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Análise Geomorfológica Da Escarpa Oriental Da Borborema a Partir Da Aplicação De Métodos Morfométricos E Análises Estruturais

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Análise Geomorfológica Da Escarpa Oriental Da Borborema a Partir Da Aplicação De Métodos Morfométricos E Análises Estruturais UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO - UFPE DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS GEOGRÁFICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GEOGRAFIA - PPGEO KLEYTHON DE ARAUJO MONTEIRO ANÁLISE GEOMORFOLÓGICA DA ESCARPA ORIENTAL DA BORBOREMA A PARTIR DA APLICAÇÃO DE MÉTODOS MORFOMÉTRICOS E ANÁLISES ESTRUTURAIS Recife 2015 KLEYTHON DE ARAUJO MONTEIRO ANÁLISE GEOMORFOLÓGICA DA ESCARPA ORIENTAL DA BORBOREMA A PARTIR DA APLICAÇÃO DE MÉTODOS MORFOMÉTRICOS E ANÁLISES ESTRUTURAIS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco para obtenção do título de Doutor em Geografia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos de Barros Correa Recife 2015 Catalogação na fonte Bibliotecária Maria do Carmo de Paiva, CRB-4 1291 M775a Monteiro, Kleython de Araújo. Análise geomorfológica da escarpa oriental da Borborema a partir da aplicação de métodos morfométricos e análises estruturais / Kleython de Araújo Monteiro. – 2015. 222 f. : il. ; 30 cm. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos de Barros Correa. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, CFCH. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Recife, 2015. Inclui referências. 1. Geografia. 2. Geomorfologia. 3. Relevo (Geografia). 4. Borborema, Planalto da. I. Correa, Antonio Carlos de Barros (Orientador). II. Título. 910 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE (BCFCH2016-19) KLEYTHON DE ARAUJO MONTEIRO ANÁLISE GEOMORFOLÓGICA DA ESCARPA ORIENTAL DA BORBOREMA A PARTIR DA APLICAÇÃO DE MÉTODOS MORFOMÉTRICOS E ANÁLISES ESTRUTURAIS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco para obtenção do título de Doutor em Geografia. Aprovada em: 28/01/2015 BANCA EXAMINADORA Orientador ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos de Barros Correa (UFPE) 1º Examinador _____________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Archimedes Perez Filho (UNICAMP) 2º Examinador _____________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Silvana Quintella Cavalcanti Calheiros (UFAL) 3º Examinador _____________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Demétrio da Silva Mutzenberg (UFPE) 4º Examinador _____________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Osvaldo Girão (UFPE) Aos meus pais, João Maciel Monteiro Neto e Alvanise de Araujo Monteiro, os tesouros da minha vida, a quem devo tudo. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao meu Deus, o Deus de meus pais, em primeiro lugar, por todas as oportunidades que ele permitiu que eu tivesse, todos os caminhos que ele permitiu que eu traçasse sem deixar vacilar os meus pés nem enfraquecer minha fé. E por tudo aquilo que ele fez, faz, e ainda irá fazer em minha vida. Agradeço a minha família, meus pais, meu irmão e também todos que não compartilho o sangue, percebendo que isto é um mero detalhe quando se entende que o amor fraternal não necessariamente possui o mesmo sangue. Ao meu orientador, Professor Doutor Antonio Carlos de Barros Corrêa, por ter sido nos últimos anos mais que um orientador acadêmico, mas um orientador pra vida. Um exemplo a ser seguido. Obrigado por tudo. À banca examinadora. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da UFPE. À CAPES pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado, essencial para a produção desta obra. Aos amigos e companheiros do GEQUA, todos. Em especial aos eternos companheiros de campo, Ana Clara, Bruno e Débora, sem deixar de lado as importantes contribuições de Danielle, Daniel, Diogo e Keyla. Aos Agradinhos, em especial às figuras de Rodrigo e Thiago, pelo suporte recente na elaboração desta obra. À Allana Andrade, por me suportar, acalmar e auxiliar durante a fase final de elaboração desta obra. Sem ela esta obra não estaria pronta à contento. Agradeço a todos que fazem parte da minha vida mas que porventura não foram mencionados neste texto. Obrigado a todos. Kleython de Araujo Monteiro Não a nós, Senhor, nenhuma glória para nós, mas sim ao teu nome, por teu amor e por tua fidelidade! Salmos 115:1 RESUMO A presente tese visa contribuir para o entendimento da evolução das formas de relevo em escala regional, a partir da aplicação de métodos morfométricos e análises morfoestruturais, com vistas a minimizar a subjetividade das classificações e hierarquizações de formas de relevo na área do rebordo oriental do Planalto da Borborema. A pesquisa buscou relacionar as drenagens e a escarpa oriental do Planalto, de modo a obter um indicador morfométrico que estabelecesse, de forma quantitativa, como esta relação se apresenta na paisagem geomorfológica, além de propor limiares numéricos e morfológicos que permitissem delimitar a própria escarpa. A abordagem utilizada levou em consideração o papel dos esforços internos, sob a forma de soerguimento, dos agentes externos, sob a forma dos fluxos fluviais, e da resistência dos materiais sobre os quais os processos atuam. Para atingir estes objetivos uma série de procedimentos foi aplicada, tais como, a extração de lineamentos de relevo; análise dos perfis longitudinais de drenagem; aplicação do Índice de Hack e sua utilização para a identificação de patamares de relevo; delimitação da linha de escarpa; aplicação do índice de sinuosidade de frente de escarpa, visando estabelecer o seu grau de evolução geomórfica e, por fim, a elaboração do Mapa Morfoestrutural da Borda Oriental do Planalto da Borborema. A extração de lineamentos permitiu demonstrar a direção preferencial estabelecida entre E-W e NE-SW, que obedece o direcionamento de grandes zonas cisalhantes, ZCPA e ZCPE, e condiciona não apenas os lineamentos de relevo, mas as drenagens. A aplicação do Índice de Hack (IH), em trechos estabelecidos a cada 25 metros de desnível altimétrico, nas principais drenagens da região demonstrou que nos rios Paraiba, Goiana, Capibaribe, Ipojuca, Sirinhaem, Una e Mundaú foram identificados trechos que possuem valores superiores a 1000 metros. Dentre estes apenas os rios Paraíba, Ipojuca e Una apresentaram valores superiores a 3000 metros de índice, indicando alto valor de gradiente altimétrico. O cálculo dos índices por trecho permitiu a identificação de anomalias que foram interpretadas como rupturas de patamares regionais, e possibilitando a definição da linha de base da Escarpa Oriental do Planalto da Borborema de maneira quantitativa, estabelecendo parâmetros para delimitar a mudança de patamares entre a Escarpa do Planalto e seu Piemonte. O estabelecimento da linha de base permitiu mensurar o índice de sinuosidade para a Escarpa Oriental do Planalto, calculado de três formas diferentes. Quanto aos índices obtidos para toda a linha de escarpa, e mesmo para os setores separados pelas duas principais estruturas cisalhantes regionais, os mesmos não apontaram para a influência de atividades tectônicas ao longo da escarpa. Entretanto, em escala de detalhe, foi possível identificar setores que apresentam valores indicativos de influência tectônica, ainda que de forma restrita. O Mapa Morfoestrutural permitiu a identificação de setores de cimeira e escarpa com maior resistência à ação das forças erosivas, localizados próximos às zonas cisalhantes regionais. Enquanto distantes destas estruturas, a ação erosiva se intensifica, consumindo as cimeiras do planalto e expandindo a escarpa. Palavras-Chave: Planalto da Borborema. Índices Morfométricos. Morfoestruturas; Nordeste Oriental. ABSTRACT The following thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of landforms evolution in a regional scale, based on the application of morphometric methods and morphostructural analysis, in order to minimize the level of subjectivity of landforms classification and hierarchy schemes applied to the eastern escarpment of the Borborema highlands. The research sought to relate the drainage network to the eastern escarpment of the Highlands, as to obtain a morphometric index, quantitatively defined, of how this relationship expresses itself on the geomorphological landscape, as well as to propose numeric and morphological thresholds that enable the delimitation of the escarpment itself.The proposed approach took into account the role of internal forces, in the shape of terrain uplifting, external processes; represented by the fluvial network, and the resistance of materials upon which the processes operate. In order to achieve those aims a sequence of procedures was applied, such as relief lineaments extraction; drainage longitudinal profile analysis; application of the Hack index and its use on the identification of landform step-like units; delimitation of the escarpment line; application of the escarpment front sinuosity index, aiming at establishing its level of geomorphological evolution, and, finally, the construction of the Morphostructural map of the eastern margin of the Borborema Highlands. The extraction of lineaments led to the identification of the main regional structural trends, as being E-W e NE-SW, which accompany the trends of the main shear zones that cut through the region, thus conditioning not only relief lineaments but also the drainage. The application of the Hack Index (HI), to 25 meters contour intervals, along the main drainage lines of the region revealed that on the Paraiba, Goiana, Capibaribe, Ipojuca, Sirinhaem, UnaandMundaú riverssome sectors display values in excess of 1000 meters. Among those, only the Paraíba, Ipojuca and Una rivers presented values above3000 meters, indicating a high index of topographic gradient. The calculation of the index by individual sectors revealed the occurrence of anomalies that were interpreted as step- like regional gradient breaks, enabling the definition of the baseline
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