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Rock Mass Mechanical Behavior in Deep Mines: in Situ Monitoring and Numerical Modelling for Improving Seismic Hazard Assessment Francesca De Santis

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Rock Mass Mechanical Behavior in Deep Mines: in Situ Monitoring and Numerical Modelling for Improving Seismic Hazard Assessment Francesca De Santis Rock mass mechanical behavior in deep mines: in situ monitoring and numerical modelling for improving seismic hazard assessment Francesca de Santis To cite this version: Francesca de Santis. Rock mass mechanical behavior in deep mines: in situ monitoring and numerical modelling for improving seismic hazard assessment. Earth Sciences. Université de Lorraine, 2019. English. NNT : 2019LORR0020. tel-02130780 HAL Id: tel-02130780 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-02130780 Submitted on 16 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm Université de Lorraine Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Nancy Laboratoire GeoRessources École doctorale SIReNa Thèse Présentée pour l’obtention du titre de Docteur de l’Université de Lorraine En Géosciences Par Francesca DE SANTIS Rock mass mechanical behavior in deep mines: in situ monitoring and numerical modelling for improving seismic hazard assessment Soutenue publiquement le 5 février 2019 Devant le jury composé de : Beata ORLECKA-SIKORA (Ass. Pr.) Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences Rapporteur Martin GRENON (Pr.) Université Laval, Québec, Canada Rapporteur Evelyne FOERSTER (PhD) Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies Examinatrice alternatives, France Katshidikaya TSHIBANGU (Pr.) Université de Mons, Belgique Examinateur Yann GUNZBURGER (Mcf.) GeoRessources, Université de Lorraine, France Directeur de thèse Pascal BERNARD (Pr.) Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France Co-directeur de thèse Isabelle CONTRUCCI (PhD) Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et Encadrante des Risques, France Savka DINEVA (PhD) Luleå University of Technology, Suède Invitée Anders NYSTRÖM (Ing.) Boliden, Suède Invité Laboratoire GeoRessources, Ecole des Mines de Nancy, Campus ARTEM 92 Rue Sergent Blandan, 54042 Nancy Acknowledgments At the end of this very enriching experience, I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to the people who have contributed to this work. Je tiens à remercier fortement mon directeur de thèse Yann Gunzburger, mon co-directeur Pascal Bernard et mes encadrants Isabelle Contrucci et Vincent Renaud. C’est grâce à votre soutien, vos conseils et votre disponibilité que j’ai pu mener cette thèse à son terme. Merci Yann pour ton intéressement, ta disponibilité, tes idées et pour m’avoir toujours poussé à faire de mon mieux. Merci beaucoup aussi pour m’avoir rappelé à plusieurs reprises qu’une thèse n’est jamais terminée ! Ça m’a permis de ne pas me perdre et de garder à l’esprit mon objective. Pascal, tu m’as montré la magie de la sismologie et tout ce qu’on peut apprendre et découvrir en analysant un signal microsismique. Je t’en remercie beaucoup ! Isabelle, merci de m’avoir accueilli à l’Ineris au tout début de mon arrivé, lorsque je ne parlais pas encore en français et que j’avais très peu de connaissances sur la sismicité induite. Tu as été toujours disponible et pleine de conseilles à me donner tout au long de ce projet de thèse. Nous avons aussi partagé l’expérience bizarre et marrante de se perdre dans la forêt suédoise sous la neige. Vincent, tu m’as fait découvrir le monde de la modélisation numérique. C’est uniquement grâce à ton investissement, ton intérêt et tes enseignements que j’ai pu énormément apprendre sur la modélisation en très peu de temps. Merci d’avoir été patient et disponible à chaque fois que je t’ai appelé pour te dire : FLAC à planté ! Special thanks go to Shahram Mozaffari for having been my mentor and my guide underground the mine. My gratitude goes also to Anders Nyström for all the interesting discussions and the support he gave me. Johan Olsson, Lena Lilja and Michaela Åberg Seliö helped me tremendously in interpreting and understanding the complex geology of Garpenberg mine. Thank you for this and also for the very nice time spent in their office in Garpenberg. A special thank is also for Savka Dineva who was present at numerous PhD meetings with very interesting advices. I also would like to thank Beata Orlecka-Sikora, Martin Grenon, Evelyne Foerster and Katshidikaya Tshibangu for having participated to the thesis jury and for their interest and their brilliant suggestions on this work. Je tiens à remercier aussi particulièrement Jannes Kinscher et Armand Lizeur pour toutes nos discussions et pour l’aide précieux qu’ils m’ont donnés tout au long de ce parcours. Mes remerciements vont également à Alice Tonnellier, Roxane Muller, Nicolas Spitzensteder et Regis Toussaint. Chacun de vous a énormément contribué à la réalisation de cette thèse. C’été un grand plaisir de travailler avec vous ! Un grand merci aussi pour Emmanuelle Klein et Pascal Bigarré pour m’avoir soutenue énormément et pour leur confiance en mes capacités. Je remercie également toute l’équipe de l’Ineris et de GeoRessources et très particulièrement tous les doctorants avec qui j’ai partagé le statut de thésard avec toutes les joies et les difficultés qui y sont associées. Un ringraziamento speciale anche alla mia famiglia e ai miei cari amici in Italia. Siete il mio punto fisso nella mia vita qua e là in Europa. Last but not the least, I would like to express all my gratitude to the miners who work every day deep inside the earth. i Résumé élargi Afin d'améliorer notre compréhension des phénomènes mécaniques qui induisent la sismicité dans les mines profondes, cette thèse propose d'étudier la réponse des massifs rocheux à l'exploitation minière à travers une approche multi-paramètres. Pour ce faire, les données géophysiques et géotechniques enregistrées in situ ont été comparées et interprétées à l’aide d’un modèle géomécanique 3D, en considérant les caractéristiques de la méthode d’exploitation et de la géologie locale. La méthodologie proposée a été appliquée au gisement de Lappberget dans la mine de Garpenberg (Suède), où le minerai polymétallique est extrait par la méthode « Sublevel stoping » jusqu’à des profondeurs de 1300 m. Cette méthode d’exploitation consiste à extraire le gisement à l’aide de tirs (explosifs) effectués entre deux niveaux consécutifs de la mine, en créant des cavités de 25 m de hauteur, dites « Stopes ». L'étude s’est déroulée sur une période de deux ans, entre février 2015 et décembre 2016, au cours de laquelle la sismicité induite par l'exploitation minière a été surveillée par un réseau sismique, tandis que les variations de contrainte et de déplacement ont été mesurées par deux cellules de mesure de contrainte et un extensomètre, tous installés près des zones excavées. Au cours de la période d'étude, 52 stopes ont été extraits, dont le Stope 13 qui a été complètement exploité sur toute la hauteur de la zone étudiée. Cela a constitué une occasion unique de suivre la réponse du massif rocheux au fur et à mesure de la progression des excavations. Les données sismiques enregistrées au cours de la période d'étude ont été analysées en tenant compte de leurs caractéristiques spatio-temporelles par rapport à la production minière. Ensuite, la réponse du massif rocheux a été interprétée en fonction des paramètres sismiques à la source ainsi que d'autres caractéristiques des événements microsismiques. Puis les données sismiques ont été comparées et interprétées avec les mesures géotechniques. Par la suite, un modèle numérique 3D statique, élastoplastique, de grandes dimensions (cube de 1,5 km d’arête), à maillage dense a été construit. Celui-ci intègre la géométrie précise des 4 unités lithologiques observées et le calage avec les mesures de contrainte a permis de retrouver l'état de contrainte vierge. Le modèle simule l’excavation des 52 stopes exploités dans le gisement de Lappberget pendant la période étudiée, ce qui permet d'analyser la réponse du massif rocheux en termes de contraintes et de déformations induites dans toute la zone d'intérêt, ainsi que d'autres paramètres mécaniques. Enfin, les résultats du modèle ont été comparés à l'analyse des données sismiques afin de mieux déterminer tous les mécanismes en jeu. Le premier résultat a été obtenu par l'étude du catalogue microsismique : on montre que les tirs de production jouent un rôle primordial dans la génération de la sismicité induite, même si l’activité microsismique est plus dépendante de la séquence minière, que du volume exploité. En particulier, le Stope 13, qui a été complètement excavé pendant la période étudiée, a fortement influencé le taux de sismicité. On observe une première période (jusqu'en mai 2016) caractérisée par une faible réponse du massif rocheux à l'exploitation minière, suivie d'une augmentation globale de l'activité sismique pendant une deuxième période de forte réponse à l'exploitation. L’analyse spatiale des événements a mis en évidence deux zones principales d'activité sismique : le cluster central, autour du Stope 13 et près de la zone de production, et le cluster de droite dans la partie Est de la mine, en coïncidence avec une région caractérisée par la présence de certaines zones géologiques faibles (talc- schistes).
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