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Habs in Westchester County 2012: 3

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Habs in Westchester County 2012: 3 1 The Lakes of Westchester County: What We Know & What You Can Do to Help Scott Kishbaugh Chief, Lake Monitoring and Assessment Section NYSDEC Division of Water 2 Location, Location, Location Very high population density (PD) Nearly 1 million residents 2nd highest PD outside of NYC ↑ density north to south Very high lake density (LD) 628 lakes, ponds, reservoirs Highest LD in state!!! Large area in NYC reservoirs 3 Smaller than the typical NYS lake All > 500 acre lakes are NYC reservoirs 4 What we won’t talk (much) about…. 8 largest ponded waters in county are NYC Reservoirs NYC reservoir management overseen by NYCDEP Some lakes in NYC watershed subject to NYC watershed regulations 5 What we will talk about (at least a little) Lakes are expected to support other uses Public bathing Recreation Aquatic life Fish consumption Aesthetics Property values Irrigation, flood control, …. Some of these uses not fully supported 6 Long Ago- Statewide Monitoring Programs Conservation Department Biological surveys: statewide (1926-1934, 200+ lakes)- general biological condition Eastern Lakes Survey (ELS): national/regional; statewide (1984-1986, 1700 US lakes, 220 NY lakes)- acid rain EPA National Eutrophication Study (NES): national; statewide (1972, 26 NY large lakes and reservoirs)- eutrophication EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP): national; statewide (condition, trends, 1991-1993, 30 NY lakes)- WQ trends Section 314/Federal Clean Lakes program: national; statewide (public; diagnostic/feasibility/State of Lakes…, late 1970s-1990s; 25 NY lakes) 7 Long (or not so long) Ago- Regional Monitoring Programs Mohansic Lake Adirondack Lake Survey Corporation (ALSC): regional (1984-1987 in all regions; 1986-1987 high elevation “downstate” lakes) NYC Reservoirs: Upstate Freshwater Institute, NYCDEP 8 Long Ago Programs in Westchester County Conservation Department Biological surveys: 1936 Lower Hudson- 10 lakes (Amawalk Reservoir, Cross River Reservoir, Lake Mohegan, Lake Waccabuc, Mohansic Lake, New Croton Reservoir, North Lake, Osceola Lake, Peach Lake, Titicus Reservoir) Eastern Lakes Survey (ELS): Pocantico Lake EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP): national; statewide (condition, trends, 1991-1993, 30 NY lakes)- WQ trends: New Croton Reservoir Adirondack Lake Survey Corporation (ALSC)- 37 lakes 9 Today (more or less) DOW Statewide Programs LCI- statewide- DEC, 725+ lakes, water quality assessment, 50-75 annual, 1982-1991, 1996-present- Lake Innisfree, Mohansic Lake, Silver Lake, Wampus Lake CSLAP- statewide- DEC 1986-present; 265+ lakes, 150 annually (FOLA, UFI, ESF,…)- 20 lakes (10 sampled in 2017) HABs- statewide- DEC 2011-present (DEC, ESF, other partners)- all CSLAP lakes sampled and LCI lakes surveyed for HABs 10 Non-DEC DOW Statewide Programs NYSDEC DFWMR Bureau of Fisheries: > 1600 lakes and ponds sampled in support of fish stocking and management (limited WQ data)- ~20 Westchester County Lakes NYSDOH: 350 beaches sampled under BEACH Act (including Atlantic Ocean) NYSDOH: surface water supplies- 1450 surface source water supplies municipalities and private water purveyors (overseen by DOH)- 15-30 Westchester County Lakes and Reservoirs OPRHP: statewide: trophic assessment, plant communities of >100 lakes and ponds with NYS Parks system (not including beach monitoring)- FDR and Rockefeller SP 11 Survey says: Two “questionnaires” re lake problems in NY FOLA 1980s, 1000 lake residents DEC Priority Waterbody List, 2002 1. Rooted aquatic plants 1. Acid rain/pH 2. Excessive boat speed 2. Rooted aquatic plants 3. Algae blooms 3. Algae blooms 4. Poor bottom conditions 4. Swimmers itch 5. Overcrowding 5. Toxics/fish flesh 6. Poor fishing 6. Oxygen deficits 7. Lake level issues 7. Lake level 12 2015 DEC DOW Prioritization of WQ Problems 13 Assessment criteria Rulebook for evaluating lake uses Compares lake data to water quality standards and guidance values Water clarity: 4 feet to support safe swimming (NYS Public Health Law) Phosphorus: 20 ppb to protect aesthetics and recreational uses (DEC Guidance Value) Chlorophyll a: 10 ppb to reduce likelihood of blooms (draft DEC guidance value) pH: between 6.5 and 8.5 to support aquatic life (DEC water quality standard) 14 Updated assessments likely in next few years Most lakes unassessed Impairments associated with NYC reservoirs 15 Citizens Statewide Lake Assessment Program (CSLAP) State volunteer lake monitoring program Run jointly with NYS Federation of Lake Associations Initiated 1985 with 25 lakes and 150 volunteers—no lake size limits, public and private lakes included ECL 17-0305 (1988) mandates program 16 Continuous 1986-present As of 2017: • >30,000 samples at appx. 260 lakes/275 sites • Lakes sampled 1-31 years • >2500 volunteers • 2017– 150 lakes Program focus on eutrophication Subsidized program: • State/EPA dedicates >$200k in analytical services, $25k contractual services, $25k shipping, $35k equipment, 0.6 workyears staff time • NYSFOLA lake associations contribute appx. $55k ($350-500 per lake) 17 CSLAP and Westchester County Peach Lake Bedford Lake Cranberry Lake Blue Heron Lake Lake Kitchawan Katonah Lake Lake Meahagh Lake Lincolndale Plum Brook Lake Lake Oscaleta Shadow Lake Lake Rippowam Shenorock lake Lake Waccabuc Sugar Pond Mohegan Lake Teatown Lake Peach Lake Truesdale Lake Timber Lake Wallace Pond Lake Lincolndale 18 Westchester County Impaired Waters 303d list Part 1- Lake Katonah, Lake Lincolndale, Lake Meahagh, Lake Mohegan, Lake Shenorock, Silver Lake, Teatown Lake, Truesdale Lake, Wallace Pond (no Part 2 or Part 3 lakes) Part 4a (TMDL already completed)- Amawalk Reservoir, Cross River Reservoir, Muscoot Reservoir, New Croton Reservoir, Peach Lake, Titicus Reservoir Part 4c (pollution, not pollutants)- Lake Lincolndale, Lake Meahagh, Lake Mohegan, Lake Shenorock, Peach Lake, Teatown Lake, Truesdale Lake, Wallace Pond 19 Of all the issues plaguing all (some) of the lakes in all (this part) the state…. Harmful algae blooms Invasive Species 20 Breaking it down- “Harmful Algal Bloom” “Harmful”- cyanobacteria liver, nerve and dermal toxins and other substances affect drinking water, recreation, pets, wildlife, other lakes uses “Algal”- freshwater HABs associated with cyanobacteria (not “algae”) “Bloom” - overabundance of algae- cyanobacteria found in nearly all lakes, but bloom requires dense concentrations 20 21 The Main “Algae” Microcystis (“Mike”) • Unicellular- form late summer to fall • Produces Microcystin and other toxins • Can be highly toxic • Does not fix nitrogen Anabaena (“Annie”) • Filamentous- form in spring/summer • Can produce Microcystin, Anatoxin,..- • “Mid” level toxin • Strong nitrogen fixer (form heterocysts) Aphanizomenon (“Fannie”) • Filamentous- form in spring/summer • Can produce Anatoxin and other toxins • “Low” level toxin • Strong nitrogen fixer (form heterocysts) Oscillatoria (“Ozzie”?) aka Planktothrix • Filamentous- form early and late • Produces Microcystin, Anatoxin,..- • Highly toxic to non-toxic • Moderate nitrogen fixer 21 22 Three Main Toxins Microcystins (-LR and others) • Impacts liver • Produced by Microsystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria • Most common toxin in New York Anatoxins (-a & -a(S)) • Impacts nerves • Produced by Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Oscillatoria • Potentially fatal to dogs Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) • Skin irritants and allergens • Produced by most cyanobacteria Others (Cylindrospermopsin, Saxitoxins, Nodularin, BMAA, etc.) 23 How blooms form 10x-1000x concentration at each step of the process 24 HAB sampling challenges Imagine a lake with five possible bloom sampling locations S1 = mid lake (open water): representative? (S2 = near the bottom in the middle) S3 = shoreline not used S4 = SE corner, some use S5 = boat launch, heavy use 25 26 Bloom Report and/or Digital Photos Received DEC Bloom Status Designation Is the bloom in a regulated Yes swimming area? BG Chla ≥ 25 µg/L Collect a &/or cyano SUSPICIOUS sample for No majority; or a BLOOM analysis regulated (if possible) swimming area Is the observer Yes closed a professional? Microcystin BG Chla < 25 ≥ 10 (open water) or Does DEC HABs staff µg/L CONFIRMED No ≥ 20 µg/L (shoreline) determine or non-cyano BLOOM (lay or high risk of other person) descriptions/imagery majority are credible/likely to cyanotoxin exposure be cyanobacteria? CONFIRMED WITH HIGH TOXINS BLOOM based on surveillance NO BLOOM and sampling data No 27 Web Notification (Fridays, May - October) Map Waterbody Extent of Type of County Status Date Change in Status Number Name bloom Sample 1 Allegheny Chautauqua Confirmed Large 10/7/17 Lab Updated listing Reservoir localized sample 2 Beaver Orange Confirmed Small 10/7/17 Lab Updated listing Dam Lake localized sample 3 Browns Orange Suspicious Widespread/ 10/3/17 Visual No change Pond lakewide report 4 Burden Rensselaer Confirmed Small 9/29/17 Lab No change Lake localized sample 28 HABS in New York 2012-2017 High Year Suspicious Confirmed Total Toxins 2012 18 33 9 60 2013 16 40 21 77 2014 19 54 22 95 2015 37 65 33 135 2016 40 93 38 171 2017 31 90 32 153 12-17 91 154 81 326 29 Is the problem getting worse? Cumulative # HAB Reports in NYS Waterbodies 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 200 150 100 50 0 end May end June end July end Aug end Sept end Oct 30 63 Common lakes Year % Lakes HABs 2012 43% 2013 46% 2014 44% 2015 49% 2016 38% 2017 49% 31 Y: The argument for nutrients 32 Y: The argument for nutrients 33 One More Y Δ Water Δ TP Δ TN Δ Zsd Δ Chl.a Δ N : P Temp No Shore Bloom Year to 0.004 0.00 -0.2 3 -0.1 0.2 Bloom
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