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Arts-Based Educational Research in the Early Years International Research in Early Childhood Education Vol. 6, No. 1, 2015, page 62 Arts-based educational research in the early years Georgina Barton Griffith University, Australia Abstract This paper will explore arts-based educational research (ABER) as an effective and appropriate research method in the early years. It has been noted that the arts play an increasingly important role in the development of the child (Boone, 2008; Twigg, 2011a, 2011b; Twigg & Garvis, 2010; Wright, 2012). In fact McArdle and Wright (2014) call the arts children’s first literacies. Research with young children can often be difficult given that they are often still developing their skills in communicating through language, whether oral or written. Other modes such as visual image through drawing, or audio through song, are innate skills that young children can use to communicate effectively. This paper will report on a number of projects that have used arts-based educational research methods with young children. It shows how much research, in the past, has often treated children as inferior participants, or in need of adult confirmation, whereas arts-based methods can be powerful platforms for research with children that gives children more of a voice in the research process. Keywords: arts-based educational research (ABER); early years; development; multimodality Introduction Much research identifies the importance and benefits of the arts in young children’s lives (Ewing, 2010; Twigg & Garvis, 2010; Twigg, 2011a, 2011b; Wright, 2012). According to Eisner (1972) “artistic learning and aesthetic experience are among the most sophisticated aspects of human action and feeling” (p. 1). It has also been noted that the arts play a vital role in the development of the child. Before children learn to read and write they draw, sing and dance (Kress, 1997). In fact McArdle and Wright (2014) believe that the arts are children’s first literacies. Kress (1997) highlights how certain paths to literacy involve ways in which children make meaning; real or imagined. The means by which children make sense of the world around them, according to Kress, is the precursor to reading. This is often conveyed through signs and symbols including drawings. Wright’s (2010, 2012) work similarly explores how young children make meaning through symbol. The arts support the development of a child through a number of modes including visual, aural, language and movement or gestural. It is important to consider then, how these modes of learning and development can be used as effective research methods in an early years’ context. Coad (2007) comments that more and more research in professional fields such as health and science are tending to include consultation with children or young people. In the area of education, much research concerns children in the early years. It would therefore make sense that the arts are somehow involved in any research that is conducted with young children. Coad (2007) continues to explain that key researchers of children such as Bruner (1990), Vygotsky (1978) and Gardner (1991) have all implemented arts-based techniques when working with children. Another example is that of the Reggio Emilia approach as it “presents a particular model of learning which promotes the expressive arts as tools for developing children’s thinking” (Coad, 2007, p. 488). This paper argues that research involving children and young people is more effective if they are required to express their ideas and feelings via arts-based methods. As the arts are integral to child development and can provide a vehicle for ISSN 1838-0689 online Copyright © 2010 Monash University www.education.monash.edu.au/irecejournal/ International Research in Early Childhood Education Vol. 6, No. 1, 2015, page 63 children to express critical and deep thinking, research using arts-based methods can offer potentially profound outcomes that expression through language alone may not. The paper will also explore a number of examples where arts-based research methods are used in working with children. Benefits and intrinsic nature of the arts in the early years The arts have always been an integral part of early learning (McArdle & Wright, 2014). Ardent supporters of the arts in the early years often offer up that it is as an important, if not critical building block, in early childhood development (Edwards, 2002; Wright, 2012). There appears to be on the other hand a tendency to downplay the perceived value and role of arts in contributing to early childhood development beyond some minor influence on engaging young learners when they’re not learning ‘more formal’ curriculum content such as experienced on standardised tests (Barton, Baguley & MacDonald, 2013). There is however a growing body of evidence amassed over the last decade pointing to specific benefits for early learners which stretch beyond the mere practice of art making for art’s sake - a ‘fun thing to do’. Arts learning and practices from dance, drama, music, and visual art in early childhood have been shown to influence achievement of identified learning outcomes as well as enabling behaviours and attitudes which support later learning (Eisner, 2002; Gardner, 1980). These beneficial influences include: • Physical development through hand-eye coordination and fine-motor skills acquisition and refinement • Social interaction through experiences of sharing resources, assuming different roles in the art making process, and helping others, differentiating one’s work from others, questioning, considering, evaluating and appreciating the work of others • Cognitive development through arts specific language use, exploring and connecting concepts and objects to symbols, making choices over subject matter, different media, materials, and methods to produce art • Expressive qualities including the ability to communicate concepts and ideas young learners may not have language to describe sufficiently but experience nonetheless • Imagination, creativity and experimentation through trialling techniques, methods and materials and sequencing them in ways meaningful to the early learner, as well as linking one’s own behaviours and actions with creative results and • Problem solving skills which are often embedded in arts education such as producing a play, working out what colours or medium to use in visual arts, or deciding what sounds work together in a performance (Kindler, 1997; Lowenfeld & Brittain, 1970; Mace, 1997). Without access to arts-based learning children are at risk of receiving an education that is not holistic in learning, that is cognisant of diverse learning styles and approaches; what some call a deficit education (Barton et. al. 2013; Ewing, 2010; Weiss, 1993). Ewing (2010) for example believes that the arts have the potential to transform “learning in formal educational contexts, and ensure that the curriculum engages and has relevance for all children” (p.1). In the early years learning in, through and of the arts is particularly important given the ways in which children understand and make meaning of the world around them. This is often achieved through the use of signs and symbols and via multiple modes of representation. Without quality and regular access to arts-based learning opportunities children will be less able to attain the skills listed above. Sinclair, Jeanneret and O’Toole (2010) highlight the integral aspect of early learning through play, ISSN 1838-0689 online Copyright © 2010 Monash University www.education.monash.edu.au/irecejournal/ International Research in Early Childhood Education Vol. 6, No. 1, 2015, page 64 creativity and imagination. It would therefore seem appropriate to consider ways in which to research with children that value arts-based practices. The next section of the paper will explore the research method – arts-based educational research or ABER. Arts based educational research and its application in early year’s settings What is ABER? Arts based educational research or arts-based research1 has been an accepted method of research in educational settings since its inception in the early 1990s by Elliot Eisner. This was developed further with Tom Barone. According to Barone and Eisner (2012) ABER accepts that meaning can be represented in multiple ways, not just discursive. Eisner (1991) explains that ABER allows the use of resources that are not just text such as visual images, music and dance, poetry and literature. These resources, he argues, allow children to grasp what cannot be revealed in text alone. According to Barone and Eisner (2012) ABER explores: “the potentialities of an approach to representation that is rooted in aesthetic considerations and that, when it is at its best, culminates in the creation of something close to a work of art” (p. 1). Barone (2008) further explains that ABER is not just a substitution for quantitative research or other forms of qualitative research but rather a method that extends researchers’ perspectives. (Barone, 2008). ABER can be integrated with other qualitative methods however, including narrative inquiry, a/r/tography, ethnography, participatory research and so forth. Leavy (2009) explains that ABER can be used to disrupt and extend the qualitative research paradigm as they can ‘unsettle’ a lot of assumptions about what constitute knowledge as well as research (p. 9). Leavy provides a comprehensive definition of this practice: “AB[E]R practices are a set of methodological tools used by qualitative researchers across the disciplines during all phases of
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