofilm at the stone/air interface. to test hypotheses about the physiology of SAB on stone, To overcome these limitations, we aimed at developing a and to establish the plausibility of mechanisms governing the unifying methodology to obtain a laboratory model of SAB biogeochemical processes occurring in the field (Jessup et al., biofilm able to mirror the main features of biofilms inhabiting 2004). lithic substrate, while keeping simplicity and high degrees Despite the significance of model systems in CH studies, of experimental control. More specifically, we established the development and explicit use of microbial lab-scale systems a dual-species biofilm model system that incorporates the has been relatively rare, and most of them are experimental following characteristics: (i) stone/air interface, (ii) phototroph- model systems of phototrophic biofilms (Ortega-Calvo et al., heterotroph interactions, (iii) oligotrophic environment, 1991; Guillitte and Dreesen, 1995; Monte, 2003; Prieto and Silva, (iv) microorganisms well-characterized, amenable to genetic 2005; Miller et al., 2008; Sanmartín et al., 2011, 2015). In fact, manipulation and with already developed in silico metabolic within the list of the most typical stone colonizers, cyanobacteria models, (v) discontinuous low-shear/laminar flow and high gas have received particular attention as they adapt to extremes of transfer environment and (vi) fast-growing biofilm. environmental stress and they are able to readily colonize a These results showed the efficacy of the system in reproducing wide variety of terrestrial habitats, including modern and ancient SABs, being able to capture features typical of biofilms on outdoor buildings, sometimes causing extensive esthetic, physical and stone monuments such as: (i) microcolonies of aggregated chemical damages (Crispim and Gaylarde, 2005; Cappitelli et al., bacteria; (ii) network-like structure following surface topography; 2012). In most of these works, the individual members of the (iii) cooperation between phototrophs and heterotrophs and phototrophic community were studied separately, precluding cross feeding processes; (iv) ability to change the chemical the investigation of species interactions. Miller et al. (2008, parameters that characterize the microhabitats; (v) survival in 2009) cultivated a natural green biofilm from an enriched harsh environment including desiccation stress and (vi) biocide microbial consortium residing on a limestone monument. The tolerance. biofilm was grown over a 3-month period under laboratory To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a conditions in a custom chamber, which exposes stone samples phototroph-heterotroph association at the stone/air interface has to intermittently sprinkling water. These biofilm studies showed been successfully obtained at laboratory scale starting from two complex microbial communities, simulating the existence of introduced, controlled species and not from an environmental competition and/or synergy between colonizing microorganisms microbial consortium. The present study has the potential to (Miller et al., 2008, 2009). significantly advance our mechanistic understanding of the Despite the success in reproducing complex phototrophic biofilm-stone-air interplay that has proven difficult to study in SABs, diagnostic and prognostic tools for biofilm studies on field experiments due to the inaccessibility of samples and the different materials and under different environmental conditions complexity of the ecosystem under investigation. require microorganisms with available genetic and physiological information (Noack-Schönmann et al., 2014), features that are rarely encountered in complex microbial consortia isolated from MATERIALS AND METHODS the field. Gorbushina and Broughton (2009) proposed a model biofilm comprising the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme Laboratory Strains and Culturing strain ATCC 29133 (PCC 73102) as phototroph, and the Conditions well-studied marble-derived isolated microcolonial fungus A95 Axenic batch cultures of the photoautotrophic bacterium Knufia petricola (syn. Sarcinomyces petricola; Nai et al., 2013)as Synechocystis PCC 6803 (ATCC 27184) were routinely grown heterotrophic component of the dual-species consortium. Mixed in BG11 medium