BERKELEY ICELAND HISTORIC RESOURCE EVALUATION

2727 MILVIA STREET BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA [10170]

PREPARED FOR GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER

Page & Turnbull 24 NOVEMBER 2010 imagining change in historic environments through design, research, and technology DRAFT

Historic Resource Evaluation Berkeley Iceland Preliminary Draft – Subject to Revision Berkeley, California

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION...... 1 METHODOLOGY ...... 1 II. SUMMARY OF DETERMINATION...... 2 III. CURRENT HISTORIC STATUS ...... 3 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES ...... 3 CALIFORNIA REGISTER OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES...... 3 CITY OF BERKELEY LANDMARKS PRESERVATION ORDINANCE...... 3 IV. ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION...... 5 V. HISTORIC CONTEXT ...... 9 EARLY HISTORY OF BERKELEY...... 9 BERKELEY ICELAND BUILDING HISTORY...... 10 THE SPORT OF ...... 13 CALIFORNIA ICE RINK DESIGN ...... 13 STREAMLINE MODERNE STYLE...... 16 VI. EVALUATION...... 17 SIGNIFICANCE...... 17 INTEGRITY ...... 20 CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES...... 21 VII. CONTEXT & RELATIONSHIP...... 23 VIII. PROJECT-SPECIFIC IMPACTS...... 24 IX. CONCLUSION ...... 25 X. REFERENCES CITED...... 26 PUBLISHED WORKS ...... 26 PUBLIC RECORDS ...... 26 UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS AND REPORTS...... 26 INTERNET SOURCES...... 26

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Historic Resource Evaluation Berkeley Iceland Preliminary Draft – Subject to Revision Berkeley, California

I. INTRODUCTION This Historic Resource Evaluation (HRE) has been prepared at the request of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher for proposed alterations to Berkeley Iceland at 2727 Milvia Street (APN 054-1723-00200) in Berkeley, California (see map below). The Streamline Moderne-style Berkeley Iceland was designed by architect William Clement Ambrose in 1940. The building operated as an ice skating rink from 1940 until 2007, and is currently vacant.

Aerial photograph, with Berkeley Iceland outlined in orange. (Google Maps)

Berkeley Iceland was listed as a City of Berkeley Landmark in 2007, although this decision was challenged by the property owner and is pending review. In 2010, Berkeley Iceland was also determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) and California Register of Historical Resources (California Register) under Criteria A/1 (Events) and C/3 (Design/Construction) by the California Office of Historic Preservation. The Berkeley Iceland property is therefore considered an historic resource for the purposes of review under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

METHODOLOGY This report provides a building description, an examination of the building’s current historic status, and a summary of the property’s eligibility for listing in the national, state, and local historical registers. [An evaluation of the proposed project under the provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring and Reconstructing Historic Buildings will be included in a future draft.]

Page & Turnbull prepared this report primarily using existing documentation publicly available from the City of Berkeley Planning Department files. Supplemental research was conducted at various online repositories, including the Online Archive of California, San Francisco Public Library Historical Photograph Collection, the California State Library, and the California Historical Society. Page & Turnbull did not have access to the original architectural drawings at the time of this report.

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II. SUMMARY OF DETERMINATION Berkeley Iceland appears eligible for listing in the National Register and California Register under Criterion A/1 (Events) for its association with three U.S. Figure Skating Championship events (1947, 1957, and 1966) and its role in the expansion of the sport of figure skating, and under Criterion C/3 (Design/Construction) as an excellent example of the Streamline Moderne architectural style. Berkeley Iceland also appears to be eligible for listing as a City of Berkeley Landmark under local Criterion 1 (Architectural merit) and Criterion 2 (Cultural value) for the reasons listed above. The building’s period of significance is 1940-1966, covering its original construction through its last major figure skating event.

[A summary of the proposed project’s compliance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation and impacts under CEQA, if any, will be included in a future draft.]

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III. CURRENT HISTORIC STATUS The following section examines the national, state, and local historical ratings currently assigned to Berkeley Iceland at 2727 Milvia Street.

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES The National Register of Historic Places (National Register) is the nation’s most comprehensive inventory of historic resources. The National Register is administered by the National Park Service and includes buildings, structures, sites, objects, and districts that possess historic, architectural, engineering, archaeological, or cultural significance at the national, state, or local level.

Berkeley Iceland was nominated to the National Register by the Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association in 2010. The building was found to be significant at the local level under Criterion A (Events) for its role in the expansion of the sport of figure skating and as the site of three U.S. Figure Skating Championships, and under Criterion C (Design/Construction) as an example of the Streamline Moderne style. The nomination established the building’s period of significance as 1940- 1966.1

The nomination form, which was prepared by John English on behalf of BAHA, was filed January 12, 2010, revised May 28, 2010, and revised again July 15, 2010. The property was determined eligible for listing in the National Register by a vote of the State Historic Resources Commission (SHRC) on July 30, 2010, but has not been officially placed on the register.

CALIFORNIA REGISTER OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES The California Register of Historical Resources (California Register) is an inventory of significant architectural, archaeological, and historical resources in the State of California. Resources can be listed in the California Register through a number of methods. State Historical Landmarks and National Register-listed properties are automatically listed in the California Register. Properties can also be nominated to the California Register by local governments, private organizations, or citizens. The evaluative criteria used by the California Register for determining eligibility are closely based on those developed by the National Park Service for the National Register of Historic Places.

Properties listed in the National Register are automatically listed in the California Register; therefore, because it was determined eligible for listing in the National Register by the SHRC, Berkeley Iceland is also considered eligible for listing in the California Register.

CITY OF BERKELEY LANDMARKS PRESERVATION ORDINANCE The City of Berkeley Landmarks Preservation Ordinance outlines the purposes, duties, and guidelines of the City of Berkeley Landmarks Preservation Commission, which manages the City’s local register of historic resources. The purpose of this ordinance is to protect, enhance, perpetuate, and use structures, sites and areas that are “reminders of past eras, events, persons important to local, state, or national history, or which provide significant examples of architectural styles of the past, or are landmarks in the history of architecture, or which are unique and irreplaceable assets to the City and its neighborhoods, or which provide for this generation and future generations examples of the physical surroundings in which past generations lived.” The Berkeley Landmarks Ordinance

1 John Sutton English, “Berkeley Iceland,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (15 July 2010).

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Berkeley Iceland was designated as a City of Berkeley Landmark by the Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) on April 4, 2007 (LM#06-40000008). The landmark designation was prepared by Save Berkeley Iceland, a non-profit organization. Berkeley Iceland was identified as a significant example of the Streamline Moderne style, and as the location of significant events in the history of the sport of figure skating.

The property owner, East Bay Iceland (EBI), appealed the designation on May 4, 2007; the City Council heard the appeal and voted to uphold the LPC’s decision on July 17, 2007. In October 2009, EBI filed a lawsuit against the City of Berkeley again challenging the landmark designation, and as part of the lawsuit’s settlement agreement, the City agreed to reconsider the designation. The City Council is scheduled to make a final decision regarding Berkeley Iceland’s landmark status by December 18, 2010.3

2 Berkeley Municipal Code, Title 3 Boards, Commission and Committee, Chapter 3.24 Landmarks Preservation Commission, Section 3.21.010 Findings and purposes of provisions; 3.21.060List of structures and sites--Landmarks, historic districts and structures of merit designated--Permit application review. http://www.cityofberkeley.info/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=13016 (accessed 25 June 2010). 3 City of Berkeley Planning Department Files, “Administrative Record: 2727 Milvia St., Berkeley Iceland,” (2006-2010).

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IV. ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION

Berkeley Iceland is located on a large rectangular parcel on Milvia Street between Derby and Ward Streets. Constructed in 1940, Berkeley Iceland is a double-height one-story reinforced concrete sports facility designed in the Streamline Moderne style. The building features a roughly rectangular plan with a large central arena flanked by two low flat-roofed pavilion wings on the east and west. All façades feature painted board-formed or scored concrete. Fenestration is industrial multi-light steel sash windows. The building rests on a concrete pier foundation, and is capped by both a steel truss monitor roof and flat roofs.

Berkeley Iceland, primary (west) facade. (Page & Turnbull, October 2010)

Exterior The main feature of Berkeley Iceland’s primary façade is its low curvilinear entry pavilion, which faces west onto Milvia Street and is three structural bays wide. The building’s primary entrance is located in the center bay and features three pairs of fully-glazed aluminum doors (non-original) in a recessed vestibule. Two shallow terrazzo steps lead up to the vestibule, which is capped by a thin cantilevered concrete canopy flanked by two flagpoles and decorative light fixtures. Ticket windows are located within the vestibule, and a neon sign reading “Iceland” in script letters tops the canopy. To either side of the entrance, the west façade features scored stucco walls with curved corners and regular window openings.

Behind the entrance pavilion, the Milvia Street (west) façade rises to a double-height section terminating in a simple front-gabled concrete parapet. This portion of the façade features large multi-light steel sash windows separated by stylized stepped pilasters. The rear (east) façade features an identical treatment.

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Double-height portion of Milvia Street (west) façade, Rear (east) façade, showing building massing, monitor with stylized pilasters, a front-gabled parapet, and roof, and rear pavilion. rounded corners at the north and south (Page & Turnbull, October 2010) (Page & Turnbull, October 2010)

The Derby Street (north) façade is clad in exposed board-formed concrete; it has rounded corners but lacks additional ornamentation. Eighteen small multi-light steel sash windows are regularly spaced along the façade, and four doors open onto the top of the packed earth berms. Vehicular openings are located on the north façade in the low pavilions at the east and west ends of the building and provide access to the site’s parking lots and loading docks. The Ward Street (south) façade features an identical treatment.

The exterior of Berkeley Iceland is in fair condition. The materials and structure generally appear to be intact, but there is extensive graffiti and many broken and/or boarded-up windows.

Interior Berkeley Iceland’s primary interior space is the ice arena, which features a large open volume with exposed metal trusses and bleachers in the north and south wings. The clerestory windows in the monitor roof provide ample natural light, while the geometric double-height windows on the east and west facades have been painted or covered. Cantilevered concrete platforms are located at the east and west ends of the arena; two small elevated booths are also located at the west end (non- original), and a scoreboard is at the east end. The 100’ x 200’ ice surface has been removed, but the exposed brine pipes on the floor remain.

Main ice arena, looking east from elevated booth. Bleachers, looking west from north end of building. Note open volume and exposed metal trusses. (Page & Turnbull, October 2010) (Page & Turnbull, October 2010)

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In the front pavilion is the main lobby, with a fireplace and mirror prominently located on the east wall. A large glazed ticket window with a non-original metal barrier and turnstile and is on the west end of the lobby. Doorways with beveled corners lead to the pro shop and rental area to the south and a locker area and restrooms to the north. A cafeteria/warming room (originally the “Fountain Café”) is located behind the lobby, and has large windows that provide views to the east into the ice arena. Locker rooms are located at the rear pavilion at the east end of the building, as is the mechanical room containing the chiller and refrigeration equipment. The interior is in poor condition, with graffiti on many surfaces and numerous broken or damaged fixtures.

Front lobby with fireplace, looking east from entrance. Former “Fountain Café,” looking northeast. (Page & Turnbull, October 2010) (Page & Turnbull, October 2010)

Landscape Berkeley Iceland’s main landscape features are the packed earth berms at the north and south ends of the building, along Derby and Ward Streets, respectively. The building’s concrete foundation footings rest on top of the berms. It is likely that the berms were employed to save time and money during construction and to facilitate egress, not as design features of the building. Two concrete staircases and a concrete walkway are located on the north berm, and the staircases and walkway at the south berm have been removed. Both berms are overgrown, and have eroded since their original construction and they no longer have a distinct shape.

South berm with missing stairs. The north berm with two sets of concrete stairs. (Page & Turnbull, October 2010) (Page & Turnbull, October 2010)

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Two small parking lots with low concrete staircases are located at the northwest and southwest corners of the site. The low concrete-block retaining walls at the edges of the parking lot appear to be a later addition. Plantings include shrubs along the Milvia Street façade; low hedges atop the concrete-block retaining walls at the northwest and southwest corners of the site; a tree in the southwest parking lot; and rows of street trees planted along Derby and Ward Streets.

Surrounding Neighborhood The neighborhood immediately surrounding Berkeley Iceland is currently characterized by a mixture of commercial, residential, educational, and light industrial uses. Berkeley Iceland is located on a quiet narrow street, with Shattuck and Adeline streets to the east of the project site, which are two of Berkeley’s major commercial boulevards. Buildings in the area date from a variety of eras—from the turn of the century through recent years—and range in height from one to three stories. Buildings in the immediate vicinity include: the Berkeley Technology Academy (B-Tech) across Milvia Street from Berkeley Iceland; the Savo Island Cooperative Homes (1972) across Ward Street to the south; the UC Berkeley Physical Plant Warehouse across Derby Street to the north, also constructed in the 1970s; and an automotive repair shop immediately behind (west) of Iceland. A large open athletic field is located to the northwest of Iceland, while one- and two-story single-family bungalows constructed in the early twentieth century are located along Ward Street southwest of the project site.

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V. HISTORIC CONTEXT

EARLY HISTORY OF BERKELEY The recorded history of the City of Berkeley and the site of Berkeley Iceland begins in the early nineteenth century when the King of Spain granted the 48,000-acre Rancho San Antonio to Luis Maria Peralta. Prior to his death Peralta divided the ranch between his four sons, leaving most of what is now Berkeley to Jose Domingo Peralta. In 1852, only four years after California became a U.S. territory, Francis Kittredge Shattuck, his brother-in-law George Blake and two partners acquired legal title to a square mile of land in the central section of what is now Berkeley.4 Eight years later, in 1860, the private College of California purchased a large tract of land on Strawberry Creek for a new campus. In 1866, the name “Berkeley” was officially adopted by the Trustees of the college for the residential academic community that they hoped would grow up around the college. In 1868 the financially troubled college deeded the campus site to the State of California. Shortly thereafter, under the provisions of the Morrill Act, Governor Henry H. Haight signed a law granting a charter to the University of California and in 1873 the state’s first public university moved from its original location in Oakland to Berkeley.5

Berkeley Incorporates The development of the town of Berkeley proceeded very slowly prior to the establishment of regular rail service between the town, Oakland and San Francisco. In 1873 several local investors formed the Berkeley Land and Town Improvement Association to spur development. This group organized land sales, built stores and wharves and lobbied for a direct ferry connection to San Francisco. In 1874, the Berkeley Ferry and Railroad Company initiated regular service between San Francisco and Ocean View (now West Berkeley). Also that year a horse-drawn transit line began operating along Telegraph Avenue between downtown Berkeley and Oakland.6 In 1878 the town of Berkeley incorporated, including both the bayside manufacturing settlement of Ocean View and the small academic village of Berkeley.7

Birth of Downtown Berkeley Following Berkeley’s incorporation in 1878, Shattuck Avenue was already well on its way to becoming the town’s main street. This was mostly the result of Francis Kittredge Shattuck’s successful efforts to convince the Central Pacific Railroad to run a spur line from Oakland through the middle of his mile-long land holdings located just west of the University of California campus.8 Station facilities were built on the present-day location of Shattuck Square.9 Berkeley’s nineteenth century downtown evolved as a district of modest wood-frame buildings ranging from one-to-three stories in height.10 The blocks east of Shattuck Avenue contained an eclectic mix of uses and remained in a quasi-rural state for much longer than the land south and west of Shattuck.

Berkeley Grows During the early twentieth century—particularly in the years between the 1906 Earthquake and the Great Depression—both the University of California and the town of Berkeley grew rapidly. After 1906 Berkeley became one of the largest cities in California, mostly the result of an influx of 20,000 San Francisco earthquake refugees. The construction of the Key System of ferry boats and streetcars made transportation between Oakland, Berkeley, and San Francisco quick and affordable and spurred

4 Susan Dinkenspiel Cerny, Berkeley Landmarks, (Berkeley: Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association, 1994), 64. 5 A History of Berkeley: An Exhibit Commemorating the Centennial of the City of Berkeley. (Berkeley: Berkeley Art Center, 1978), 30. 6 A History of Berkeley: An Exhibit Commemorating the Centennial of the City of Berkeley. (Berkeley: Berkeley Art Center, 1978), 30. 7 Ibid., 31. 8 Susan Dinkenspiel Cerny, Berkeley Landmarks, (Berkeley: Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association, 1994), 64-65. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid., 65.

24 November 2010 Page & Turnbull, Inc. - 9 - Historic Resource Evaluation Berkeley Iceland Preliminary Draft – Subject to Revision Berkeley, California the development of numerous residential tracts in Berkeley and Oakland. In turn, this growth brought in more customers and thereby spurred intensive commercial development in downtown Berkeley.11 Downtown Berkeley evolved in this period from a district of low-rise wood-frame buildings into a substantial urban district, with numerous large masonry buildings and stately public facilities. Some of the new buildings completed included a new City Hall designed by architect Arthur Brown Jr., a new Berkeley Public Library, an elegant new downtown train station, and an expanded and rebuilt Berkeley High School.

BERKELEY ICELAND BUILDING HISTORY Prior to the construction of Berkeley Iceland, the entire subject block was vacant, save for a small two-story wood-frame single-family dwelling on Derby Street on the east half of the block. The surrounding blocks were also sparsely developed at the time of Berkeley Iceland’s construction, as this part of Berkeley was well south of the city’s commercial center.

In July 1939, plans to construct a world-class ice skating rink called “East Bay Iceland” were announced by a committee of Bay Area citizens in response to the increasing interest in ice skating and the need for adequate facilities in the East Bay. According to the prospectus released by the campaign, the 6,000-seat stadium-bowl design would be the largest purpose-built ice rink in the West. The estimated cost of the project was $300,000, and was privately financed by the local community.12

Berkeley Iceland was constructed in 1940 by architect William Clement Ambrose, structural engineer Thomas Franklin Chace, and builder W.A. Bechtel Co. Ambrose’s notable other works include several buildings at UC Berkeley and two residence halls at Stanford University. Chace graduated from UC Berkeley with a degree in civil engineering in 1910; his first major project was the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, and his later designs included arenas such as Kezar Stadium in San Francisco, UC Berkeley’s Memorial Stadium, and a seismic retrofit of the Berkeley High School Gymnasium. At the time Berkeley Iceland was built, W.A. Bechtel Co. was a successful construction company fresh from managing the construction of Hoover Dam.13

Berkeley Iceland’s Streamline Moderne-style design was intended to include the most modern equipment and amenities. The design centered on a well-lit and air conditioned arena with a 90’ x 200’ ice surface accessed via a “spacious lobby where a hospitable fireplace will offer an attractive rendezvous for patrons.” Provisions for skating services, lockers, dressing rooms, a heated “Fountain Café,” and a club room for skating organizations were also included. The building was constructed of reinforced concrete, with exposed board-formed concrete walls (originally unpainted).14 The ice rink was excavated from the center of the site and the displaced dirt was used to create berms on the north and south edges of the property to support the building’s concrete pier foundations.15 Research did not uncover any specific documentation about the construction of the berms at Berkeley Iceland, but based on other buildings that used this method, it was likely that the berms were employed to save time and money during construction and to facilitate egress. Iceland’s refrigeration system used ammonia brine pumped through pipes in the floor to create the ice. The current brine pipes were installed in the 1950s to replace the original.16

11Ibid., 64. 12 “East Bay Iceland: A Community Enterprise,” (Unpublished pamphlet, 1939), in City of Berkeley Planning Department Files. 13 American Society of Civil Engineers, “Thomas Franklin Chace,” http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?13587 (accessed 15 November 2010). Pacific Coast Architecture Database, “Ambrose, William Clement,” https://digital.lib.washington.edu/architect/partners/142/ (accessed 15 November 2010). John Sutton English, “Berkeley Iceland,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (15 July 2010), 12. 14 “East Bay Iceland: A Community Enterprise,” (Unpublished pamphlet, 1939). 15 East Bay Iceland, “Historic photographs: Berkeley Iceland Construction,” in Page & Turnbull Archives. 16 English, 5.

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Early sketch of Berkeley Iceland, 1939 (“East Bay Iceland: A Community Enterprise,” in City of Berkeley Planning Files)

Aerial view of Berkeley Iceland, 1940 (www.alamedainfo.com)

Berkeley Iceland opened to the public on November 1, 1940. It was purchased in 1956 by Frank Zamboni, inventor of the ice-resurfacing machine, and continued to operate as an Olympic-sized ice rink until its closure in 2007. The building has undergone relatively few alterations since its original construction: replacement of primary entrance doors; changes to wainscoting, baseboards, and floors in the lobby; remodeling of restrooms, locker rooms, café, and rental shop; addition of two press

24 November 2010 Page & Turnbull, Inc. - 11 - Historic Resource Evaluation Berkeley Iceland Preliminary Draft – Subject to Revision Berkeley, California boxes on the west wall of arena; a painted winter scene mural on the east wall of arena; removal of exterior stairs on the Ward Street (south) berm; changes to the landscape along the Milvia Street frontage; and the replacement of the original neon sign with a replica in 1990. The building is currently vacant.

Berkeley Iceland under construction, 1940 Berkeley Iceland, Milvia Street façade, 1940 (East Bay Iceland/Page & Turnbull Archives) (East Bay Iceland/Page & Turnbull Archives)

Berkeley Iceland, Milvia Street facade, 1940 Berkeley Iceland, Main Lobby, 1940 (East Bay Iceland/Page & Turnbull Archives) (East Bay Iceland/Page & Turnbull Archives)

Early interior view of Berkeley Iceland, n.d. Skating at Berkeley Iceland, circa 1940 (East Bay Iceland/Page & Turnbull Archives) (www.alamedainfo.com)

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THE SPORT OF FIGURE SKATING Local skating clubs had been formed and informal competitions held since the mid-nineteenth century, but modern competitive ice sports—especially figure skating—did not gain popularity in the until the 1920s. Ice hockey was first played as an Olympic sport in 1920, and figure skating was at the first Olympic Winter Games in 1924. The United States Figure Skating Association was established in 1921 to regulate the sport. Figure skating was further brought to the public’s attention by Olympic figure skater and Hollywood actress , and became increasingly popular as an inexpensive Depression-era activity in the 1930s and 1940s.17

Berkeley Iceland capitalized on this popularity, and became one of the West Coast’s most significant ice skating facilities. Internationally-recognized Iceland skating coaches who worked at Iceland included Maribel Vinson Owen and Eugene (Gene) Turner. A number of Bay Area champion skaters trained at Iceland: Olympic gold medalist trained at Iceland in the late 1950s; gold medalist Brian Boitano, gold medalist , and bronze medalist trained at Iceland in the 1980s. From 1940 to 2006, Berkeley Iceland was also the official home of the St. Moritz Ice Skating Club, the oldest skating club in California (founded in 1931 at the old Oakland ice rink, and joined the U.S. Figure Skating Association in 1934).18 The University Figure Skating Club (founded in 1939), and UC Berkeley’s hockey team also utilized Berkeley Iceland.

Berkeley Iceland has been the site of many notable skating events. The St. Moritz Ice Skating Club hosted the first U.S. National Figure Skating Championships west of the Mississippi River at Berkeley Iceland in 1947, and again in 1957 and 1966.19

Ice skating participation began to decline in the 1970s, and many ice rinks closed due to declining attendance and increasing maintenance costs.20

CALIFORNIA ICE RINK DESIGN As the sport of figure skating gained popularity in the 1920s, ice rinks were constructed around the Bay Area and California, but few examples from this early period are extant today. Many early skating rinks were constructed of wood and were destroyed by fire, such as the Hollywood Polar Palace in Los Angeles (1934), which burned in 1963,21 and an ice rink at Sutro Baths in San Francisco—Ice Skate at Sutro’s (1937)—which was remodeled in the 1950s and burned in 1966.22 Other early Bay Area ice rinks included the Oakland Ice Arena (1928); New Dreamland Auditorium (1928), a multi-use facility in San Francisco later renamed Winterland; and New Iceland (1932), also in San Francisco. All of the above-named skating rinks have been demolished.23

However, a handful of notable full-size ice rinks and arenas from the golden age of skating establish a historic context for the Berkeley Iceland, and can be used for comparison when evaluating its significance:

17 U.S. Figure Skating, “U.S. Figure Skating History,” http://www.usfsa.org/About.asp?id=101 (accessed 22 November 2010 2010). English, 9. 18 English, 11. St. Moritz Ice Skating Club, “Club History & Notes of Interest,” http://www.stmoritzisc.org/about_us.htm (accessed 22 November 2010). 19 Ibid. 20 English, 10. 21 “Polar Palace: A brief history of lost California ice rinks,” http://www.squareone.org/PolarPalace/index.html (accessed 15 November 2010). 22 “Sutro’s,” http://www.squareone.org/PolarPalace/sutros.html (accessed 15 November 2010). 23 John Sutton English, “Berkeley Iceland,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (15 July 2010), 12.

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. Paramount Iceland (1940). Paramount, CA. Paramount Iceland in Southern California was constructed in January 1940 as an open-air rink by Frank Zamboni; the rink was enclosed by the summer of 1940. Paramount Iceland was associated with the invention of the Zamboni ice resurfacing machine. Paramount Iceland is still in operation as an Olympic-size ice rink under the same ownership as Berkeley Iceland, but has undergone extensive exterior remodeling.24 . Sacramento Iceland (1940). Sacramento, CA. Sacramento Iceland opened in 1940, three days after the Berkeley Iceland. Designed in the Streamline Moderne style, Sacramento Iceland features glass block windows, a large marquee, and neon signage. Its ice surface is smaller than that of Berkeley Iceland. The building was damaged by fire in March 2010, but is scheduled to reopen in November 2010.25 . Pasadena Winter Garden (1940). Pasadena, CA. The Pasadena Winter Garden operated as an ice-skating rink from 1940 until 1966. The building was designed in the Streamline Moderne style by Pasadena architect Cyril Bennett. The Winter Garden was converted to a post office after the ice rink closed, but due to permafrost under the building caused by the ice surface, the U.S. Postal Service vacated the building in the 1980s. It is now used as a storage facility.26 . Cow Palace (1941). Daly City, CA. The Cow Palace in Daly City is a multi-use arena that features WPA Moderne-style piers and a large bow-truss roof. The Cow Palace has an ice surface—smaller than that of Berkeley Iceland—that can be utilized for ice hockey and other sporting events.27 . Pan-Pacific Auditorium (1935, destroyed by fire 1989). Los Angeles, CA. Designed by famous Los Angeles architecture firm Wurdeman and Becket in 1935, the Pan-Pacific Auditorium was a large multi-use arena in Los Angeles’ Fairfax district. The auditorium claimed to hold the world’s largest indoor ice rink, used for the Ice Capades and public skating. The auditorium was one of the best examples of Streamline Moderne architecture in the country, but was destroyed by fire in 1989.28 . Belmont Iceland (1966). Belmont, CA. Constructed in 1966 in no particular architectural style, Belmont Iceland is owned and operated by East Bay Iceland (owner of Berkeley Iceland). An earlier Belmont Iceland was constructed in 1956, but was replaced by the current structure. Belmont Iceland is still in operation as an ice rink. . Dublin Iceland (1975). Dublin, CA. Constructed in 1966 in no particular architectural style, Dublin Iceland is also owned and operated by East Bay Iceland. Like Berkeley Iceland, Dublin Iceland has been associated with Kristi Yamaguchi and other significant Bay Area skaters as a training facility. Dublin Iceland is still in operation as an ice skating rink.

In comparison to these other properties, Berkeley Iceland appears to be the only extant purpose-built ice rink from this period in the Bay Area, and its Streamline Moderne styling is representative of the design of California ice rinks and arenas in the 1940s.

24 “Zamboni Archives,” http://www.zamboni.com/ (accessed 15 November 2010). “Paramount Iceland: History,” http://www.paramounticeland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47 (accessed 15 November 2010). 25 “Help Restore Sacramento Iceland,” http://www.skatesacramento.com (accessed 15 November 2010). 26 “Pasadena Winter Garden,” http://www.squareone.org/PolarPalace/pasadena.html (accessed 15 November 2010). 27 John Sutton English, “Berkeley Iceland,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (15 July 2010), 10. 28 “Pan-Pacific Auditorium,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Pacific_Auditorium (accessed 15 November 2010). Scotty Moore, “Pan-Pacific Auditorium,” http://www.scottymoore.net/panpacific.html (accessed 15 November 2010).

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Streamline Moderne-style Sacramento Iceland, circa Streamline Moderne-style Pasadena Winter Garden, 1940. (http://www.skatesacramento.com) circa 1965. The building is now used as a storage facility. (“Pasadena Winter Garden,” www.squareone.org/PolarPalace)

Interior of Paramount Iceland with prototype Model A Ice Skate at Sutro’s, San Francisco, n.d. Zamboni ice resurfacing machine, 1949 The ice rink was installed at Sutro Baths in 1937. The (“Paramount Iceland,” www.facebook.com) building was remodeled circa 1955 and burned in 1966. (“Sutro’s,” www.squareone.org/PolarPalace)

Streamline Moderne-style Pan Pacific Auditorium, 1937. Cow Palace, 1958. The large bow-truss-roofed building The multi-use arena boasted the world’s largest indoor exhibits WPA Moderne-style details. ice rink, but was destroyed by fire in 1989. (www.flickr.com) (Los Angeles Public Library)

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STREAMLINE MODERNE STYLE The Streamline Moderne style was not purely the outgrowth of Depression-era austerity. Ultimately it was a modernist aesthetic, related to the Art Deco style, which gained popularity during the late 1930s and early 1940s. The Art Deco style gained worldwide attention as a result of the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes. The Art Deco style consciously broke from the past and sought to chart a new stylistic vocabulary based primarily on low-relief geometric designs—including parallel lines, chevrons, zig-zags, stylized vegetation, circles and linear motifs. By the end of the 1930s, the idealization of the machine, in particular the airplane and ocean liner, led toward the refinement of the Art Deco style. Called Streamline Moderne or simply Moderne, this new style evolved in several different paths ranging from a literal application of the curved, aerodynamic vocabulary of airplanes, ocean liners and automobiles to a stripped classicism popular with government institutions.

In the United States this latter version of the Streamline Moderne style (alternately referred to as Stripped Classicism or WPA Moderne) became the dominant mode endorsed by Depression-era New Deal agencies, particularly the Works Progress Administration. The hallmarks of the classic, aerodynamic version of the Streamline Moderne style included curving forms, especially rounded corners; a horizontal emphasis, accentuated by details such as speed lines; smooth or scored stucco or concrete cladding; and glass block, porthole, or strip windows. The Streamline Moderne style was frequently applied to train and bus stations, car dealerships and other automotive-related businesses, grocery stores, theatres, and even residences. As evidenced by the examples above, the Streamline Moderne style was also popular for ice rinks and arenas, such as Berkeley Iceland.

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VI. EVALUATION The following section provides an evaluation of the significance, integrity, and character-defining features of Berkeley Iceland. The building’s eligibility for listing in the National Register, California Register, and as a Berkeley Landmark is discussed.

SIGNIFICANCE National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places (National Register) is the nation’s most comprehensive inventory of historic resources. The National Register is administered by the National Park Service and includes buildings, structures, sites, objects, and districts that possess historic, architectural, engineering, archaeological, or cultural significance at the national, state, or local level.

According to National Register Bulletin Number 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, a structure, site, building, district, or object over fifty years of age can be considered eligible for listing in the National Register if it is demonstrated to be significant under one or more of the following four criteria, and if it retains sufficient historic integrity.

Criterion A (Event): Buildings that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history;

Criterion B (Person): Buildings that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past;

Criterion C (Design/Construction): Buildings that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master; and

Criterion D (Information Potential): Buildings that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

A resource can be considered significant on a national, state, or local level to American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture.

Criterion A (Events) Berkeley Iceland appears eligible for listing in the National Register under Criterion A (Events) for its association with three U.S. National Figure Skating Championship events (1947, 1957, and 1966) and its role in the expansion of the sport of figure skating, especially on the West Coast. It is significant at the local level in the area of entertainment/recreation. The period of significance of Berkeley Iceland under this Criterion is 1940-1966, which covers the original construction of the building through the last U.S. National Figure Skating Championship held at the facility.

Figure skating was developed as a competitive sport in the 1920s, and was introduced to the public through the Olympic Winter Games and Hollywood actress Sonja Henie. The sport gained popularity during the 1930s and 1940s as an inexpensive recreational activity, and facilities such as Berkeley Iceland were constructed to capitalize on this popularity. Berkeley Iceland’s Olympic-size ice surface and abundant natural light attracted both members of the public and internationally- recognized skaters and coaches: Coach Maribel Vinson Owen; Coach Eugene (Gene) Turner; Olympic gold medalist and five-time national champion Peggy Fleming; Olympic gold medalist and four-time national champion Brian Boitano, Olympic gold medalist Kristi Yamaguchi, and Olympic bronze medalist Rudy Galindo. Berkeley Iceland was also the official home of the St. Moritz Ice

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Skating Club, California’s oldest skating club founded in 1931, and the University Figure Skating Club founded in 1939.

Berkeley Iceland was also the site of many notable skating events. The St. Moritz Ice Skating Club hosted the first U.S. National Figure Skating Championships west of the Mississippi River at Berkeley Iceland in 1947, and again in 1957 and 1966.29

The history of figure skating relative to Berkeley Iceland is described in greater detail in the National Register Nomination Form.30

Criterion B (Persons) Berkeley Iceland does not appear eligible for listing in the National Register under Criterion B (Person). Although prominent persons—such as the famous figure skaters and coaches discussed under Criterion A—have been associated with the building throughout its history, research has failed to suggest that any of these persons figured prominently enough in the development of the Iceland facility or the Berkeley community to qualify the building for listing under this criterion.

Criterion C (Design/Construction) Berkeley Iceland appears eligible for listing in the National Register under Criterion C (Design/Construction) as a building that “embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type and period.” The building is an excellent example of the Streamline Moderne style, especially as applied to an ice skating rink. Berkeley Iceland stands out in comparison to other similar properties: its size, detail of design, and location make it a rare Bay Area example of a purpose-built ice rink from the 1940s—the golden age of skating. Features that support the building’s significance under Criterion C include its monumental massing and overall form; concrete construction, with exposed scored and board-formed concrete exterior finish; Streamline Moderne style details, such as curved corners, stylized stepped pilasters, cantilevered canopy, and decorative lanterns; multi-light steel sash windows; and large open arena volume with exposed metal trusses. The period of significance under this Criterion is 1940, which covers the original construction of the building.

Berkeley Iceland does not appear to be significant under Criterion C as representation of a particular construction method. The building is constructed of reinforced concrete, with concrete foundation piers and wood bleachers constructed on top of packed earth berms. The reinforced concrete was poured in wooden forms as was typical of such construction at this time, and does not stand out among similar buildings as a notable example of this technique or material. The packed earth berms date to original construction of the building, and while the foundation and bleachers rest on the top of the berms, this construction method was likely selected to save time and money during construction and facilitate egress, not as a design feature of the building. The engineering of Berkeley Iceland’s berms does not appear to have been a pioneering or influential use of this building practice, especially relative to ice rinks. This technique was used selectively at other stadiums, including the Rose Bowl (1922) and Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (1923), both of which have had their berms covered or removed. The rear half of Memorial Stadium at UC Berkeley is also constructed on an earth berm, but built into the hillside rather than on a freestanding berm.

Instead, the berms at Berkeley Iceland are a landscape feature associated with the building’s setting and the perception of the site from the street, but are not directly connected to its significance under this criterion. The berms do not contribute to the Streamline Moderne styling of the building, they

29 Ibid. 30 English, 9.

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Criterion D (Information Potential) The analysis of Berkeley Iceland for eligibility under Criterion D (Information Potential) is beyond the scope of this report.

California Register of Historical Resources The California Register of Historical Resources (California Register) is an inventory of significant architectural, archaeological, and historical resources in the State of California. Resources can be listed in the California Register through a number of methods. State Historical Landmarks and National Register-listed properties are automatically listed in the California Register. Properties can also be nominated to the California Register by local governments, private organizations, or citizens. The evaluative criteria used by the California Register for determining eligibility are closely based on those developed by the National Park Service for the National Register of Historic Places.

In order for a property to be eligible for listing in the California Register, it must be found significant under one or more of the following criteria.

. Criterion 1 (Events): Resources that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States.

. Criterion 2 (Persons): Resources that are associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history.

. Criterion 3 (Architecture): Resources that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values.

. Criterion 4 (Information Potential): Resources or sites that have yielded or have the potential to yield information important to the prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation.

. Resources eligible for the National Register are automatically listed in the California Register of Historical Resources. 31

Berkeley Iceland appears eligible for listing in the National Register, and is therefore automatically eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources under Criterion 1 (Events) and Criterion 3 (Architecture) as described under the National Register evaluation above.

City of Berkeley Landmark According to the City of Berkeley Municipal Code, §3.24.110, general criteria for considering structures, sites and areas for landmark or historic district designation are as follows:

1. Architectural merit:

31 California Office of Historic Preservation, Technical Assistant Series No. 7, How to Nominate a Resource to the California Register of Historic Resources (Sacramento, CA: California Office of State Publishing, 4 September 2001), 11.

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a. Property that is the first, last, only or most significant architectural property of its type in the region; b. Properties that are prototypes of or outstanding examples of periods, styles, architectural movements or construction, or examples of the more notable works of the best surviving work in a region of an architect, designer or master builder; or c. Architectural examples worth preserving for the exceptional values they add as part of the neighborhood fabric. 2. Cultural value: Structures, sites and areas associated with the movement or evolution of religious, cultural, governmental, social and economic developments of the City; 3. Educational value: Structures worth preserving for their usefulness as an educational force; 4. Historic value: Preservation and enhancement of structures, sites and areas that embody and express the history of Berkeley/Alameda County/California/United States. History may be social, cultural, economic, political, religious or military; 5. Any property which is listed on the National Register described in Section 470A of Title 16 of the United States Code.

Berkeley Iceland is significant under Berkeley Landmark Criterion 1 as an outstanding example of the Streamline Moderne style, especially as applied to ice rinks and arenas (Criterion 1b). It is also the only surviving purpose-built ice skating rink from this period in the Bay Area (Criterion 1a). Berkeley Iceland appears to be significant under Berkeley Landmark Criterion 2 because it has been demonstrated to have social value to the Berkeley community, beginning with its establishment and financing by a group of East Bay citizens to its continued use as a public ice rink and community center. Furthermore, the building’s role in the expansion of the sport of figure skating—Berkeley Iceland was the site of three U.S. Figure Skating Championship events (1947, 1957, and 1966) and was a training facility for Olympic gold-medalists—lends the building sufficient historic value to qualify under Berkeley Landmark Criterion 4.

Significance Summary Berkeley Iceland appears eligible for listing in the National Register, California Register, and as a City of Berkeley Landmark. It is significant at the local level in the area of entertainment/recreation during the peak of ice skating (NRHP Criterion A/CRHR Criterion 1/Berkeley Landmark Criterion 2 & 4) for its association with three U.S. National Figure Skating Championship events (1947, 1957, and 1966) and its role in the expansion of the sport of figure skating, especially on the West Coast. Berkeley Iceland is also significant for its architectural merit (NRHP Criterion C/CRHR Criterion C/Berkeley Landmark Criterion 1a & 1b). It is an excellent example of the Streamline Moderne style, especially as applied to an ice skating rink, and is one of the last remaining purpose-built ice skating rinks from this period in the Bay Area. The period of significance of Berkeley Iceland is 1940-1966, which covers the original construction of the building through the last U.S. National Figure Skating Championship held at the facility.

INTEGRITY In order to qualify for listing in the National or California Registers, a property must possess significance under one of the aforementioned criteria and have historic integrity. The process of determining integrity is similar for both the California Register and the National Register. The same seven variables or aspects that define integrity—location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association—are used to evaluate a resource’s eligibility for listing in the California Register and the National Register. According to the National Register Bulletin: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, these seven characteristics are defined as follows:

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Location is the place where the historic property was constructed.

Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plans, space, structure and style of the property.

Setting addresses the physical environment of the historic property inclusive of the landscape and spatial relationships of the building(s).

Materials refer to the physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern of configuration to form the historic property.

Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history.

Feeling is the property’s expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time.

Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property.

Berkeley Iceland retains integrity of location, feeling, and association as a significant ice skating rink in Berkeley, California. The building still retains its monumental form, concrete construction, and the majority of its original materials and Streamline Moderne detailing. Therefore, the building also retains integrity of design, materials and workmanship. Although some alterations have occurred to the site’s landscape—erosion of the packed earth berms, the removal of paths and staircases, and alteration of corner parking lots—Berkeley Iceland is still located in a mixed-use neighborhood and is set back from the street on all sides as it was historically, and therefore retains integrity of setting. Because Berkeley Iceland retains all seven aspects of integrity, it retains sufficient overall historic integrity to convey its significance.

CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURES For a property to be eligible for national, state, or local designation under one of the significance criteria, the essential physical features (or character-defining features) that enable the property to convey its historic identity must be evident. To be eligible, a property must clearly contain enough of those characteristics, and these features must also retain a sufficient degree of integrity. Characteristics can be expressed in terms such as form, proportion, structure, plan, style, or materials. The character-defining features of Berkeley Iceland include:

. Monumental massing and overall form, with double-height central arena and low one-story pavilions at east and west ends . Concrete construction, with exposed scored and board-formed concrete exterior finish . Streamline Moderne style details - Curved corners - Stylized stepped pilasters - Cantilevered canopy - Terrazzo steps - Decorative lanterns at entry - “Iceland” neon signage . Multi-light steel sash windows

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- Double-height windows on east and west facades - Small, regularly spaced windows on north and south facades - Long band of monitor windows . Large open arena volume with exposed metal trusses

Landscape features which are associated with the building’s setting but do not contribute to the significance of Berkeley Iceland under any criteria include: . Setback from the street on all sides . Packed earth berms at north and south ends . Concrete stairs and path on north berm . Low concrete steps at northwest and southwest corners of site . Hedges and shrubs adjacent to the building

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VII. CONTEXT & RELATIONSHIP Berkeley Iceland is located on the east side of Milvia Street between Derby and Ward Streets. Historically, this area was a mixed-use area loosely associated with residential, commercial, and light industrial development themes.

Analysis of Sanborn Fire Insurance maps shows that the neighborhood was not developed until the early twentieth century. Prior to this, the area was on the southern outskirts of town. The blocks surrounding Berkeley Iceland were primarily developed with one- to two-story wood-frame single- family homes, with warehouses and commercial development along Shattuck and Adeline Streets.32 It was not until after the construction of Iceland that the neighborhood began to fill in.

Berkeley Iceland during construction, with surrounding residential neighborhood and government-owned empty lots, 1940. (East Bay Iceland/Page & Turnbull Archives)

As described in the Berkeley Iceland National Register nomination, “Development had been patchy in Iceland’s immediate vicinity. Here two whole blocks—and large portions of other blocks, including Iceland’s future site—long remained open. During or around the time of World War II, the federal government acquired much of the open land and the Navy built housing on the portions south of Derby Street. In later years the Berkeley Unified School District acquired the land west of Milvia Street and built structures on much of it. The former Navy housing was demolished in 1972, and a subsequent redevelopment project enabled replacing it with the present Savo Island Coopertative Homes. The University’s big warehouse/office structure was built during that same general period.”33

Berkeley Iceland fits within the historic context of the area’s later mixed-use development, and its massing and style stand out among the buildings in the surrounding neighborhood. [Include in future draft: discuss proposed project relative to the building’s relationship to the surrounding neighborhood, or the significance of potential historic districts in the area, if any].

32 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps (1911, 1950) 33 John Sutton English, “Berkeley Iceland,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (15 July 2010), 10.

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VIII. PROJECT-SPECIFIC IMPACTS [To be included in future draft]

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IX. CONCLUSION Constructed in 1940 as a Streamline Moderne style ice skating rink, Berkeley Iceland appears eligible for listing in the National Register, California Register, and as a City of Berkeley Landmark. It is significant at the local level in the area of entertainment/recreation during the peak of ice skating (NRHP Criterion A/CRHR Criterion 1/Berkeley Landmark Criterion 2 & 4) for its association with three U.S. National Figure Skating Championship events (1947, 1957, and 1966) and its role in the expansion of the sport of figure skating, especially on the West Coast. Berkeley Iceland is also significant for its architectural merit (NRHP Criterion C/CRHR Criterion C/Berkeley Landmark Criterion 1a & 1b). It is an excellent example of the Streamline Moderne style, especially as applied to an ice skating rink, and is one of the last remaining purpose-built ice skating rinks from this period in the Bay Area. The period of significance of Berkeley Iceland is 1940-1966, which covers the original construction of the building through the last U.S. National Figure Skating Championship held at the facility.

Berkeley Iceland was listed as a City of Berkeley Landmark in 2007, although this decision was challenged by the property owner and is pending review. In 2010, Berkeley Iceland was also determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) and California Register of Historical Resources (California Register) under Criteria A/1 and C/3 by the California Office of Historic Preservation. The Berkeley Iceland property is therefore considered an historic resource for the purposes of review under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

[Summary of proposed project and results of CEQA evaluation will be included in future draft]

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X. REFERENCES CITED

PUBLISHED WORKS Cerny, Susan Dinkenspiel., Berkeley Landmarks. Berkeley: Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association, 1994. A History of Berkeley: An Exhibit Commemorating the Centennial of the City of Berkeley. (Berkeley: Berkeley Art Center, 1978), 30.

PUBLIC RECORDS California Historical Society Historic Photograph Collection (online) City of Berkeley Municipal Code §3.24 City of Berkeley Planning Department Files. “Administrative Record: 2727 Milvia St., Berkeley Iceland.” 2006-2010. Online Archive of California (online) San Francisco Public Library Historical Photograph Collection (online) Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps

UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS AND REPORTS East Bay Iceland, “Historic photographs: Berkeley Iceland Construction,” in Page & Turnbull Archives. “East Bay Iceland: A Community Enterprise,” (Unpublished pamphlet, 1939), in City of Berkeley Planning Department Files. English, John Sutton. “Berkeley Iceland.” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form. 15 July 2010.

INTERNET SOURCES “East Bay Iceland: A Community Enterprise,” (Unpublished pamphlet, 1939). “Help Restore Sacramento Iceland,” http://www.skatesacramento.com (accessed 15 November 2010). “Pan-Pacific Auditorium,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Pacific_Auditorium (accessed 15 November 2010). Scotty Moore, “Pan-Pacific Auditorium,” http://www.scottymoore.net/panpacific.html (accessed 15 November 2010). “Pasadena Winter Garden,” http://www.squareone.org/PolarPalace/pasadena.html (accessed 15 November 2010). “Polar Palace: A brief history of lost California ice rinks,” http://www.squareone.org/PolarPalace/index.html (accessed 15 November 2010). “Sutro’s,” http://www.squareone.org/PolarPalace/sutros.html (accessed 15 November 2010). “Zamboni Archives,” http://www.zamboni.com/ (accessed 15 November 2010). “Paramount Iceland: History,” http://www.paramounticeland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47 (accessed 15 November 2010). American Society of Civil Engineers, “Thomas Franklin Chace,” http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?13587 (accessed 15 November 2010). Pacific Coast Architecture Database, “Ambrose, William Clement,” https://digital.lib.washington.edu/architect/partners/142/ (accessed 15 November 2010). St. Moritz Ice Skating Club, “Club History & Notes of Interest,” http://www.stmoritzisc.org/about_us.htm (accessed 22 November 2010). U.S. Figure Skating, “U.S. Figure Skating History,” http://www.usfsa.org/About.asp?id=101 (accessed 22 November 2010 2010).

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www.page-turnbull.com ARCHITECTURE 1000 Sansome Street, Suite 200 2401 C Street, Suite B 417 S. Hill Street, Suite 211 PLANNING & RESEARCH San Francisco, California 94111 Sacramento, California 95816 Los Angeles, California 90013 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 415.362.5154 / 415.362.5560 fax 916.930.9903 / 916.930.9904 fax 213.221.1200 / 213.221.1209 fax