A Saga De Cristóvão Colombo Em Terras Americanas

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A Saga De Cristóvão Colombo Em Terras Americanas 1 GILMEI FRANCISCO FLECK O ROMANCE, LEITURAS DA HISTÓRIA: a saga de Cristóvão Colombo em terras americanas ASSIS 2008 2 GILMEI FRANCISCO FLECK O ROMANCE, LEITURAS DA HISTÓRIA: a saga de Cristóvão Colombo em terras americanas Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis – UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras (Área de Conhecimento: Literatura e Vida Social). Orientadora: Prof.ª Drª. Heloisa Costa Milton ASSIS 2008 3 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Biblioteca da F.C.L. – Assis – UNESP Fleck, Gilmei Francisco F593r O romance, leituras da história: a saga de Cristóvão Colombo em terras americanas / Gilmei Francisco Fleck. Assis, 2008 333 f. Tese de Doutorado- Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis- Universidade Estadual Paulista. 1. Paródia. 2. Carnavalização (Literatura). 3. Literatura com- parada. 4. Literatura hispano-americana. I. Título. CDD 808.7 809 860 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho é o resultado do empenho e da dedicação de várias pessoas que, com apoio, atenção e carinho, possibilitaram a sua efetivação. Embora não se possa nomear a todas, cada uma delas sabe de sua contribuição e do quanto lhe sou grato. Gostaria, entretanto, de expressar meu especial agradecimento a minha orientadora, professora Drª. Heloisa Costa Milton, a quem devo, a princípio, o próprio desejo de realizar este trabalho voltado para a temática do descobrimento da América – um aprofundamento da dissertação Imagens metaficcionais de Cristóvão Colombo: uma poética da hipertextualidade, que concluí em 2005, também sob sua orientação – ambos inspirados em sua tese de Doutorado História da história: retratos poéticos de Cristóvão Colombo (1992), sendo nossos estudos uma modesta continuação deste importante marco na pesquisa sobre a poética do descobrimento, agora voltada ao universo das Américas. Menciono, da mesma forma – pelas importantes diretrizes apontadas –, a equipe de professores do Programa de Pós-graduação de Letras da UNESP – campus de Assis – cujas disciplinas proporcionaram o embasamento necessário para sua efetivação: Professor Dr. Antonio Roberto Esteves, Professora Drª. Maria Lídia Lichtscheidl Maretti, Professora Drª. Cleide Antônia Rapucci. Decisivas foram também as leituras críticas, sugestões e correções da Professora Drª. Ana Maria Carlos e Professora Drª. Cleide Antônia Rapucci no processo de Qualificação, as quais, com especial carinho, agradeço. Pelas muitas vezes que souberam encurtar as longas distâncias que nos separam, agradeço à equipe da Coordenação e Secretaria da Pós-graduação da UNESP de Assis. Aos meus familiares que, deste e do outro lado do Atlântico, acompanharam esta travessia vivenciando comigo os momentos que ela tem nos proporcionado, meu sincero e especial abraço. A todos os integrantes do Grupo de Pesquisa “Perspectivas metaficcionais da poética do descobrimento: imagens americanas de Cristóvão Colombo”, o qual coordenei até agosto de 2008 na UNIOESTE – campus de Cascavel –, meu sincero reconhecimento e agradecimento pelas contribuições. Ao Esteves que, durante todo esse tempo, acompanhou o processo da travessia... 5 FLECK, G. F. O romance, leituras da história: a saga de Cristóvão Colombo em terras americanas. 2008. 333 f. Tese (Doutorado em Letras) – Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras. Assis, 2008. RESUMO Apoiado nos pressupostos da literatura comparada, o presente estudo investiga as principais produções de romances no contexto da poética do descobrimento em terras americanas, cujas produções incluem obras que revelam desde o discurso apologético ao paródico e carnavalizado. Tais releituras se alimentam das imagens dicotômicas de Colombo, expostas tanto pela historiografia tradicional como pela nova história e pelo romance histórico. Partindo de um corpus bastante amplo, com romances produzidos em diferentes períodos, objetiva-se, primeiramente, destacar o discurso apologético presente nas produções norte-americanas desde o romantismo até a contemporaneidade para, em seguida, ao abordar a produção hispano-americana da temática – iniciada na década de 70 do século XX – mostrar que esta modalidade de novo romance histórico acabou influenciando as produções sobre o descobrimento em todo o território americano, levando determinados romancistas norte- americanos a se alinharem com os logros estéticos da literatura hispano-americana. Como conseqüência deste processo, temos, na literatura norte-americana contemporânea, um conjunto de obras que inclui a dialética da apologia e da paródia em relação à poética do descobrimento, fato que revelamos pela análise de um corpus específico. O procedimento de seleção do corpus levou em conta, para sua delimitação, os seguintes critérios: obras que pertencessem à modalidade romance histórico americano contemporâneo; que fossem oriundas de cada uma das três Américas; e que fossem representativas de cada uma das modalidades contemporâneas de romance histórico em língua espanhola e inglesa. Tais critérios resultaram na seleção das obras El mar de las lentejas (1979), de Antonio Benítez Rojo, The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus (1987), de Stephen Marlowe, Vigilia del Almirante (1992), de Augusto Roa Bastos e The discoveries of Mrs. Christopher Columbus: his wife’s version (1994), de Paula DiPerna. Palavras-chave: Romance histórico americano contemporâneo; poética do descobrimento; paródia; carnavalização; El mar de las lentejas (1979); The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus (1987); Vigilia del Almirante (1992); The discoveries of Mrs. Christopher Columbus: his wife’s version (1994). 6 ABSTRACT Supported by the principles of Compared Literature, the present study investigates the main novels’ productions on the poetry of the discovery in America, whose fictional production includes works with different discourses, from the apology to parody and carnivalization. Such re-elaborations have as one of their sources the dichotomic images of Columbus widespread by both the traditional historiography and the new history, as well as the historical novel. Based on a comprehensive corpus of historical novels produced in different periods in America, we firstly intend to prove that this literary genre in North America has produced a discourse of apology since Romanticism until contemporary times, and then, by approaching the Hispanic American fictional production of the theme – which started around the 70s of the 20th century –, to show that this kind of historical novel has eventually influenced the whole fictional production on the discovery in the whole American continent. This fact made some of the North American novelist align themselves with the aesthetic aspects achieved by the Hispanic American Literature. As a consequence of this process, the current North American Literature presents a number of works including the dialectic of apology and parody in relation to the discovery, which can be confirmed by the analyses of works from our corpus. In the selection of this corpus, we considered the following criteria: works classified as contemporary American historical novels; works produced in each of the three Americas; and works which are representative of the different current modalities of historical novels in Spanish and English languages. Such criteria resulted in the selection of the novels El mar de las lentejas (1979), by Antonio Benítez Rojo, The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus (1987), by Stephen Marlowe, Vigilia del Almirante (1992), by Augusto Roa Bastos and The discoveries of Mrs. Christopher Columbus: his wife’s version (1994), by Paula DiPerna. Key-words: Contemporary American historical novel; poetry of the discovery; parody, carnavalization; El mar de las lentejas (1979); The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus (1987); Vigilia del Almirante (1992); The discoveries of Mrs. Christopher Columbus: his wife’s version (1994). 7 RESUMEN Apoyados en los presupuestos de la literatura comparada, el presente estudio investiga las principales producciones de novelas en el contexto de la poética del descubrimiento en América, cuyas producciones incluyen obras que revelan desde el discurso apologético, paródico y carnavalizado. Tales reelaboraciones se alimentan de las imágenes dicotómicas de Colón, expuestas tanto por la historiografía tradicional como por la nueva historia y por la novela histórica. Partiendo de un corpus bastante amplio, compuesto por novelas históricas producidas a lo largo de diferentes períodos, objetivamos, primeramente, destacar el discurso apologético presente en las producciones norteamericanas desde el romanticismo hasta la contemporaneidad para, en seguida, al abordar la producción hispanoamericana de la temática – iniciada en la década de 70 del siglo XX – mostrar que esta modalidad de nueva novela histórica resultó influenciando las producciones sobre el descubrimiento en todo el territorio americano, levando determinados novelistas norteamericanos a aliñarse con los logros estéticos de la literatura hispanoamericana. Como consecuencia de este proceso, tenemos en la literatura norteamericana contemporánea un conjunto de obras que incluye la dialéctica de la apología y de la parodia en relación a la poética del descubrimiento, hecho que buscamos revelar por el análisis de un corpus específico. El procedimiento de selección del corpus consideró como medio de delimitación, los siguientes criterios: producciones que pertenezcan a la modalidad de novela histórica americana contemporánea; que fuesen provenientes de cada una de
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