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00 Title Page God, War, and Politics: The American Military Chaplaincy and the Making of a Multireligious Nation by Ronit Yael Stahl A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Deborah Dash Moore, Chair Professor Susan Juster Associate Professor Matthew Lassiter Professor William Novak © Ronit Yael Stahl 2014 In memory of my father Richard J. Stahl To my mother Sharyn W. Stahl ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several years ago I emailed a scholar to ask him to comment on a conference panel. While he couldn’t oblige, he asked about my research and wanted to know with whom I worked at Michigan. When I told him, he deadpanned, “What, couldn't find any heavyweights to serve on your committee?” I have been incredibly lucky to work with brilliant scholars who are also unfailingly wise, generous, and thoughtful. Deborah Dash Moore is an extraordinary advisor. She mentors instinctively, taking every possible opportunity to teach, explain, model, and reflect how to be an engaged and sharp scholar. She is meticulously attentive to detail, open to rethinking ideas, and devoted to tackling projects ambitiously and elegantly, and I am honored to be her student. Matt Lassiter has always taken seriously my claims about the importance of religion in modern American life and pushed me to refine my ideas to reach the broadest possible audience. I’ve benefitted tremendously from his deep thinking about how to mentor and train graduate students—including his dedication to creating spaces to meet relevant scholars, workshop chapters, and hone teaching skills. Sue Juster waded into the twentieth century with me and has offered unflinching support, asked potent questions, and provided incisive comments. Bill Novak exudes joy in the life of the mind and has made discussions of intellectual challenges bracing and fun. The University of Michigan has been an invigorating and nurturing place to pursue graduate work. In addition to my committee, Howard Brick, Kathleen Canning, Josh Cole, Matthew Countryman, Todd Endelman, Karla Goldman, Mary Kelley, Julian Levinson, Anita Norich, Rachel Neis, and Marty Pernick encouraged my work at various points along the way. Leslie Pincus’ iii dissertation seminar not only launched the first three chapters, but also helped me figure out how to write a dissertation. Without such a wonderful, compassionate, and devoted staff, graduate school would be far more difficult. In Judaic Studies, Stacy Eckert has handled financial and logistical minutiae easily and smoothly. In history, Lorna Alstetter, Diana Denney, Kathleen King, and Greg Parker are tireless in their support of graduate students, and their expertise and kindness unmatched. Graduate school peers quickly turned into colleagues and friends, and for that I am truly grateful. Above all, Katie Rosenblatt has been a selfless pillar of support, a sage confidante, a fearless thinker, and the best of friends. I have been lucky to live with Marie Stango for five years, and her camaraderie extends beyond intellectual exchange to fashion advice, Thai food dinners, and clever commentary. When I met Nora Krinitsky, I had a feeling we shared more than academic interests; devising grand administrative plans while savoring her delicious cooking has been a treat. Kara French, Suzi Linsley, and Elspeth Martini paved the way, serving as inspiring mentors as well as fantastic friends. Many thanks to Rabia Belt, Joe Cialdella, Laura Ferguson, Aston Gonzalez, Sophie Hunt, Trevor Kilgore, Sara Lampert, Austin McCoy, and Kate Silbert for reading different pieces of the dissertation. Many others have provided support and lively conversation, including Millington Bergeson-Lockwood, Gene Cassidy, Scott de Orio, Josh Friedman, Krista Goff, Sarah Hamilton, Alice Mishkin, Josh Mound, Angie Parker, Patrick Parker, Ben Pollack, Lissy Reiman, Anthony Ross, David Schlitt, Colleen Woods, and Cookie Woolner. My path to the Ph.D. has been somewhat winding, but I’ve discovered many wonderful teachers along the way. My first exposure to the delights of thinking like a historian came in high school, under the watchful eye and careful tutelage of Carole S. Powers. There, too, K. Gill Cook and Susan Zuckerman taught me how to write, while Marilyn Davis and Laura Jacobs reinforced the value of persistence and hard work. At Williams College, Regina Kunzel, Karen Merrill, and Frank Oakley all pushed me to seek out good stories, pursue unusual lines of thinking, and ask hard iv questions. At Stanford University’s School of Education, David Labaree promoted sharp writing and Larry Cuban reminded me why I love history. A brief stop at the University of Wisconsin gave me the chance to learn from Charles L. Cohen, Jennifer Ratner-Rosenhagen, and Bill Reese. Research and writing requires money as well as time, and for generous financial support that enabled this project, I am grateful to the Department of History, the Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, the Eisenberg Institute for Historical Studies, and the Rackham Graduate School at the University of Michigan. A Charlotte W. Newcombe Dissertation Fellowship gave me a full year to focus on and sharpen my thinking about the dissertation. Grants from the American Jewish Archives, the Eisenhower Presidential Library, the Feinstein Center for American Jewish History at Temple University, the Mary Baker Eddy Library, and the Truman Presidential Library enabled me to do extensive archival work. Along the way, friends and family housed and fed me. For this hospitality, thank you Emily and Leslie Atwood, Dara Cohen and Barry Wohl, Amanda Hendrix- Komoto, Sarah Kummerfeld and Matt Pellow, Jonathan Lerner, Jessica Ohly, Tamar Rabinowitz, Jonathan Stahl, and Rebecca Stoil-Shimoni. Archivists and research librarians made traveling to many archives in many states pleasant and productive. At the University of Michigan, Sigrid Cordell and Alexa Pearce found and acquired relevant books, databases, and digital collections for me, while the diligent ILL staff processed innumerable requests from me over many years. The staff at the National Archives explained to me how military records work, how to use the War Department’s Decimal Classification System, and alerted me to relevant material over my many months in Washington, DC and College Park, Maryland. Historian John Sherwood at the Naval History and Heritage Command helped me track down key Navy Chaplaincy material, and Chaplain (Ret.) T. Randy Cash welcomed me at Ft. Jackson, where he not only opened the archives but also introduced me to the Navy Chaplain School and a number of insightful Navy chaplains. v Many thanks as well to David Trim, Peter Chiomenti, and Gary Councell at the Adventist Archives; Father Michael Morris at the Archives of the Archdiocese of New York; Kevin Profitt and Dana Herman at the American Jewish Archives; Melanie Meyers at the American Jewish Historical Society; W. John Sheppard at the Catholic University of America Archives; Herb Pankratz at the Eisenhower Presidential Library; Marjorie Bryer at the GLBT Historical Society; Richard McCulley at the Legislative Archives of the National Archives; Kurt Morris at the Mary Baker Eddy Library; Lisa Jacobson at the Presbyterian Historical Society; David Clark at the Truman Presidential Library; Linnea Anderson and Ryan Bean at the Social Welfare Archives at the University of Minnesota; Wendy Chmielewski at the Swarthmore College Peace Collection; and Bob Shuster at the Wheaton College Archives. Ann Arbor friends regularly remind me that there is more to life than school and work. A decade after we graduated from college, Mike Gross, Anna Kneitel, and Jenny Veraldi Brinkmeier landed in Michigan, making the past two years here even more delightful. Members of the Ann Arbor Modern Quilt Guild quickly became friends, transforming solitary creative pursuits into lively communal ones. I followed Mark Axelrod and Marissa Miller from California to the Midwest, and they have provided me with respite in East Lansing whenever I needed it. Many friends have sustained me during the journey to and through graduate school and in life more generally. Dina Danon, Claire Sufrin, and Sivan Zakai trod this path before me and showed me the way. A decade ago, Torie Gorges and I lived together, and there are few people who understand me (or can play the rent-a-partner role) better. From opposite coasts, Joel Creswell and Jenny Meyer blend humor, smarts, and unconditional commitment to friendship regardless of distance. Beth Maer Magden calls regularly, and Rebecca Stoil-Shimoni knows exactly when to be there for me. Family friends, including Ann and Robert Cohen, Elizabeth and Peter Maer and Roberta and Henry Wulf, have known me for decades and have been unflagging in their vi encouragement. Terry Walman and Linda Elliot, Bob Senseney and Vivian Stahl, and Frank and Gene Stahl have checked in too, sometime to ask substantive questions and sometimes to wonder when (always when!) I was going to finish. I have long known that a strong, varied, and diverse community is important, but the events of this year have made community matter even more. I am therefore grateful to all the people, named and unnamed, who have made it possible to push forward amidst the sudden and devastating loss of my father in November 2013. My parents, Sharyn and Richard Stahl, were my first teachers, teaching me how to read, to think, to create, and most importantly, to ask questions. My sister, Danielle Stahl Rummel, and my brother, Jonathan Stahl, have offered enthusiastic encouragement. Even when they had no idea what I was doing or how I spent my time, they supported me in tangible and intangible ways. My mother is, as many have said about their chaplains, “always there.” Her steadfast and unwavering support made this project possible. Finally, my father was always my intellectual interlocutor, especially in matters related to law, politics, and religion.
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