Lives As Revelatory Texts: Constructing a Spiritual Biography of Arleen Mccarty Hynes, O.S.B
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THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Lives as Revelatory Texts: Constructing a Spiritual Biography of Arleen McCarty Hynes, O.S.B. A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Theology and Religious Studies Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Elizabeth Leibold McCloskey Washington, DC 2014 Lives as Revelatory Texts: Constructing a Spiritual Biography of Arleen McCarty Hynes, O.S.B. Elizabeth L. McCloskey Doctor of Philosophy Director: Raymond Studzinski, Ph.D. Throughout Christian history, hagiographical works were written as instruments for the adulation and emulation of spiritual exemplars, or saints. At their most effective, these literary pieces had transformative value for their readers. Modern methods of scholarship led understandably to a more critical stance toward these hagiographic materials, casting doubt on their historical accuracy and spiritual value. However, Edith Wyschogrod in her 1990 work, Saints and Postmodernism: Revisioning Moral Philosophy, cautions against letting the pendulum swing too far in the direction of historicizing a saint’s life while neglecting the divine-human transformation that may have occurred there. Kees Waaijman in his 2002 work Spirituality: Forms, Foundations, Methods provides a scientific framework which takes seriously the dialogic nature of spiritual experience. Spiritual biography utilizes what Waaijman calls form-descriptive research tools from the fields of history, the social sciences, literary criticism and theology and employs them in mystagogic research to study the transformative divine-human relational process in an individual life. This study introduces and exemplifies the genre of spiritual biography as an update to pre-scientific hagiography that nonetheless treats individual lives as revelatory texts. Arleen McCarty Hynes (1916-2006) is an apt subject for a spiritual biography. Her life’s work as a wife, mother, lay Catholic leader, political activist, bibliotherapist and Benedictine sister was rooted in an underlying belief in the transformative power of the texts of Scripture, poetry and story. Arleen and her husband, Emerson Hynes, were Benedictine oblates of St. John’s Abbey in Collegeville, Minnesota, where Emerson taught ethics and they raised their ten children according to The Rule of St. Benedict. They moved to Washington to work with Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota. After the early death of her husband, Arleen Hynes helped launch the field of bibliotherapy as a librarian at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, DC, and then returned to Minnesota to become a Benedictine sister. Her letters, journals, interviews and published pieces suggest the revelatory role of text in her personal and professional life, especially during times of change. Her life narrative serves here as a case study of the genre of spiritual biography as revelatory text. This dissertation by Elizabeth Leibold McCloskey fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in Spirituality approved by Raymond Studzinski, Ph.D., as Director and by Joseph Komonchak, Ph.D., and William Dinges, Ph.D. as Readers. Raymond Studzinski, Ph.D., Director Joseph Komonchak, Ph.D., Reader William Dinges, Ph.D., Reader ii Dedication This study is dedicated to all the unknown saints of Alcoholics Anonymous who have persistently pursued holiness in daily life, whose delight in God’s presence and faith in God’s power has made them, in the words of Alcoholics Anonymous adherents, “grateful and free.” iii Table of Contents Dedication iii Acknowledgements vii Introduction: Choosing Arleen McCarty Hynes 1 Chapter 1: Spiritual Biography as Revelatory Text 7 I. Spiritual Biography: Critical Descendent of Hagiography 7 II. The Hermeneutics of Spiritual Biography 15 A. Hermeneutical Cues and Clues from Theology and Religious Studies 16 i. Clues and Cues from Theology 16 ii. Cues and Clues from Religious Studies 21 B. Further Development of a Hermeneutical Approach to Spiritual Biography 26 i. Spiritual Biography as Narrative 27 ii. Spiritual Biography as Sacrament 27 iii. A Closer Look at Sacrament 29 C. Hermeneutical Clues and Cues from the Academic Discipline of Spirituality 32 i. Kees Waaijman 35 ii. Sandra Schneider 38 D. Spiritual Biography: A Methodology 40 III. A Case Study of Three Spiritual Biographies: John XXIII, Thomas Merton, and Henri Nouwen 42 A. A Spiritual Biography of Pope John XXIII 44 B. A Spiritual Biography of Thomas Merton 46 C. Spiritual Biography of Henri Nouwen 51 D. Comparative Analysis: Hagiography, Biography or Spiritual Biography? 56 IV. A Revelatory Life: Returning to Arleen McCarty Hynes 62 Chapter 2: The Revelatory Life of Arleen McCarty Hynes 68 I. Arleen McCarty Hynes, a Revelatory Life? 69 A. Birth and Early Childhood: In Love with Books and Life 70 B. Education: In Love with Books and Emerson Hynes 76 C. Early Marriage: In Love with Books and Benedictine Living 80 D. The Move to Washington, DC: In Love with Books and Bibliotherapy 87 E. Joining the Benedictine Order: In Love with Books and Benedictine Life 97 iv II. A Revelatory Life of Continual Conversion 98 A. Threshold Clusters of Arleen’s Life: Marriage, Widowhood, Terminal Illness 100 B. Arleen’s Threshold Clusters as Erik Erikson’s Stages of Development 103 C. Research Methods and Methodology for Arleen Hynes Spiritual Biography 107 Chapter 3: Crossing the Threshold to Love: Becoming a Wife and Mother 112 I. The Rule of Saint Benedict as a Transformative Text 132 A. The Rule: A Design for Living 132 B. The Rule: Rhythm of Work and Prayer 133 C. The Rule: Communal Living 134 D. The Rule: An Appreciation of Beauty 135 E. The Rule: Benedictine Hospitality 137 F. The Rule: Unceasing Prayer 139 II. The Breviary and the St. John’s Missal as Transformative Texts 142 A. Theoretical Interlude: American Liturgical Movement 142 B. The Breviary and the St. John’s Missal 146 C. St. John’s Missal 149 III. Transformative Power of the Poetry of Jessica Powers 153 A. A “Christ My Utmost Need” 156 B. Theoretical Interlude: Poetry as Prayer 158 IV. Chapter Summary: Crossing the Threshold to Love in Young Adulthood: Intimacy Over Isolation 164 Chapter 4: Crossing the Threshold to Care: Becoming a Widow, a Bibliotherapist and a Benedictine Sister 166 I. Transformative Power of the Psalms 168 A. Death of Michael 168 B. Theoretical Interlude: Praying the Psalms 177 II. Transformative Power of Therapeutic Literature 181 A. St. Elizabeths 181 B. Theoretical Interlude: Bibliotherapy and Lectio Divina 194 III. The Guided Retreat as Transformative Text 200 A. Guided Retreat with Sister Henrita—1976 200 B. Guided Retreat with Sister Henrita--1978 205 C. Theoretical Interlude: Transformative Texts and Spiritual Direction 207 IV. Chapter Summary: Crossing the Threshold to Care in Middle Adulthood: Arleen Chose Generativity Over Stagnation 209 v Chapter 5: Crossing the Threshold to Wisdom: Becoming Reconciled to Death 211 I. Transformative Power of the Daily Scripture Readings 217 A. Conversations with God 217 B. Theoretical Interlude: Ignatian Spirituality 220 II. Transformative Power of Al-Anon Literature 224 A. Praying for her Adult Children 224 B. Theoretical Interlude: Spirituality of Alcoholics Anonymous 228 III. Transformative Power of Autobiography 233 A. Arleen’s Memoirs 233 B. Theoretical Interlude: Spirituality of Aging 238 IV. Chapter Summary: Crossing the Threshold to Wisdom in Older Adulthood: Arleen Chooses Integrity over Despair 241 Chapter 6: Spiritual Biography Revisited 243 I. Spiritual Biography and the Notion of Perfection 244 II. Spiritual Biography and the Universal Call to Holiness 249 III. Spiritual Biography and the Communion of Saints 251 IV. Spiritual Biography and Subjectivity 257 V. Arleen McCarthy Hynes: A Revelatory Text? 265 Appendix A: Obituary for Arleen McCarty Hynes 268 Appendix B: Inspirational Quotes Etched on Kilfenora’s Walls 270 Bibliography 273 vi Acknowledgements Variation on A Theme By Rilke (The Book of Hours, Book I, Poem 1, Stanza 1) A certain day became a presence to me; there it was, confronting me – a sky, air, light: a being. And before it started to descend from the height of noon, it leaned over and struck my shoulder as if with the flat of a sword, granting me honor and a task. The day's blow rang out, metallic – or it was I, a bell awakened, and what I heard was my whole self saying and singing what it knew: I can. ~ Denise Levertov1~ This poem, one that Arleen Hynes used in her bibliotherapy work, captures my experience of writing this dissertation. So many days I was rewarded in my search for the perfect sun-splashed window at the libraries at Catholic University and Marymount University and at the kitchen tables at Bryce and in Falls Church. I was generously given original sources and consistent encouragement by the Hynes family, and so many opportunities by my family and by CUA to retreat into the research and writing that I felt it my honor and my task to do. Everyone has been unbelievably patient with me and supportive as I have done this work, and that patience was borne most gallantly by Peter, Brian, Collin and Nora who I am sure noticed that the more I wrote, the more forgetful and prone to distraction I became in daily living. Arleen’s spiritual friendships in Arlington were with a group of women who have been 1 Denise Levertov, Breathing the Water (New York: New Directions, 1987), 3. vii among my own spiritual mothers, most especially Dolores Leckey, and each of them has supported my work through prayer and genuine interest. The Hynes family has not only made themselves available to me for conversations in person, over the phone and in emails and letters, but they have also honored me by including me in family gatherings at Patrick and Mary’s house in Arlington, and by putting me in the category of extended family by dubbing me a “Hynes- Chooser.” Mary Hynes-Berry has welcomed me several times to her Chicago home, giving me access to every bit of material she has and allowing me to take a whole suitcase of original letters home with me.