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And Cayenne Terns (T. Sandvicensis Eurygnathus) on Isla Verde, Uruguay

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And Cayenne Terns (T. Sandvicensis Eurygnathus) on Isla Verde, Uruguay ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 21: 361–370, 2010 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society SOME ASPECTS OF THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF ROYAL (THALASSEUS MAXIMUS) AND CAYENNE TERNS (T. SANDVICENSIS EURYGNATHUS) ON ISLA VERDE, URUGUAY Javier Lenzi, Sebastián Jiménez, Diego Caballero-Sadi, Matilde Alfaro, & Paula Laporta Asociación Averaves, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay. E-mail: [email protected] Resumen. – Algunos aspectos de la biología reproductiva del Gaviotín Real (Thalasseus maxi- mus) y Gaviotín de Pico Amarillo (T. sandvicensis eurygnathus) en Isla Verde, Uruguay. – Presen- tamos el primer estudio sobre la ecología reproductiva del Gaviotín Real (Thalasseus maximus) y Gaviotín de Pico Amarillo (T. sandvicensis eurygnathus) en Isla Verde (Uruguay) durante la temporada reproductiva de 2005. También analizamos parámetros reproductivos de Gaviotas Cocineras (Larus dominicanus) simpátricas y su tasa de depredación sobre ambas especies de gaviotín. La colonia de gaviotines comenzó su asentamiento durante la segunda semana de Agosto finalizando su reproducción entre el 10–19 de Noviembre. Se estimaron tamaños poblacionales mínimos de 350 parejas de Gaviotín Real y 27 de Gaviotín de Pico Amarillo. Los huevos fueron puestos en el pasto con una densidad de 8,6 nidos/m2 ± 1,4 y un tamaño de nidada promedio de 1,03 y 1,00 huevos/nido para el Gaviotín Real y Ga- viotín de Pico Amarillo, respectivamente. El período de puesta de la Gaviota Cocinera comenzó entre el 28 de Agosto y el 6 de Septiembre, alcanzando su número máximo de parejas reproductivas (1095, CV = 57,3%) entre el 26 de Septiembre y el 2 de Octubre. Las gaviotas nidificaron sobre todos los sustratos disponibles en la isla (i.e., pasto, conchilla, y rocas), sin embargo la densidad de gaviotas fue más alta en el pasto. Se detectó una gran variabilidad espacial y temporal en la abundancia de nidos de gavi- otines. A través de fotografías aéreas se observó que a lo largo de la temporada los nidos eran aban- donados en un lado de la colonia en tanto nuevas nidadas eran registradas en el lado opuesto. Las áreas abandonadas por los gaviotines fueron ocupadas por gaviotas. Esta especie fue registrada depre- dando mayormente sobre huevos de gaviotines a una tasa de 0,03 depredaciones/hora/nido. El éxito reproductivo de los gaviotines fue nulo al final de la temporada. Varios factores podrían haber afectado la reproducción de los gaviotines, sin embargo la depredación por la Gaviota Cocinera sería la causa que mejor explicaría la dinámica observada de esta colonia. Abstract. – We present the first study of reproductive ecology of a mixed-species colony of Royal Tern (Thalasseus maximus) and Cayenne Tern (T. sandvicensis eurygnathus) on Isla Verde (Uruguay) during the 2005 breeding season. We also recorded breeding parameters of sympatric kelp gulls (Larus domi- nicanus) and predation rates on both tern species. The terns laying began during the second week of August and the breeding season ended between 10–19 November. Minimum population sizes were esti- mated on 350 and 27 breeding pairs of Royal and Cayenne Tern, respectively. They laid their eggs on the grass with a nest density of 8.6 nests/m2 ± 1.4 and mean clutch size was 1.03 and 1.00 for Royal and Cayenne Tern, respectively. The laying period of the Kelp Gull began between 28 August and 6 Septem- ber, reaching the maximum number of breeding pairs (1095, CV = 57.3 %) between 26 September and 2 October. Gulls nested all over the island (i.e., grass, sand-shell, and rocks); however the highest nest density was recorded on the grass. We observed a high spatial and temporal variability in terns breeding pairs. From aerial pictures we could detect that terns were deserting the nest from one side of the colony, while new clutches were recorded on the opposite side throughout the breeding season. Areas that had been abandoned by terns were then occupied by kelp gulls. This species was observed preying mostly 361 LENZI ET AL. on tern eggs at a rate of 0.03 predations/hour/nest. The terns breeding success was null at the end of the breeding season. As many factors could affect the terns breeding, predation by the Kelp Gull could have been the major cause that explains the dynamic observed. Accepted 4 July 2010. Key words: Breeding biology, Larus dominicanus, predation, Thalasseus maximus, T. sandvicensis eurygnathus. INTRODUCTION Seasonal records of frequency and abun- dance of adults and juveniles of both tern The reproductive biology of the Royal Tern species during the 1960s, lead to the suspicion (Thalasseus maximus) and Cayenne Tern (T. that they reproduce somewhere along the sandvicensis eurygnathus) have been studied in Uruguayan coast (Escalante 1968, 1970, some breeding sites along their distributional 1985). In 1997, Cravino et al. (1999) registered range, from North to Southern South Amer- for the first time a mixed colony of Royal and ica (e.g., Buckley & Buckley 1972, Quintana & Cayenne Terns breeding in sympatry with a Yorio 1997, Branco 2003). These species Kelp Gull colony on Isla Verde, Rocha breed mainly on islands and occasionally on Department, Uruguay. Since then, this is the the continental coast. They usually change only breeding site known for these tern spe- their breeding sites between years and in cases cies in Uruguay and in a wide region of more of high predation rates or human distur- than 2000 km of Atlantic coast in South bances they can abandon the colony (Buckley America, between the southernmost colonies & Buckley 1980, Quintana & Yorio 1997). in Brazil and the northernmost in Argentina. Parental care could last for many months after The objective of the present work was to they have left the colony area (Ashmole & study the reproductive ecology of these tern Tovar 1968). During the reproductive season, species during the 2005 breeding season. Par- eggs and chicks can suffer predation, mainly ticularly, we aim to analyze the spatial and by gulls (Larus spp.) but also by other species temporal patterns in abundance and some of birds such as Blackcrowned Night Heron breeding parameters (i.e., nest density, egg (Nycticorax nycticorax) and Black Vulture (Cora- size, clutch size, and breeding success). gyps atratus) (Buckley & Buckley 1972, Yorio & Because of the sympatric breeding with Kelp Quintana 1997, Branco 2003). In Brazil Gull we also recorded gull population size, (Santa Catarina and São Paulo States) and nest density, chronology, and predation rates Argentina (Chubut Province), the Kelp Gull on both tern species. (Larus dominicanus) is one of the main preda- tors of eggs and chicks in Royal and Cayenne METHODS Tern colonies (Quintana & Yorio 1997, Yorio & Quintana 1997, Branco 2003). Study area. Isla Verde is located on the east The population status of both species in coast (33º56’S, 53º29’W) of Rocha Depart- Argentina and Brazil has been recently ment, Uruguay. The island has an area of 7.2 reviewed by Yorio & Efe (2008). Although ha and it is situated 1450 m off the coast. the population size of some colonies is well There are three different habitats on the known, they recommend updating and island: rock, grass (Bermuda grass, Cynodon improving the estimations in this region in dactylon) and sand with shells (sand-shell). order to know the Austral population size of There is also a reed bed of Giant Cane these species. (Arundo donax) of 0.14 ha. Close to Isla Verde, 362 ROYAL AND CAYENNE TERNS BREEDING IN URUGUAY there is a small rocky island called Islote October 2005, from a 300 m altitude. Then Coronilla of about 2.50 ha with some sand- we took pictures with a 4.0 MP digital camera shells and a little area of grass (Fig. 1a). and 37–370 mm lenses. A breeding pair was In addition to Royal and Cayenne terns, considered to be any individual in incubating several waterbirds reproduce on Isla Verde. position (Quintana & Yorio 1997) and those Kelp Gull breeds all over the area. Snowy which were taking care of a nest, even though Egret (Egretta thula) and Cattle Egret (Bubulcus they were not settled. ibis) breed on a mixed colony on the reed bed. The number of nests, nests per square The nesting of the Black-crowned Night meter, minimum internest distance, and egg Heron and the Great Egret (Ardea alba) has and clutch sizes were estimated from field- not been confirmed yet, but they have been work within the colony. This information was seen in the reed bed during the reproductive obtained only on 6 September, 26 September, season. American Oystercatchers (Haematopus and 2 October in order to minimize distur- palliatus) also breeds on the island and build bance and negative impact to the terns breed- their nests on the sand-shell. In addition, Isla ing (see Table 1). Nest density was Verde and its surrounding area is also an determined using a 1x1 m quadrant homoge- important roosting and feeding site for several neously set over the colony. Minimum other bird species, such as South American internest distance was recorded from the cen- Tern (Sterna hirundinacea), Common Tern ter of one nest to the center of the nearest. (Sterna hirundo), Olivaceus Cormorant (Phalac- Royal Tern nests were randomly chosen to rocorax olivaceus), Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria measure its minimum internest distance, interpres), Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca, T. flavi- whereas Cayenne Tern nests had to be seek pes), Solitary Sandpiper (T. solitaria), and Red (because of their low abundance, see Results) Knot (Calidris canutus). in sectors where their nests were aggregated. Egg size was measured with calipers to Data collection for terns. Between 12 August the nearest 0.1 mm. Clutch size was deter- and 19 November 2005, 12 surveys were mined for each species as the ratio of the carried out on Isla Verde.
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