Notes and References

Cancer Poetry: An Introduction

1. Paul Muldoon, Horse Latitudes (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2006), p. 106. 2. Margaret Knowles and Peter Selby (eds), Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, 4th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. ix. 3. Heart attacks have certainly been more frequently the subject of comedy and exaggerated speech than cancer. 4. This is according to Cancer Research UK (http://www.cancerresearchuk. org/cancer-help/about-cancer/cancer-questions/how-many-different-types- of-cancer-are-there, accessed 18 December 2012). However, Lauren Pecorino states that ‘Over 100 types of cancer have been classified’ (Lauren Pecorino, Molecular Biology of Cancer: Mechanisms, Targets, and Therapeutics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 2). 5. It is equally difficult to find cancer represented explicitly in prose fiction before the 20th century; tuberculosis was written about much more frequently. There is a possible allusion to cancer in Tolstoy’s novella The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886), but in 20th-century prose fiction, cancer appears either literally, metaphorically or both in Arnold Bennett’s novel Riceyman Steps (1923), Edith Wharton’s story ‘Diagnosis’ (1930), Thomas Mann’s novella The Black Swan (1954) and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s Cancer Ward (1967). 6. Since age is the biggest risk factor for cancer, and life expectancy is higher, the incidence of cancer is higher today. Paul Scotting writes that before 1800, life expectancy was around 40–45. In developed countries, life expectancy has increased to around 80: ‘Our bodies now provide the necessary time for cancer to develop and so it has become one of the most common causes of death’ (Paul Scotting, Cancer: A Beginner’s Guide (Oxford: Oneworld, 2010), p. 6). 7. Wilfred Owen, Poems, ed. Jon Stallworthy (London: The Hogarth Press, 1985), p. 117. 8. A similarly indiscriminate disease, influenza, would claim tens of millions of lives in the pandemic of 1918–20. 9. Leonard M. Franks and Margaret A. Knowles, ‘What is cancer?’, Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, pp. 1–24, at p. 1. 10. Nicholas James, Cancer: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 1. In 2000, cancer was diagnosed in 10 million people world- wide, and caused 6.2 million deaths. 11. Naomi Allen, Robert Newton, Amy Berrington de Gonzalez, Jane Green, Emily Banks, and Timothy J. Key, ‘The causes of cancer’, Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, pp. 25–44, at p. 25. The authors cite the World Health Organization in 2003. 12. James, p. 5.

199 200 Notes and References

13. James, pp. 8–10. 14. Pecorino, p. 10. 15. In developed countries, due to better nutrition and more plentiful protein, puberty occurs earlier than in the past, while greater use of contraception and more plentiful education mean that pregnancy occurs later. 16. Smoking is responsible for causing more than a dozen types of cancer, including over four in five cases of lung cancer (according to Cancer Research UK (http://www.cancerresearchukorg/cancer-info/healthyliving/ smokingandtobacco/smoking-and-cancer, accessed 18 December 2012)). 17. Allen et al., Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, pp. 33–4. 18. Allen et al., Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, p. 41. This risk can be recessively determined (two defective copies of the same gene, one inherited from each parent), or dominantly determined (one sin- gle copy of the defective gene from one parent). 19. James, p. 24. 20. James, p. 25. 21. Regardless of carcinogenic factors, there is a relatively fine line between a healthy cell and a cancer cell. Scotting writes that ‘The frequency of mutation resulting accidentally from the imperfect nature of DNA replication is about one mutation in any given gene in every 10,000,000 (107) cell divisions’ (Scotting, p. 26). If the human cell contains – at a conservative estimate – around 21,000 genes (ordered in 23 chromosomes), there will be abnormalities in 40 to 60 genes, or in other words, as James puts it, there will be 40 to 60 typographic errors in the library of 23 approximately 1,000-page books that make up the human genome (James, p. 76). 22. Franks and Knowles, Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, p. 3. The more highly differentiated a cell is, for example, if it is a muscle or nerve cell, the less likely it is to be able to divide. 23. Sonia Lain and David P. Lane, ‘Tumour suppressor genes’, Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, pp. 135–55, at p. 137. 24. Apoptosis is the phenomenon of cells self-destructing when they are no longer necessary. 25. Pecorino, p. 3. In 2011, in ‘Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation’, Hanahan and Weinberg proposed a further two enabling characteristics, ‘genome instability and tumor-promoting inflammation’, as well as two emerging characteristics (there is evidence of their importance, but further research is required): ‘reprogramming energy metabolism and avoiding immune destruction’ (Pecorino, p. 3). See D. Hanahan and R. A. Weinberg, ‘The Hallmarks of Cancer’, Cell, vol. 100, no. 1 (2000), pp. 57–70, and D. Hanahan and R. A. Weinberg, ‘Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation’, Cell, vol. 144, no. 5 (2011), pp. 646–74. 26. Some more terminology: epithelium (tissue-specific cells), and mesenchyme or mesoderm cells (supporting tissue cells): ‘Approximately 85% of cancers occur in epithelial cells and are classified as carcinomas. Cancers derived from mesoderm cells (e.g. bone, muscle) are called sarcomas, and cancers of glandular tissue (e.g. breast) are called adenocarcinomas’ (Pecorino, p. 2). The other two major groups of cancers are the lymphomas (arising in the lymph nodes) and the leukaemias (arising in the bone marrow). Notes and References 201

27. Terry Priestman describes how each of the three major kinds of cancer treatment ‘has its strengths and weaknesses. Surgery is very good if a primary cancer is still quite small and hasn’t spread. But it can’t be used for big cancers, or when there are multiple secondary cancers in different parts of the body. Radiotherapy is good at treating some primary cancers, and can often cover a wider area of tissue than it would be safe to remove in an operation, and it can help ease symptoms from some secondary cancers. Chemotherapy is fairly ineffective against most primary cancers (although the haematological cancers, the leukaemias, lymphomas and myeloma are an exception to this rule), but has a valuable role in preventing or treating the secondary spread of a cancer’ (Terry Priestman, Coping with Radiotherapy (London: Sheldon Press, 2007), p. 18). 28. United States National Cancer Act of 1971, http://legislative.cancer.gov/ history/phsa/1971, accessed 18 December 2012. 29. James, p. 3. 30. Nevertheless, 70 per cent of all cancers develop in people over 60 years old, so even if cancer were eradicated, the average lifespan might not be consider- ably longer. 31. Three types of radiotherapy are teletherapy (external beam therapy); brachy- therapy (a source of ionizing radiation is placed close to or inside a cancer; this is used in cervical and prostate cancer treatment); and systemic radio- isotope therapy (a radioactive substance is swallowed or injected; the isotope then concentrates in certain tissues or organs and irradiates them; this is used in the treatment of thyroid cancer). 32. Radiotherapy is not just curative, but can also be used to alleviate the symptoms of terminal cancer. Since the treatment is targeted, side effects are localized – including hair loss and skin changes – apart from fatigue. 33. Pecorino, p. 13. 34. Franks and Knowles, Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, pp. 3–4. There remains some reservation towards the principle of embryonic stem cell research, and at times active opposition to it, by the United States pro-life movement, which is associated with several Christian groups and, ironically, opposed to abortion and the termination of the long- term comatose and brain-damaged. 35. Barbara Ehrenreich, ‘Welcome to Cancerland’, Harper’s Magazine (November 2001), http://www.barbaraehrenreich.com/cancerland.htm, accessed 18 December 2012. 36. Jackie Stacey, Teratologies: A Cultural Study of Cancer (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 81. 37. Stacey, p. 64. 38. Titles rescinded by USADA (United States Anti-Doping Agency) on 24 August 2012. 39. Stacey, p. 12. 40. Lance Armstrong with Sally Jenkins, It’s Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (New York: Berkley, 2000), p. 259. 41. Stacey, p. 12. 42. Ruth Picardie, Before I Say Goodbye (London: Penguin, 1998), p. 13. 43. Lisa Diedrich, Treatments: Language, Politics, and the Culture of Illness (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), p. 68. 202 Notes and References

44. Stacey, p. 16. 45. Donald Hall, ‘The Third Thing’, Poetry (November 2004), http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/article/146874, accessed 18 December 2012. 46. Harold Varmus and Robert A. Weinberg, Genes and the Biology of Cancer (New York: The Scientific American Library, 1993), p. 1. 47. Armstrong, p. 97. 48. Elisabeth Grosz, ‘Julia Kristeva’, in Feminism and Psychoanalysis: A Critical Dictionary, ed. Elizabeth Wright (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 194–200, at p. 198. 49. Lawrence Goldie with Jane Desmarais, Psychotherapy and the Treatment of Cancer Patients: Bearing Cancer in Mind (Hove: Routledge, 2005), p. 60. 50. Robert Bor, Carina Eriksen and Ceilidh Stapelkamp, Coping with the Psychological Effects of Cancer (London: Sheldon Press, 2010), pp. 10–20. 51. Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors (New York: Picador, 1990), p. 20. 52. Sontag, p. 65. 53. This tension is epitomized in Margaret Edson’s 1995 play W;t, when Dr Kelekian is explaining Vivian’s diagnosis: his statement that ‘“Insidious” means undetectable at an—’ is interrupted by Vivian, who insists, ‘“Insidious” means treacherous’ (Margaret Edson, W;t (New York: Faber & Faber, 1999), p. 8). 54. Phyllis Hoge Thompson, in Her Soul beneath the Bone: Women’s Poetry on Breast Cancer, ed. Leatrice H. Lifshitz (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), p. xx. 55. Lifshitz, p. xvi. Kushner is referring to Phyllis Thompson’s introduction to the anthology. 56. Sontag, p. 93. 57. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By [1980] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), p. 244. 58. Ehrenreich, ‘Welcome to Cancerland’. 59. Audre Lorde, The Cancer Journals [1980] (San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1997), p. 58. 60. Denis Donoghue, ‘Disease Should Be Itself’, review of Illness as Metaphor by Susan Sontag, New York Times Book Review (16 July 1978), http:// www.nytimes.com/books/00/03/12/specials/sontag-illness.html, accessed 18 December 2012. 61. Julia Darling, Sudden Collapses in Public Places (Todmorden: Arc Publications, 2003), p. 16. 62. Christopher Hitchens, Mortality (New York: Twelve, 2012), p. 3. 63. Sontag, p. 3. 64. Hitchens, p. 28, p. 8, p. 12. 65. Picardie, p. 9. 66. John Diamond, C: Because Cowards Get Cancer Too (London: Vermilion, 1998), p. 36. 67. Stacey, p. 61. 68. Hitchens, p. 11. 69. W. H. Auden, Selected Poems, ed. Edward Mendelson (New York, Vintage: 2007), p. 59. Notes and References 203

70. If the name carries the sense of the American interjection, it seems a heavily ironic marker for such an unremarkable person. 71. Auden, p. 61. 72. Philip Larkin, Collected Poems (London: Faber & Faber, 1988), p. 97. 73. Larkin, p. 149. 74. James Dickey, The Eye-beaters, Blood, Victory, Madness, Buckhead and Mercy (Garden City: Doubleday, 1969), p. 31. 75. Dickey, p. 32. 76. ‘Oh wearisome condition of humanity! / Born under one law, to another bound: / Vainly begot, and yet forbidden vanity, / Created sick, commanded to be sound’ (Fulke Greville, ‘Chorus Sacerdotum’, from Mustapha (1609), Selected Poems, ed. Thom Gunn (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), p. 149). 77. Christopher Reid, A Scattering (Oxford: Areté, 2009), p. 27. 78. Peter Davison, ‘Under the Roof of Memory’, in Inventions of Farewell: A Book of Elegies, ed. Sandra M. Gilbert (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), p. 245. 79. Davison, in Gilbert, p. 246. 80. Frank Bidart, ‘The Sacrifice’, in Gilbert, p. 60. 81. Fleur Adcock, ‘The Soho Hospital for Women’, in The Norton Anthology of Poetry, 4th edn, ed. Margaret Ferguson, Mary Jo Salter and Jon Stallworthy (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), p. 1744. 82. Adcock, in Ferguson et al., pp. 1744–5. 83. Adcock, in Ferguson et al., p. 1745. 84. We could compare a phrase at the end of Sylvia Plath’s breakthrough work, ‘Poem for a Birthday’, where the speaker describes her recovery in terms of itchiness, suggesting a restlessness that will inevitably lead back to hospital (Sylvia Plath, Collected Poems (London: Faber & Faber, 1981), p. 137). 85. Adcock, in Ferguson et al., pp. 1745–6. 86. Larkin, pp. 208–9.

1 Spousal Cancer: The Flowering of Grief

1. John Milton, The Complete English Poems (London: Everyman, 1992), p. 54. 2. The collection had different titles: Justa Edouardo King Naufrago, Justa Edovardo King Naufrago, and Justa Eduardo King. 3. Nicholas Wroe, ‘Speaking from experience’, profile of Douglas Dunn (18 January 2003), http//:www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/jan/18/featuresreviews.guardianreview24, accessed 14 November 2012. 4. Alfred Tennyson, In Memoriam, ed. Erik Gray (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), lv, p. 40. Tennyson wanted his original underestimate of ‘fifty’ to be replaced by ‘myriad’. 5. Milton, p. 55. 6. In a remarkable example of elegiac deference, Hall barely mentions his own cancer throughout Without and The Painted Bed. 7. Hall’s prose account is The Best Day the Worst Day: Life with Jane Kenyon (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005). 8. Donald Hall, Without (Boston: Mariner Books, 1998), p. 1. 9. Hall, Without, p. 2. 204 Notes and References

10. Hall, Without, p. 3. 11. Hall, Without, p. 14. 12. Donald Hall in conversation with Judith Moore, Poetry Daily (1998), http:// www.cstone.net/~poems/halinter.htm, accessed 14 November 2012. 13. It is not the purpose of this analysis to identify the exact kind of mourning Hall is experiencing. Classifications of mourning are notoriously difficult, since symptoms may be posited as being common to distinct categories. For instance, the editors of New Challenges in Communication with Cancer Patients identify ‘Persistent anger or guilt response rather than acceptance of death’ as a marker of ‘Avoidance of grief’ (Antonella Surbone, Matjaž Zwitter, Mirjana Rajer and Richard Stiefel (eds), New Challenges in Communication with Cancer Patients (New York: Springer, 2013), p. 70), while Sigmund Freud in ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ identifies ‘a lowering of the self-regarding feelings to a degree that finds utterance in self-reproaches and self-revilings’ as a symptom of melancholia (pathological), a condition distinct from mourning (normal) (Sigmund Freud, ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ [1917], in The Complete Psychological Works, vol. XIV, ed. and trans. James Strachey, pp. 243–58 (London: Vintage, 2001), at p. 244). In literary criticism, Jahan Ramazani conflates Freud’s categories to identify a type of ‘“melancholic” mourning’ in the work of modern elegists, symptoms of which include their ‘unresolved’ and ‘violent’ character, and ‘their intense criticism and self- criticism’ (Jahan Ramazani, Poetry of Mourning: The Modern Elegy from Hardy to Heaney (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 4); Hall’s elegies may contain self-reproach, but no ‘criticism’ of the dead. It may be reasonable to conclude that attempting to categorize mourning involves diminish- ing or obfuscating the complexity of the experience. 14. Hall, Without, p. 13. 15. Hall, Without, p. 19. 16. Hall, Without, p. 22. Total body irradiation is used to treat cancers like leukaemia and lymphoma. The aim is to destroy cancer cells in the bone marrow. The patient receives a bone-marrow transplant after the treatment. 17. James, p. 25. 18. Hall, Without, p. 45. 19. Hall, Without, p. 58. 20. Freud, The Complete Psychological Works, vol. XIV, p. 244. 21. It is difficult to tell whether this earth-shaking experience is an orgasm, or, as Peter Makuck suggests in a 2001 article, flatulence (Peter Makuck, ‘Donald Hall: Exile and the Kingdom’, Sewanee Review, vol. 119, no. 1 (2011), pp. 139–49, at p. 144). 22. Hall, Without, p. 67. 23. Hall, Without, p. 71. 24. Hall, Without, p. 73. 25. William Empson, Some Versions of Pastoral [1935] (London: Chatto & Windus, 1950), p. 23. 26. Hall, Without, p. 62. 27. Tennyson addresses the ‘Old Yew, which graspest at the stones / That name the under-lying dead, / Thy fibres net the dreamless head, / Thy roots are wrapped about the bones.’ The tree does not experience ‘the glow, the bloom’, as the poet, ‘gazing on thee, sullen tree, / Sick for thy stubborn Notes and References 205

hardihood’, seems ‘to fail from out my blood / And grow incorporate into thee’ (Tennyson, In Memoriam, ii, p. 7). 28. Donald Hall, ‘The Third Thing’. 29. Henry King, ‘An Exequy to His Matchless, Never-to-Be-Forgotten Friend’, in The Norton Anthology of Poetry, pp. 328–9. 30. Hall, Without, p. 81. 31. Donald Hall, The Painted Bed (Boston: Mariner Books, 2002), p. 3. 32. Hall, The Painted Bed, p. 7. 33. Hall, The Painted Bed, pp. 7–8. 34. See Horace, Odes Book 1: 11, trans. James Michie (London: Penguin, 1967), pp. 38–9. 35. Hall, The Painted Bed, p. 43. 36. Hall, The Painted Bed, p. 52. 37. R. Clifton Spargo, The Ethics of Mourning: Grief and Responsibility in Elegiac Literature (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), p. 13. 38. Hall, The Painted Bed, p. 48. 39. Spargo, p. 19. 40. Hall, The Painted Bed, p. 87. 41. Reid, A Scattering, p. 11. 42. Reid, A Scattering, p. 12. 43. Christopher Hitchens commented on the inaccuracy of combative language in relation to his oesophageal cancer, writing that ‘I’m not fighting or battling cancer – it’s fighting me’ (Hitchens, p. 89). 44. Reid, A Scattering, p. 18. 45. Reid, A Scattering, p. 19. 46. Reid, A Scattering, p. 14. 47. Reid, A Scattering, p. 32. 48. In Japanese Buddhist funerals, after the burning of the body, some of the bones of the dead are picked up with chopsticks and placed in an urn, from the feet bones first, up to the head (so the dead will not remain upside down). 49. Reid, A Scattering, p. 38. 50. Reid, A Scattering, p. 39. 51. Reid, A Scattering, p. 40. 52. Reid, A Scattering, p. 45. 53. This is implied in a description where Lucinda blends into the flowers while working, where she seems ‘to have vanished until I spotted you / bent over or squatting in the midst of some urgent green handiwork’ (Reid, A Scattering, p. 60). 54. Reid, A Scattering, p. 48. 55. Reid, A Scattering, p. 49. 56. Reid, A Scattering, p. 61. 57. Reid, A Scattering, p. 62. 58. Douglas Dunn, Elegies (London: Faber & Faber, 1985), p. 53. 59. Dunn, in Reading Douglas Dunn, ed. Robert Crawford and David Kinloch (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992), p. 10, p. 14. 60. Dunn, Elegies, p. 11. 61. Dunn, Elegies, p. 33. 62. Dunn, Elegies, p. 12. 206 Notes and References

63. Dunn, Elegies, p. 53. 64. Dunn, Elegies, p. 17. 65. Dunn, Elegies, p. 22. 66. Dunn, Elegies, pp. 33–4. 67. Dunn, Elegies, p. 38. 68. Dunn, Elegies, p. 45. 69. Dunn, Elegies, p. 46. 70. Dunn, Elegies, p. 51. 71. Dunn, Elegies, p. 52. A ‘falling-off-of-petals’ would translate the Greek word ‘apoptosis’, the normal process of cell death that is overridden in the growth of cancer. The phrase indicates that Dunn’s grief is no longer cancerous. 72. Dunn, Elegies, p. 62. 73. John Keats, The Complete Poems (London: Penguin, 1973), p. 452. 74. Dunn, Elegies, p. 64. 75. Dunn, Elegies, p. 42.

2 Parental Cancer: The Functions of Repression

1. Edwin Morgan, A Book of Lives (Manchester: Carcanet, 2007), p. 62. 2. Avishai Margalit, The Ethics of Memory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 3. 3. In Mortality, Christopher Hitchens notes how he ‘Always prided myself on my reasoning faculty and my stoic materialism. I don’t have a body, I am a body. Yet consciously and regularly acted as if this was not true, or as if an exception would be made in my case. Feeling husky and tired on tour? See the doctor when it’s over!’ (Hitchens, p. 86). Such an irrational conception of dualism allows the discourse of attitudinally ‘battling’ cancer to flourish. 4. In W. B. Yeats’s ‘Shepherd and Goatherd’, his eclogic elegy for Major Robert Gregory, the Shepherd says, ‘I am looking for strayed sheep; / Something has troubled me and in my trouble / I let them stray. I thought of rhyme alone, / For rhyme can beat a measure out of trouble’ (W. B. Yeats, The Collected Poems, ed. Richard J. Finneran (London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 142). 5. In section v of In Memoriam A. H. H., Tennyson describes how ‘words, like Nature, half reveal / And half conceal the Soul within’, and that, like clothes, ‘that large grief which these enfold / Is given in outline and no more’ (Tennyson, In Memoriam, v, p. 9). 6. Plath, p. 224. 7. Peter M. Sacks, The English Elegy: Studies in the Genre from Spenser to Yeats (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), p. 14. 8. See Sacks, pp. 8–17. For the purposes of Sacks’s mourning / language argu- ment, the oedipal process is the same for female as well as male poets. 9. Sharon Olds, The Father [1992] (London: Jonathan Cape, 2009), p. 2. 10. Olds, The Father, p. 43, pp. 35–6. 11. Olds, p. 70. 12. Olds, p. 66. 13. Olds, p. 71. 14. Olds, p. 3. 15. See Memoires: for Paul de Man (1986), The Gift of Death (1995), Politics of Friendship (1997), and The Work of Mourning (2001). Notes and References 207

16. Jacques Derrida, The Ear of the Other: Otobiography, Transference, Translation, trans. Peggy Kamuf (New York: Shocken Books, 1985), p. 57. 17. ‘Imagined’ refers to the nature of the relationship after death. It is no less real for being imagined. 18. Olds, p. 10. 19. Olds, p. 7. 20. David Kennedy, Elegy (London: Routledge, 2007), p. 86. 21. Olds, p. 14. 22. Harold Schweizer, Suffering and the Remedy of Art (New York: State University of New York, 1997), p. 173. 23. Olds, p. 31. 24. Olds, p. 34. 25. Olds, p. 39. 26. Plath, p. 222. 27. Melissa F. Zeiger, Beyond Consolation: Death, Sexuality, and the Changing Shapes of Elegy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 174. 28. Olds, p. 42. 29. Olds, p. 7, p. 17. 30. Olds, p. 48. 31. Olds, pp. 50–1. 32. Olds, p. 66. 33. Olds, p. 73. 34. Olds, p. 74. 35. James T. Patterson, The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 151. 36. Barbara Clow, ‘Who’s Afraid of Susan Sontag? or, the Myths and Metaphors of Cancer Reconsidered’, Social History of Medicine, vol. 14, no. 2 (2001), pp. 293–312, at p. 297. 37. Patterson, p. 197. 38. Patterson, p. 210. 39. Anne Sexton, The Collected Poems (New York: Mariner, 1981), p. 38. 40. Zeiger, p. 145. 41. Sexton, The Collected Poems, pp. 41–2. 42. Sexton, The Collected Poems, p. 43. 43. Sexton, The Collected Poems, p. 45. 44. Sexton, The Collected Poems, p. 46. 45. Sexton, The Collected Poems, p. 56. 46. Sexton, letter to W. D. Snodgrass (18 November 1959), Anne Sexton: A Self- Portrait in Letters, ed. Linda Gray Sexton and Lois Ames (New York: Mariner Books, 2004), p. 91. 47. ‘Medusa’, addressed to Plath’s mother, was written on 16 October 1962, and ‘Daddy’ on 12 October 1962. 48. Sexton, The Collected Poems, p. 58. 49. Sexton, The Collected Poems, p. 59. 50. Sexton, The Collected Poems, p. 315. 51. Paul Muldoon, The Annals of Chile (London: Faber & Faber, 1994), p. 39. 52. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 43. 53. The ovarian cancer may have metastasized: Muldoon writes that it is ‘Uterine’ cancer at another point (The Annals of Chile, p. 177). 54. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 78. 208 Notes and References

55. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 154. 56. Muldoon, ‘Between Ireland and Montevideo’, quoted in Peter McDonald, Mistaken Identities: Poetry and Northern Ireland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), p. 176. 57. Since ‘Yarrow’ uses the same rhyme words as ‘Incantata’, it is in this sense a metastasis of that poem, which is located earlier in The Annals of Chile. 58. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 177. 59. Like cancer, the structure only shows up under close scrutiny. 60. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 54. 61. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 189. 62. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 91. 63. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 14. 64. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 189. Muldoon translates the poem where the phrase originates as ‘César Vallejo: Testimony’ (Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 32). 65. Presumably, Muldoon is writing the poem on a computer, not by hand. 66. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 189. 67. John Masefield, Spunyarn: Sea Poetry and Prose, ed. Philip W. Errington (London: Penguin, 2011), p. 24. Masefield’s first voyage as a teenager was to Chile. 68. Paul Muldoon, Poems 1968–1998 (London: Faber & Faber, 2001), p. 193. 69. In the UK, attaching a stamp so the monarch’s head is upside down is sup- posedly, but not actually, a treasonable offence. 70. Muldoon, Poems 1968–1998, p. 155. 71. An escape to South America is often figured as an alternative life in Muldoon’s work, as in ‘Immrama’ and ‘Brazil’. 72. A tornado that occurs over sea is called a ‘waterspout’. 73. Michael Longley, Collected Poems (London: Jonathan Cape, 2006), p. 30. 74. Longley, p. 31. 75. In terms of the poem’s contemporary social subject, Northern Ireland, it is difficult to assess the war’s consequences. Was a weakened, victorious British Empire less willing, or less able, to commit resources to the Irish War of Independence? If the First World War had been avoided, would the Government of Ireland Act 1914 have been passed, creating a more cohesive peace than that of 1920? 76. Longley, p. 62. 77. Longley, p. 63. 78. Michael Ignatieff, ‘The Nightmare from Which We Are Trying to Awake’, The Warrior’s Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience (New York: Holt, 1997), pp. 164–90, at p. 168.

3 Locating Breast Cancer

1. Cathy Read, introduction to Cancer: Through the Eyes of Ten Women (London: Pandora Press, 1997), ed. Patricia Duncker and Vicky Wilson; quoted in Living on the Margins: Women Writers on Breast Cancer, ed. Hilda Raz (New York: Persea Books, 1999), p. xv. 2. Raz, p. xv. Notes and References 209

3. James, pp. 8–10. Male breast cancer accounts for less than 1 per cent of breast cancer cases. 4. Raz, p. vii. 5. Lucille Clifton, ‘lumpectomy eve’, in Raz, p. 172. 6. Raz, p. viii. 7. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, ‘White Glasses’ (1991), in Raz, pp. 57–75, at p. 70. 8. Bor, Eriksen and Stapelkamp identify six main psychological preoccupations for cancer patients: ‘managing uncertainty’, ‘searching for meaning’, ‘deal- ing with a loss of control’, ‘a need for openness in relationships’, ‘a need for emotional support’ and ‘a need for medical support’ (Bor, Eriksen and Stapelkamp, p. 13). 9. Darling, Sudden Collapses in Public Places, p. 9. 10. Darling, Sudden Collapses in Public Places, p. 10. 11. The poem implicitly alludes to the potentially long waiting times involved with treatment on the UK’s overstretched National Health Service. 12. Darling, Sudden Collapses in Public Places, p. 14. 13. Darling, Sudden Collapses in Public Places, p. 15. 14. Darling, Sudden Collapses in Public Places, p. 16. 15. Darling, Sudden Collapses in Public Places, pp. 16–17. 16. Darling, Sudden Collapses in Public Places, p. 50. 17. Darling, Sudden Collapses in Public Places, p. 41. 18. The euphemistic aspect of Darling’s title is echoed in the language of UK newspaper obituary columns, where it may be conventional not to name cancer, but to write of ‘a long illness’ or ‘a brief illness’. 19. Julia Darling, Apology for Absence (Todmorden: Arc Publications, 2004), p. 36. 20. Lifshitz, p. xiv. 21. A 2012 study of cancer incidence in the United States shows that ‘despite having lower incidence rates, black women had a 41% higher breast cancer death rate. More black women were diagnosed at regional or distant cancer stage compared with white women (45% versus 35%). For every 100 breast cancers diagnosed, black women had nine more deaths than white women (27 deaths per 100 breast cancers diagnosed among black women compared with 18 per 100 among white women)’ (Kathleen A. Cronin et al., ‘Vital Signs: Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer Severity – United States, 2005–2009’, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 61, no. 45 (2012), pp. 922–6, at p. 922, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ mm6145a5.htm?s_cid=mm6145a5_w). 22. Lorde, The Cancer Journals, p. 14. 23. Lorde, The Cancer Journals, p. 53. 24. Lorde, The Cancer Journals, pp. 61–2. 25. Lorde, The Cancer Journals, p. 14. 26. Adrienne Rich, The Fact of a Doorframe (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), p. 255. 27. Audre Lorde, Collected Poems (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), p. 456. 28. Lorde, Collected Poems, p. 461. 29. According to the United States National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, the five-year survival rates for localized, regional and metastasized breast cancer in the period 2002–08 were 98.4 per cent, 83.9 per cent and 23.8 per cent respectively (http://seer. cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html, accessed 18 December 2012). 210 Notes and References

30. Lorde, Collected Poems, p. 461. 31. Lorde, Collected Poems, p. 462. 32. Lorde, Collected Poems, pp. 472–3. 33. According to Ann E. Reuman, in The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature, ed. William L. Andrews, Frances Smith Foster and Trudier Harris (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 66. 34. Alicia Suskin Ostriker, The Little Space: Poems Selected and New, 1968–1998 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998), p. 202. 35. Ostriker, The Little Space, p. 206. 36. Ostriker, The Little Space, p. 203. 37. Ostriker’s poem may owe something to the Irish poet Thomas Dermody (1775–1802), whose ‘The Simile’ gives a long description of a mysterious object, beginning, ‘’Tis like a hat without a head, / ’Tis like a house without a shed, / ’Tis like a gun without a lock, / ’Tis like a swain without a flock’; it ends with the declaration, ‘In short, at once to stop my mouthing, / ’Tis like – what is it like? – like nothing’ (Thomas Dermody, ‘The Simile’, in The Penguin Book of Irish Poetry, ed. Patrick Crotty (London: Penguin, 2010), p. 358). 38. Ostriker, The Little Space, pp. 204–5. 39. Ostriker, The Little Space, p. 210. 40. Ostriker, The Little Space, p. 211. 41. Ostriker, The Little Space, p. 209. 42. Ostriker, The Little Space, p. 212. 43. Ostriker, The Little Space, p. 211. 44. Ostriker’s prose work on breast cancer, ‘Scenes from a Mastectomy’, develops her thinking on the responsibility of metaphor in relation to this disease, and particularly the trope of cancer and conflict in relation to the first Gulf War (Ostriker, ‘Scenes from a Mastectomy’ (1999), in Raz, pp. 175–200). 45. Marilyn Hacker, Winter Numbers (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 11. 46. Tennyson, In Memoriam, Prologue, p. 5; Milton, p. 50; Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Major Works, ed. Zachary Leader and Michael O’Neill (Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press, 2003), p. 531. 47. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 14. 48. Hacker, ‘Journal Entries’ (July 1995), in Raz, pp. 201–41, at p. 210. 49. Kennedy, pp. 77–8. 50. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 76. 51. Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 171–2. 52. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 81. 53. It seems Hacker has World War One particularly in mind; the effect would be quite different if she had alluded to ‘post-traumatic stress disorder’ rather than shell shock. 54. The WHO records that 7.9 million people died of cancer in 2007. The number is expected to increase to 11.5 million in 2030 (http://www.who.int/ features/qa/15/en/index.html, accessed 18 December 2012). 55. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 85. 56. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 83. 57. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 85. 58. Stephanie Hartman, ‘Reading the Scar in Breast Cancer Poetry’, Feminist Studies, vol. 30, no. 1 (2004), pp. 155–77, at p. 165. Notes and References 211

59. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 90. 60. Kennedy, p. 78. 61. Kathy Acker, ‘The Gift of Disease’, Guardian (8 January 1997). 62. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 87. 63. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 90. 64. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 89. 65. Hacker, Winter Numbers, p. 95. 66. Saba Bahar, ‘“If I’m One of the Victims, Who Survives?”: Marilyn Hacker’s Breast Cancer Texts’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 28, no. 4 (2003), pp. 1025–52, at p. 1040.

4 Surviving Cancer

1. Patrick Kavanagh, Collected Poems (London: Penguin, 2005), p. 217. 2. Kavanagh, p. 227. 3. Kavanagh’s memorial is self-consciously less grandiose or heroic than that of W. B. Yeats, who is given a playful dig in the final word, ‘passer-by’; this ech- oes the last words ‘cut’ into the limestone headstone by the poet’s ‘command’ at the end of ‘Under Ben Bulben’, and the instruction to ‘Cast a cold eye / On life, on death. / Horseman, pass by!’ (Yeats, The Collected Poems, p. 328). 4. Sarah Crown, interview with Jo Shapcott, Guardian (24 July 2010), http:// www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jul/24/jo-shapcott-poet-interview, accessed 18 December 2012. 5. Crown interview. 6. Crown interview. 7. Jo Shapcott, Of Mutability (London: Faber & Faber, 2010), p. 3. 8. Virginia Woolf, On Being Ill [1930] (Ashfield: Paris Press, 2002), pp. 12–13. 9. Woolf, p. 21. 10. Kira Cochrane, ‘Jo Shapcott: the book of life’, Guardian (27 January 2011), http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jan/27/jo-shapcott-poetry-costa, accessed 18 December 2012. 11. Shapcott, p. 4. 12. Shapcott, p. 5. 13. Shapcott, p. 6. 14. Sinclair McKay, interview with Jo Shapcott, Daily Telegraph (27 January 2012), http://telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/8286254/Jo-Shapcott-a- page-in-the-life.html, accessed 18 December 2012. 15. Shapcott, p. 7. 16. Shapcott, p. 8. 17. Yeats, The Collected Poems, p. 296. 18. Shapcott, p. 13. 19. Shapcott, p. 44. 20. Shapcott, p. 52. 21. Shapcott, p. 53. 22. Woolf, pp. 6–7. 23. Christopher Reid, The Song of Lunch (London: Faber & Faber, 2009), p. 32. 24. Shapcott, p. 54. 25. Rae Armantrout, ‘A cancer patient addresses doctors’, part 1 (6 November 2011), http://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet/2011/11/ 212 Notes and References

rae-armantrout-what-is-it-like-then-to-be-told-that-you-have-adrenal-cortical-cancer-a-disease-so-rare-you-have-never-heard-of-it-and-from-which- you-will-probably-die/, accessed 18 December 2012. 26. See Emily Dickinson’s poem ‘After great pain, a formal feeling comes —’, in Ferguson et al., p. 1015. 27. Rae Armantrout, Versed (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2009), pp. 56–7. 28. Armantrout, Versed, p. 57. 29. Armantrout, ‘A cancer patient addresses doctors’, part 2. 30. Armantrout, Versed, p. 58. 31. Armantrout, Versed, p. 59. 32. Armantrout, ‘A cancer patient addresses doctors’, part 3. 33. Armantrout, Versed, p. 62. 34. Armantrout, Versed, p. 64. 35. Armantrout, Versed, pp. 117–18. 36. Armantrout, Versed, p. 85. 37. Armantrout, Versed, p. 86. 38. Armantrout, Versed, p. 107. 39. This is the central thesis of Richard Dawkins’ seminal work, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976). 40. Armantrout, Versed, p. 121. 41. Christian Wiman, ‘Gazing into the Abyss’, Ambition and Survival (2007), http://theamericanscholar.org/gazing-into-the-abyss/, accessed 18 December 2012. 42. Christian Wiman, Every Riven Thing (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010), p. 5. 43. Wiman, Every Riven Thing, p. 6. 44. This is to follow the common Western artistic representation of the tree of knowledge as an apple tree. The species of the tree is not stated in Genesis. 45. Wiman, Every Riven Thing, p. 19. 46. Wiman, Every Riven Thing, pp. 20–1. 47. Wiman, Every Riven Thing, p. 21. 48. Wiman, ‘Gazing into the Abyss’. 49. Wiman, ‘Gazing into the Abyss’. 50. Wiman, Every Riven Thing, p. 22. 51. Wiman, Every Riven Thing, p. 23. 52. Wiman, Every Riven Thing, p. 70. 53. Wiman, Every Riven Thing, p. 71. 54. Wiman, ‘Gazing into the Abyss’. 55. Tennyson, In Memoriam, xlviii, p. 37. 56. Kavanagh, p. 224.

5 Terminal Words: Conversing with Cancer

1. Hitchens, pp. 47–8. The original Vanity Fair article was titled ‘Unspoken Truths’. 2. His work was published as the short book Mortality, a collection of articles and fragments. Notes and References 213

3. Philip Hodgins, Selected Poems (North Ryde: Angus & Robertson, 1997), p. 30. In his pseudo-autobiography It’s Not About the Bike, Lance Armstrong has a chapter titled ‘Conversations with Cancer’, in which he decides to argue with his disease, to treat it as an equal opponent (Armstrong, pp. 97–125). 4. Edson, pp. 43–4. 5. Yeats, The Collected Poems, p. 142. 6. Patricia Jasen, ‘From the “Silent Killer” to the “Whispering Disease”: Ovarian Cancer and the Uses of Metaphor’, Medical History, vol. 53, no. 4 (2009), pp. 489–512, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766137/, accessed 18 December 2012. 7. James, p. 25. 8. Kathleen Jamie’s 2012 essay ‘Pathologies’ describes the landscapes that open up when the human body is examined microscopically. Jamie describes, for instance, a view of the stomach bacteria Helicobacter pylori as musk oxen in a valley, and the doctor guiding her comments on the way they appear to be grazing (Kathleen Jamie, ‘Pathologies’, Sightlines (London: Sort Of Books, 2012), pp. 21–41, at p. 34). 9. Morgan, p. 56. 10. Morgan, p. 57. 11. Beau’s view of socialism is echoed at the end of Morgan’s ‘Brothers and Sisters’: ‘There will never be a paradise with people like angels / Walking and singing through forests of music, / But let us have the decency of a society / That helps those who cannot help themselves. / It can be done; it must be done; so do it’ (Morgan, p. 71). 12. Morgan, p. 58. 13. In The English Elegy, Peter Sacks related how in the 20th century, ‘Sociologists and psychologists, as well as literary and cultural historians’ demonstrated how death could seem ‘stupefyingly colossal in cases of large-scale war or genocide’; but it seems reasonable to suggest that mourning is always expe- rienced in personal terms (Sacks, p. 299). 14. Morgan, p. 59. 15. Morgan, p. 60. 16. Morgan, p. 61. 17. Morgan, p. 61. 18. Morgan, p. 62. 19. Morgan, p. 63. 20. Morgan, p. 64. 21. For a thoughtful discussion of the similarities between the abject conditions of pregnancy and cancer, see Stacey, pp. 89–96. 22. Hodgins said this of having leukaemia: ‘That was probably the worst aspect of being an only child, finding myself in a situation like that, I felt bad about it and sorry for them, that I was an only child, because if I died from the disease then they’ve lost their family, as it were. It’s a responsibility’ (Diana Ritch, ‘An Interview with Philip Hodgins’ (7 March 1988). Transcript, 16pp. (53 mins), National Library of Australia. Tape No. TRC 2350, p. 5). 23. Hodgins published five collections of poetry, one posthumous, and won a number of literary awards, including the National Book Council Poetry Prize. 24. This collection was awarded the Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry in 1987. 214 Notes and References

25. Geoff Page, A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Australian Poetry (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1995), pp. 124–5. 26. Ritch, p. 11. 27. Interview with Barbara Williams, In Other Words: Interviews with Australian Poets, ed. Barbara Williams (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998), pp. 60–71, at p. 62. 28. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 4. At the time of writing, Hodgins’s collections are out of print, but his archive is available online, at the Australian Poetry Library (http://www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/hodgins-philip/poems). 29. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 37. 30. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 42. 31. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 7. 32. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 9. 33. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 30. 34. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 31. 35. Werner Senn, ‘Voicing the Body: The Cancer Poems of Philip Hodgins’, Bodies and Voices: The Force-Field of Representation and Discourse in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies, ed. Merete Falck Borch, Eva Rask Knudsen, Martin Leer and Bruce Clunies Ross (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2008), pp. 237–50, at p. 242. 36. Sontag, p. 20. 37. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 38. 38. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 63. 39. Sontag, p. 87. 40. Hodgins, Selected Poems, pp. 60–1. 41. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 61. 42. Janet Chimonyo, ‘A Conversation with Philip Hodgins’, Antipodes, vol. 8, no. 1 (1994), pp. 63–4, at p. 64. To Barbara Williams in 1988, Hodgins said that ‘it’s a cliché to say it’s a form of therapy, catharsis; but it’s true’ (Williams, p. 62). 43. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 41. 44. Ritch, p. 8. 45. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 10. 46. Hodgins, Selected Poems, pp. 310–11. 47. Chimonyo, p. 64. 48. Hodgins, Selected Poems, pp. 314–15. 49. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 315. 50. Senn, in Borch, p. 242. 51. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 318. 52. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 17. 53. Hodgins, Selected Poems, p. 28. 54. Peter Boyle, ‘Doggerel and Grace: Australian Poetry in the Mid-’90s’, Cordite: Poetry and Poetics Review, vol. 1 (1997), pp. 2–11, http://pandora.nla.gov. au/pan/14234/20010621/cordite.org.au/back-issues/cordite_01.pdf, accessed 18 December 2012. 55. Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 51. 56. Scarry, p. 4. 57. Paul Muldoon’s ‘Incantata’, for instance, is a mouth howling for 360 lines. The poet’s grief, the dead woman’s cancer cells, and her accompanying pain, replicate together. Notes and References 215

58. The sound of pain would seem to be fundamentally social: it is precisely because pain communicates so well that splitting, self-deception or some kind of dehumanization has to occur for a torturer to be able to torture. 59. Ritch, p. 15. 60. Peter Goldsworthy, ‘The Biology of Poetry’, Five Bells, vol. 10, no. 1 (2002), pp. 22–6, http://www.poetsunion.com/jwlecture/2002, accessed 18 December 2012. 61. Clive James, ‘The Meaning of Recognition’, Australian Book Review, no. 254 (2003), pp. 21–9, http://www.clivejames.com/lectures/recognition, accessed 18 December 2012. 62. Hitchens, p. 55.

6 Paul Muldoon: Cancer and the Ethics of Representation

1. Paul Muldoon, ‘How to Peel a Poem: Five Poets Dine out on Verse’, Harper’s Magazine (September 1999), pp. 45–60, at p. 46. 2. Muldoon, Poems 1968–1998, pp. 110–11. 3. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 188. 4. Muldoon, ‘Between Ireland and Montevideo’, in McDonald, Mistaken Identities, p. 176. 5. Ramazani, p. xi. See also Sandra M. Gilbert, ‘“Rats’ Alley”: The Great War, Modernism, and the (Anti) Pastoral Elegy’, New Literary History, vol. 30 (1999), pp. 179–201. 6. Dunn, Elegies, p. 62. 7. In ‘Incantata’, this variation serves the tension between agency and predesti- nation. Whatever direction a line takes, it arrives at a predetermined destina- tion, just as the elegy seems to move towards the possibility of consolation it is predetermined not to find; as another aspect of regret, the structure simultaneously offers the possibility of avoiding fate while affirming it. 8. Other correspondences: lines 1 and 12, and lines 3, 6 and 14 of sonnet 2 rhyme with lines 3, 6 and 14, and lines 1 and 12 of sonnet 18. This second pattern of correspondence is shared by sonnets 3 and 17, 4 and 16, 5 and 15, 7 and 13, and 9 and 11. Lines 1 and 12 of sonnet 6 rhyme with lines 3, 6 and 14 of sonnet 14. Sonnets 8 and 12 use the same kind of rhyme words in exactly the same order. Lines 1 and 12, lines 3, 6 and 14, and lines 8 and 9 of sonnet 10 rhyme with lines 3 and 14, 1 and 12, and 8 and 9 of sonnets 6, 14 and 16 respectively. 9. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 6. 10. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 17. 11. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 20. 12. Fran Brearton, review of Horse Latitudes by Paul Muldoon, http://www.towerpoetry.org.uk/reviews/reviews-archive/189-fran-brearton-reviews-horse- latitudes-by-paul-muldoon, accessed 18 December 2012. 13. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 3. 14. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 4. 15. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 7. 16. Paul Muldoon, Moy Sand and Gravel (London: Faber & Faber, 2002), p. 67. 216 Notes and References

17. Sontag, p. 20. 18. Sontag, p. 87. 19. Sontag, p. 64. 20. Sontag, p. 82, p. 85. 21. Sontag’s criticism stems from a conflation of ‘destructive’ and ‘evil’. Something can be destructive without being evil. Additionally, cancer suffer- ers may not think of the disease as part of the self, but something that has somehow entered from outside, something that they also consider in very negative ways, and want to be extracted as soon as possible. 22. Jasen. Jasen traces how the dominant metaphor for ovarian cancer, the ‘silent killer’, came to be rivalled by the image of a ‘whispering’ disease, something non-fatal if the symptoms could be recognized in time. 23. John Redmond, ‘Interview with Paul Muldoon’, Thumbscrew, vol. 4 (1996), pp. 2–18, at p. 2. 24. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 9. 25. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 26. 26. Peter McDonald, ‘Horse Latitudes’, review of Horse Latitudes by Paul Muldoon, Poetry Review, vol. 97, no. 1 (2007), pp. 88–90, at p. 89. 27. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 9. 28. Paul Muldoon, ‘Getting Round: Notes Towards an Ars Poetica’, Essays in Criticism, vol. 48, no. 2 (1998), pp. 107–28, at p. 125. 29. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 21. 30. Sontag, p. 93. 31. McDonald, Horse Latitudes review, p. 89. 32. Lewis Carroll, The Hunting of the Snark (London: Penguin, 1974), p. 41. 33. Carroll, p. 60. 34. Carroll, p. 64. 35. Carroll, p. 94. 36. Carroll, p. 96. 37. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 94. 38. Ovarian cancer, which killed both Muldoon’s mother and sister, has around a 10 per cent rate of heritability: http://www.ovariancancer.jhmi.edu/heredi- tary.cfm, accessed 18 December 2012. 39. See William Shakespeare, The Comedy of Errors, 2:1:15–25. 40. John Donne, The Complete English Poems (London: Everyman, 1991), p. 59. 41. Maria Johnston, ‘Tracing the Root of Metastasis’, review of Horse Latitudes by Paul Muldoon, Contemporary Poetry Review, http://www.cprw.com/Johnston/ muldoon.htm, accessed 18 December 2012. 42. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 78. 43. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 81. 44. In ‘Kaddish’, Allen Ginsberg wrote about his mother’s diarrhoea and other problems not in order to humiliate, but to show how she was humili- ated by illness. For Ginsberg, repeatedly asserting the abject was a form of incantation, summoning faith that the worst aspects of existence could be overcome. 45. Muldoon, Horse Latitudes, p. 80. 46. ‘All that happens is as habitual and familiar as roses in spring and fruit in the summer. True too of disease, death, defamation, and conspiracy – and all that delights or gives pain to fools’ (Marcus Aurelius, Meditations IV: 44, trans. Martin Hammond (London: Penguin, 2006), p. 31). Notes and References 217

47. Nicholas Wroe, ‘Invisible threads’, interview with Paul Muldoon, Guardian (24 March 2007), http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2007/mar/24/featuresreviews.guardianreview12, accessed 18 December 2012. 48. Seamus Heaney, The Redress of Poetry: Oxford Lectures (London: Faber & Faber, 1995), p. 1. 49. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 19. 50. Steven Matthews, ‘Muldoon’s New Poems and Lyrics’, Poetry Review, vol. 97, no. 1 (2007), pp. 90–2, at p. 92. 51. In ‘Reading Pascal in the Lowlands’, Douglas Dunn, mourning his wife, recalls a conversation with the father of a boy with leukaemia: ‘I have said / I am sorry. What more is there to say?’ (Dunn, Elegies, p. 46).

7 Fierce Verse: Cancer and Imaginative Redress

1. Peter Reading, Collected Poems 1: Poems 1970–1984 (Newcastle: Bloodaxe, 1995), p. 305. 2. M. Wynn Thomas, review of A Hospital Odyssey by Gwyneth Lewis (17 April 2010), http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/apr/17/hospital-odyssey- gwyneth-lewis-poetry, accessed 18 December 2012. 3. Hitchens, p. 7. 4. Hitchens, p. 91. 5. In Edson’s W;t, during her extremely harsh course of chemotherapy, Vivian observes that ‘I am not in isolation because I have cancer, because I have a tumor the size of a grapefruit. No. I am in isolation because I am being treated for cancer. My treatment imperils my health’ (Edson, p. 47). 6. Lakoff and Johnson, p. 5. 7. Peggy Phelan, Unmarked: The Politics of Performance (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 150. 8. Lakoff and Johnson, pp. 211–12. 9. The confrontation metaphor is inaccurate on three levels: in its severity (cancer is more powerful than a fight, less immediately lethal than a battle); in its falsity (cancer treatment is not purely active); and in its restriction of independent thinking. While it declares an attempt to constrain the disease, the battle metaphor only constrains the imaginative will. 10. Stacey, pp. 63–4. 11. Martha Stoddard Holmes, ‘After Sontag: Reclaiming Metaphor’, Genre, vol. 44, no. 3 (2011), p. 270. 12. Gwyneth Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey (Newcastle: Bloodaxe, 2010), p. 8. 13. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 13. 14. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 10. 15. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 8. 16. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 15. 17. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 16. 18. Cynthia Haven, ‘Welsh Poet at Stanford: Small Languages Make a Big Difference’, Stanford Report (7 January 2010), http://news.stanford. edu/news/2010/january4/gwyneth-lewis-qanda-010810.html, accessed 18 December 2012. 19. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 18. 20. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 23. 218 Notes and References

21. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 30. 22. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 35. 23. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 37. 24. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 56. 25. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 44. 26. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 68. 27. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 81. 28. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 84. 29. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 88. 30. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 90. 31. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, pp. 93–4. 32. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 99. 33. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 102. 34. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 104. 35. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 106. 36. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 119. 37. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 131. 38. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 124. 39. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 139. 40. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 130. 41. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 140. 42. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, pp. 145–6. 43. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 146. 44. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 150. 45. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 152, p. 155. 46. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 155. 47. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 156. 48. Lewis, A Hospital Odyssey, p. 117. 49. At the time of writing, Professor Claire Lewis at the University of Sheffield was heading a team working on this research. Claire E. Lewis et al., ‘Macrophage Delivery of an Oncolytic Virus Abolishes Tumor Regrowth and Metastasis After Chemotherapy or Irradiation’, Cancer Research, vol. 73, no. 2 (2013), pp. 490–5. Published online 20 November 2012, http://cancerres. aacrjournals.org/content/early/2012/11/21/0008-5472.CAN-12-3056 50. Tests had been successful with prostate cancer in mice, with the possibility of human trials in 2013 (James Gallagher, ‘Trojan-horse therapy “completely eliminates” cancer in mice’, BBC News (21 December 2012), http://www.bbc. co.uk/news/health-20795977, accessed 21 December 2012). 51. Thomas, review of A Hospital Odyssey. 52. Tony Harrison, Laureate’s Block and Other Poems (London: Penguin, 2000), p. 36. 53. Harrison, p. 37. 54. At the time Harrison was writing the poem, Marimastat was being clinically trialled. It performed badly, so its development was discontinued. 55. Harrison, p. 38. 56. Harrison, pp. 39–40. 57. Harrison, p. 41. 58. Harrison, p. 43. Notes and References 219

59. Jacques Derrida, Memoires: for Paul de Man, rev. edn, trans. Cecile Lindsay, Jonathan Culler, Eduardo Cadava and Peggy Kamuf (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), p. 29. 60. Harrison, pp. 43–4. 61. Harrison, p. 44. 62. The cover of the 1994 Farrar, Straus & Giroux paperback edition of The Annals of Chile showed a series of potato prints Muldoon had made. 63. Donne, p. 59. Muldoon quoted this poem in ‘Sillyhow Stride’, his elegy for Warren Zevon, in Horse Latitudes. 64. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 13. 65. Muldoon, ‘The Point of Poetry’, Princeton University Library Chronicle, vol. 59, no. 3 (1998), pp. 503–16, at p. 505. 66. ‘The Art of Poetry No. 87’, interview with James S. F. Wilson, Paris Review, no. 169 (2004), http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/30/the-art-of-poetry- no-87-paul-muldoon, accessed 18 December 2012. 67. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 20. 68. Muldoon has described being not so much the person by whom a poem was written, but ‘the person through whom a poem was written’ (Muldoon, Poems 1968–1998, p. xv). 69. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, p. 20. 70. Muldoon, The Annals of Chile, pp. 27–8. 71. W. B. Yeats, letter to Olivia Shakespear (October 1927), The Letters of W. B. Yeats, ed. Allan Wade (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1954), p. 730. 72. Paul Muldoon, Maggot (London: Faber & Faber, 2010), p. 27. 73. Unprotected vaginal sex and unprotected anal sex involve the risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission, a virus that can cause cancers, including cervical, vaginal and anal cancer. 74. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 29. 75. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 32. 76. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 33. 77. Jefferson Holdridge, ‘Festering Ideas: Paul Muldoon’s Maggot’, Irish Studies Review, vol. 19, no. 3 (2011), pp. 341–51, at p. 343. 78. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 81. 79. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 82. 80. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 84. 81. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 85. 82. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 18. 83. Niall Mac Coitir, Ireland’s Animals: Myths, Legends & Folklore (Wilton: The Collins Press, 2010), p. 157. The brown hare was introduced from Britain, where it was introduced from mainland Europe, where it was introduced from the Middle East and Asia. 84. At the time of writing, hare coursing is legal in Ireland, but suspended in Northern Ireland, in the interest of conservation. 85. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 19. 86. Sigmund Freud’s phrase for this phenomenon in Civilization and Its Discontents (1930) is ‘the narcissism of minor differences’ (The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, vol. XXI, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Vintage, 2001), p. 114). Freud used the term in his earlier 220 Notes and References

works ‘The Taboo of Virginity’ (1918) and Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921) (Standard Edition, vol. XI, p. 199, and vol. XVIII, p. 101). 87. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 21. 88. Thornycroft’s statue was commissioned by a German, Prince Albert. 89. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 22. 90. In all the ‘never’s, for instance, there is possibly an ironic overtone of Ian Paisley’s speech rejecting the Anglo-Irish Agreement signed by Margaret Thatcher and Garret FitzGerald on 15 November 1985. Unionists opposed the Agreement because it gave the Republic a role in the governing of Northern Ireland. On 23 November 1985, at a mass rally outside Belfast City Hall, the DUP leader asked, ‘Where do the terrorists operate from? From the Irish Republic! That’s where they come from! Where do the terrorists return to for sanctuary? To the Irish Republic! And yet Mrs Thatcher tells us that that Republic must have some say in our Province. We say never, never, never, never!’ 91. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 20. 92. Auden, p. 89. 93. Auden, p. 97.

8 Remission

1. Muldoon, Maggot, p. 19. 2. I am grateful to Matthew Campbell for spotting this pattern. 3. Redmond, ‘Interview with Paul Muldoon’, p. 4. 4. Jamie, Sightlines, p. 32. 5. Jamie, p. 30. 6. Jamie, p. 31. 7. Brigid Collins and Kathleen Jamie, Frissure (Edinburgh: Polygon, 2013), p. vi. 8. Robert Burns, Selected Poems, ed. Don Paterson (London: Faber & Faber, 2001), p. 80. 9. Collins and Jamie, p. 4. 10. Collins and Jamie, p. 7. 11. Collins and Jamie, p. 31. 12. In ‘Life Boat’, the Irish poet Dorothy Molloy imagines her skull as an ark full of cancerous, mythical beasts trying to kill her; on top of Ararat, she can do nothing but wait for the waters to relent – ‘For forty days or weeks or months or years’ – until she can be led out of the vessel, to ‘a spirit-lamp, safe passage to the cedar-groves of Lebanon’ (Dorothy Molloy, Gethsemane Day (London: Faber & Faber, 2006), pp. 47–8). The poem holds to a frail hope of recovery, among the strong cedars, north of the Garden of Gethsemane and the inevi- table sacrifice alluded to in the collection’s title. Dorothy Molloy died of liver cancer in 2004. 13. Martin Malone, ‘Like I Was Your Girlfriend’, Magma, vol. 56 (2013), p. 44. 14. Ciaran Carson, On the Night Watch (Winston-Salem: Wake Forest University Press, 2010), p. 109. 15. Carson, On the Night Watch, p. 124. 16. Carson, Until Before After (Oldcastle: The Gallery Press, 2010), p. 82. 17. Carson, Until Before After, p. 21. Notes and References 221

18. ‘Leaning into’, ‘We see’ and ‘The more’ (Carson, Until Before After, p. 20, p. 21, p. 40). 19. ‘The calculus’, ‘Repeatedly’, ‘So is’, ‘Is abacus’, ‘What is’, ‘So far’, and ‘What is’ (Carson, Until Before After, p. 23, p. 25, p. 83, p. 100, p. 101, p. 113, p. 114). 20. ‘Repeatedly’, ‘Not until’, ‘When it struck’, ‘As if’, ‘Some’, ‘One cannot’, ‘I looked through’ and ‘That I might know’ (Carson, Until Before After, p. 25, p. 36, p. 56, p. 60, p. 78, p. 95, p. 99, p. 111). 21. ‘So it is’, ‘The hinge’, ‘The hinge as hinges’, ‘At death’s door’, ‘Backtracking on’, ‘Through swing’ and ‘I open the door’ (Carson, Until Before After, p. 14, p. 31, p. 32, p. 35, p. 67, p. 94, p. 119). 22. ‘What does it say’, ‘But open’, ‘It’s one of those’, ‘The next tune’, ‘The turn’, ‘The tune’, ‘Teaching me it’, ‘Year after year’ and ‘You only’ (Carson, Until Before After, p. 68, p. 69, p. 105, p. 109, p. 115, p. 116, p. 117, p. 118, p. 118). 23. Carson, Until Before After, p. 25. 24. Carson, Until Before After, p. 46. 25. Carson, Until Before After, p. 73. 26. Carson, Until Before After, p. 75. 27. Carson, Until Before After, p. 88. 28. Carson, Until Before After, p. 117. 29. Carson, Until Before After, p. 119. 30. Jamie, p. 21. 31. Larkin, p. 208.

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Acker, Kathy 98 Until Before After 194–8 Adcock, Fleur 23–5 ‘Centimetres’ 196 adrenal cortical cancer 110 ‘Homecoming’ 196 AIDS 15, 93 ‘I open the door’ 197–8 apoptosis 8, 32, 200n, 206n ‘In the Book of Nod’ 195 Armantrout, Rae 102, 109–15, 122 ‘In the lift’ 196 ‘A cancer patient addresses doctors’ ‘Repeatedly’ 195–6 109–12 ‘Teaching me it’ 196–7 Versed 109–15 ‘They said’ 196 ‘Apartment’ 114–15 ‘We see’ 195 ‘Fact’ 115, 122 Cassius Dio 186 ‘Later’ 110–11 chemotherapy 7–9, 11, 13, 41, 64, ‘Own’ 111–12 79, 83–4, 87, 94, 96, 99, 102, ‘Pass’ 113 107, 114, 118, 120, 135, 137, ‘The Racket’ 113–14 143, 148, 160, 164, 169, 171, ‘Together’ 112–13 173–4, 181, 201n, 217n ‘Translation’ 113 Clifton, Lucille 80 Armstrong, Lance 10, 12, 213n Collins, Brigid 191 Arnold, Matthew 3 colorectal cancer 28, 182 Auden, W. H. 17–19, 188 Darling, Julia 16, 81–4, 85, 93, Bahar, Saba 99 100 Beckett, Samuel 177 Apology for Absence 84 Bennett, Arnold 199n ‘Nurses’ 84 Bevan, Aneurin 169 Sudden Collapses in Public Places 81 Bidart, Frank 22–3 ‘A Waiting Room in August’ 82 Blake, William 129 ‘Chemotherapy’ 83 Bor, Robert 13, 209n ‘High Maintenance’ Boyle, Peter 141 81–2 breast cancer 5, 8–9, 10, 14–15, 24, ‘Out of Here’ 83 40, 64–9, 79–100, 102–9, ‘Too Heavy’ 16, 82–3 191–3, 209n, 210n Davison, Peter 21–2 Burns, Robert 192 Dawkins, Richard 212n Dermody, Thomas 210n Campbell, Matthew 220n Derrida, Jacques 58, 62, cancer risk factors 2, 5, 20, 86, 199n, 174 200n, 219n Desmarais, Jane 13 carcinogenesis 5–6, 20, 86, 200n Diamond, John 16–17 Carroll, Lewis 154–6 Dickey, James 20 Carson, Ciaran 194–8 Dickinson, Emily 110, 212n On the Night Watch 194 Diedrich, Lisa 10 ‘Behind the Screen’ 194 Donne, John 157, 175, 219n ‘On Looking Through’ 194 Donoghue, Denis 16

228 Index 229

Dunn, Douglas 27–8, 47–53, 146 ‘“A Beard for a Blue Pantry”’ 30, 35 Elegies 27, 47, 52, 146 ‘Air Shatters in the Car’s Small ‘A Summer Night’ 52–3 Room’ 31–2 ‘Anniversaries’ 51–2, 146 ‘Her Long Illness’ 29–30, 35 ‘Arrangements’ 49 ‘Last Days’ 32 ‘At the Edge of a Birchwood’ 49–51 ‘Letter at Christmas’ 33 ‘Birch Room’ 49 ‘Letter in Autumn’ 34–5 ‘Creatures’ 48–50 ‘Letter in the New Year’ 33 ‘December’ 49 ‘Midsummer Letter’ 32–3 ‘Home Again’ 50–1 ‘Postcard: January 22nd’ 34 ‘Leaving Dundee’ 52 ‘The Porcelain Couple’ 31 ‘Reading Pascal in the Lowlands’ ‘Weeds and Peonies’ 35, 45 49–50, 217n Hanahan, Douglas 6, 200n ‘Second Opinion’ 48–9 Hardy, Thomas 37 ‘The Butterfly House’ 48, 50–1 Harrison, Tony 172–5, 182, 188, 218n dyskaryosis 7 Laureate’s Block and Other Poems 172 ‘Four Poems for Jonathan Silver eclogue 54–6, 126, 129–30 in His Sickness’ 172–5 Edson, Margaret 124–5, 202n, 217n Hartman, Stephanie 97 Ehrenreich, Barbara 8–9, 15–16 Heaney, Seamus 145 Empson, William 34 Hitchens, Christopher 16–17, 124, Eriksen, Carina 209n 143, 163–4, 205n, 206n Hodgins, Philip 124–5, 130–43, 213n Franks, Leonard M. 4, 6, 8 Animal Warmth 137, 143 Freud, Sigmund 32–3, 54–6, 204n, Blood and Bone 130, 132, 135 219n, 220n ‘A Bit of Bitterness’ 132 Fussell, Paul 95 ‘Apologies’ 132 ‘Catharsis’ 138–9 Gilbert, Sandra M. 145 ‘Death Who’ 124, 133–4 Ginsberg, Allen 216n ‘Ich Bin Allein’ 134–5 Goldie, Lawrence 13 ‘Leaving Hospital’ 133 ‘Question Time’ 140 Hacker, Marilyn 93–100 ‘Room I Ward 10 West 12/11/83’ ‘Journal Entries’ 94 131–2 Winter Numbers 93–4, 97–8, 100 ‘Room I Ward 10 West 23/11/83’ ‘Against Elegies’ 93–4 132–3 ‘August Journal’ 99–100 ‘The Change’ 141–2 ‘Cancer Winter’ 94–100 ‘Trip Cancelled’ 137 ‘Year’s End’ 94–5 Dispossessed 143 Hall, Donald 11, 28–40, 44–7, 51–2, 203n Down the Lake with Half a Chook 135 The Painted Bed 29, 35–6, 39–40, 45, ‘Leeches’ 136–7, 140 203n ‘The Effect’ 135–6 ‘Affirmation’ 39–40 Things Happen 137, 139–41 ‘Burn the Album’ 38 ‘Blood Connexions’ 138–40 ‘Her Garden’ 37 ‘Cytotoxic Rigor’ 140 ‘Kill the Day’ 36–7 ‘The Sick Poem’ 139–40 ‘The Wish’ 37–8 Up on All Fours 137, 143 Without 29–30, 32, 33, 203n Holdridge, Jefferson 182 230 Index

Holmes, Martha Stoddard 165 The Cancer Journals 84–7, 89 Homer 128, 169, 171 The Marvelous Arithmetics of Distance Horace 37 84, 86–9 ‘Construction’ 88 Ignatieff, Michael 76–7 ‘Hugo I’ 87–8 ‘Restoration: A Memorial – James, Clive 143 9/18/91’ 87–8 James, Nicholas 4–5, 7, 79, 129, 200n ‘Today Is Not the Day’ 88–9 Jamie, Kathleen 190–3, 198, 213n lumpectomy 79–80, 102 Frissure 191–3 lung cancer 4, 10, 101, 200n ‘Pathologies’ 190–1, 213n Jasen, Patricia 125, 150, 216n MacNeice, Louis 126 Johnson, Mark 15, 164 Malone, Martin 193–4 Johnston, Maria 157 Mann, Thomas 199n Jonson, Ben 3 Marcus Aurelius 160, 216n Joyce, James 77, 177 Masefield, John 73, 208n mastectomy 8, 15, 79–80, 84–6, Kavanagh, Patrick 101, 122–3, 211n 89–92, 94–100, 192, 210n ‘Canal Bank Walk’ 122–3 Matthews, Steven 161 ‘Lines Written on a Seat on the McDonald, Peter 152–4 Grand Canal, Dublin’ 101 metastasis 6–7, 10–12, 17, 29, 71–2, ‘The Hospital’ 101, 103 87, 136, 140, 144, 148, Keats, John 3, 51 156–7, 173, 179, 207n, 209n Kennedy, David 59, 94, 98 Milton, John 3, 27–8, 38, 178 King, Henry 11, 34–5 Molloy, Dorothy 220n Knowles, Margaret A. 4, 6, 8 Morgan, Edwin 54–6, 125–30, 213n Kristeva, Julia 12 ‘Gorgo and Beau’ 54–6, 125–30 Kushner, Rose 14, 85 Moryson, Fynes 185–6 Muldoon, Paul 1, 4, 17, 69–74, 77–8, Lacan, Jacques 56 144–62, 172, 175–90, 193, Lain, Sonia 6 198, 207n, 208n, 214n, 215n, Lakoff, George 15, 164 216n Lane, David P. 6 ‘Gathering Mushrooms’ 161 Larkin, Philip 19, 25–6, 198 Horse Latitudes 146, 158, ‘Aubade’, 25–6, 198 161–2, 179 ‘Church Going’ 19 ‘Alba’ 151 ‘Sunny Prestatyn’ 19 ‘Hedge School’ 17, 146, 156–8, leukaemia 29–31, 130–143 182–3 Lewis, Claire 218n ‘Horse Latitudes’ 146–7, Lewis, Gwyneth 163, 166–74, 149–56, 158 182, 188 ‘Baginburn’ 148 A Hospital Odyssey 163, 166–72, 174 ‘Beersheba’ 147 Two in a Boat: A Marital Voyage 166 ‘Beijing’ 147–8 Lifshitz, Leatrice H. 14 ‘Berwick-upon-Tweed’ 147 liver cancer 5, 87–9, 220n ‘Blackwater Fort’ 151–2 Longley, Michael 74–7 ‘Bronkhorstspruit’ 147 ‘In Memoriam’ 74–6 ‘Burma’ 152–3 ‘Wounds’ 76 ‘Sillyhow Stride’ 1, 4, 146, 161–2, Lorde, Audre 15, 84–9, 93–4, 96, 219n 98, 100 ‘Turkey Buzzards’ 146, 158–61 Index 231

Maggot 179, 182–3 Ostriker, Alicia Suskin 89–93, 96, ‘A Hare at Aldergrove’ 183–90 100, 210n ‘Balls’ 179, 182–3 ‘Scenes from a Mastectomy’ 210n ‘Moryson’s Fancy’ 185–7 The Crack in Everything 89 ‘When the Pie Was Opened’ ‘The Mastectomy Poems’ 89, 96 179–82 ‘Healing’ 92 ‘Profumo’ 73 ‘Mastectomy’ 90–1 ‘7, Middagh Street’ 73 ‘Normal’ 91 The Annals of Chile 144, 147, ‘Riddle: Post-Op’ 90 175, 219n ‘What Was Lost’ 89–90 ‘César Vallejo: Testimony’ 72, ‘Wintering’ 91–2 208n ‘The Bridge’ 89, 92 ‘Incantata’ 17, 72–3, 144–5, 147, ovarian cancer 11, 70–1, 124–5, 150, 151, 161, 175–9, 188, 208n, 158–60, 207n, 216n 214n, 215n, 219n Owen, Wilfred 3–4, 17 ‘Yarrow’ 69–74, 77–8, 144–5, 172, 208n Paisley, Ian 220n ‘The Goose’ 148–9, 184 pastoral elegy 27, 29–30, 33–5, 45–6, ‘The Point of Poetry’ 176 49–50, 56, 66, 142, 145, 178 ‘The Sightseers’ 144 Patterson, James T. 64 Müller, Johannes 4 Pecorino, Lauren 5–6, 8, 199n, 200n Phelan, Peggy 164 National Cancer Act 7 Picardie, Ruth 10, 16 National Cancer Institute 7 Plath, Sylvia 55, 57–8, 61, 68, 203n, 207n Olds, Sharon 57–65, 69, 77 Potter, Dennis 17 The Father 57–64 Powers, Mary Farl 72, 144, 151, 175 ‘Beyond Harm’ 62 Priestman, Terry 201n ‘Death and Morality’ 59–60, prostate cancer 5, 8, 125, 130 62 ‘Death and Murder’ 57 radiotherapy 7–9, 11, 13, 23, 79, 102, ‘His Smell’ 60 118, 143, 169, 171, 181, 201n ‘His Terror’ 59 Ramazani, Jahan 145, 204n ‘I Wanted to Be There When My Raz, Hilda 79–81 Father Died’ 58, 63 Read, Cathy 79 ‘Last Acts’ 62 Reading, Peter 163 ‘My Father Speaks to Me from the Reid, Christopher 21, 28, 40–7, 50, Dead’ 63–4 52, 108–9, 205n ‘Nullipara’ 58–9, 62 A Scattering 21, 40–1, 46 ‘One Year’ 62–3 ‘A Reasonable Thing to Ask’ 44 ‘The Dead Body’ 57 ‘A Scattering’ 43 ‘The Exact Moment of ‘A Widower’s Dozen’ 43 His Death’ 60 ‘Afterlife’ 46 ‘The Feelings’ 60–1 ‘An Italian Market’ 45–6 ‘The Look’ 60 ‘Flowers in Wrong Weather’ 45, ‘The Waiting’ 57–8 205n ‘To My Father’ 58 ‘Lucinda’s Way’ 46 ‘Waste Sonata’ 58 ‘Soul’ 44 ‘What Shocked Me When My ‘The Flowers of Crete’ 40–2 Father Died’ 61–2 ‘The Unfinished’ 42–3 232 Index

Reid, Christopher – continued Stapelkamp, Ceilidh 13, 209n The Song of Lunch 108–9 stem cells 8, 168–72 Rich, Adrienne 86 Rilke, Rainer Maria 141 Táin Bó Cúailnge 180 T-cells 8, 168 Sacks, Peter M. 56, 206n, 213n Tennyson, Alfred 3, 28, 34, 122, 145, Scarry, Elaine 141–2 174, 203n, 204–5n, 206n Schweizer, Harold 60 testicular cancer 10, 80, 183 Scotting, Paul 199n, 200n Thomas, M. Wynn 163, 172 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky 80–1 Thompson, Phyllis Hoge 14 Senn, Werner 134, 140 Thornycroft, Thomas 186 Sexton, Anne 56–7, 64–9, 77, 93 Tolstoy, Lev Nikolayevich 199n ‘Dreaming the Breasts’ 68–9 Tomlinson, Jane 10 ‘The Division of Parts’ 66–7 total body irradiation 34, 204n ‘The Double Image’ 64–5, 93 ‘Trojan Horse’ treatment 8, 172 ‘The Operation’ 67–8 uterine cancer 71, 207n Shakespeare, William 216n Shapcott, Jo 101–10, 113, 122 Varmus, Harold 11 Of Mutability 101–9 Virgil 119, 126–7 ‘Deft’ 105 ‘Era’ 104 Weinberg, Robert A. 6, 11, 200n ‘Hairless’ 106 Wharton, Edith 199n ‘La Serenissima’ 104–5 Wiman, Christian 102, 115–22 ‘Of Mutability’ 103 Every Riven Thing 116 ‘Piss Flower’ 109 ‘After the Diagnosis’ 116–17, 120 ‘Procedure’ 108 ‘Darkcharms’ 119–20 ‘Scorpion’ 106–7 ‘The Mole’ 117–18 ‘Shrubbery’ 107 ‘When the Time’s Toxins’ 120–1 ‘Stargazer’ 107–8 ‘Gazing into the Abyss’ 115–16, ‘The Oval Pool’ 105–6 118–19 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 3, 88 Woolf, Virginia 103–4, 108, 141 skin cancer 5 Wordsworth, William 151 Sontag, Susan 13–16, 134–6, 149–50, 153–4, 158, 216n Xenophon 152 ‘AIDS and Its Metaphors’ 149 ‘Illness as Metaphor’ 13–16, 134–6, Yeats, W. B. 106, 124–5, 179, 206n, 211n 149–50, 154, 158 Yolen, Jane 23 Spargo, R. Clifton 38 Stacey, Jackie 9–11, 17, 165, 213n Zeiger, Melissa F. 61, 65