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Lions in Tanzania and Mozambique

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Lions in Tanzania and Mozambique May 2021 AN ASSESSMENT OF TRADE, MORTALITIES AND ANTHROPOGENIC THREATS FACING LIONS IN TANZANIA AND MOZAMBIQUE Katrina Mole David Newton LIONS IN TANZANIA AND MOZAMBIQUE 1 TRAFFIC REPORT ABOUT US TRAFFIC is a leading non-governmental organisation working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both Biodiversity Conservation and sustainable development. Reproduction of material appearing in this report requires written permission from the publisher. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. PROJECT SupervisorS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS David Newton1,2 The production of this publication was made possible with funding Lead author provided by the Lion Recovery Fund. The authors thank the Katrina Mole1 Mozambiquan Administração Nacional das Áreas de Conservação (National Administration for Conservation Areas) (ANAC), specifically Published by: Dr. Carlos Lopes Pereira for his continued support of this research. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Thanks also go to Marcelino Foloma from The World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) who assisted in obtaining research permits for our SUGGESTED CITATION work in Mozambique. The authors would also like to thank the Tanzania Mole, K. H., Newton, D. TRAFFIC (2020). An Wildlife Management Authority (TAWA) and the Ministry of Natural assessment of trade, mortalities and anthropogenic Resources and Tourism (MNRT), specifically Elisante Leguma, Fredrick threats facing lions in Tanzania and Mozambique. Ligate and Beatrice Mtui for their continued support and assistance in collecting essential data for this report. Thank you to the TRAFFIC © TRAFFIC 2020. Copyright of material published in East Africa office, specifically Shanny Pelle who provided logistical this report is vested in TRAFFIC. support to Katrina Mole whilst in Tanzania, Linah Clifford who assisted UK Registered Charity No. 1076722 with letters, data collection and general support; and William Crosmary who also provided invaluable support and research contacts whilst in Design Tanzania. Thanks also to Esther Sang’udi who supported with data Marcus Cornthwaite entry and collection. The authors would also like to thank Dr Colleen Begg (Niassa Carnivore Project (NCP), IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group) and Dennis Ikanda (TAWIRI) for peer reviewing the report, as well as providing guidance and input while the document was still in preparation. Thanks to consultants 1 TRAFFIC, East/Southern Africa Regional Office, c/o IUCN ESARO, 1st Floor Block E, Hatfield Gardens, 333 Grosvenor Street, Hatfield, Mourice Victor and Samuel Bilerio who assisted in collecting interview Pretoria, 0083, South Africa data in Tanzania and Mozambique respectively. Thank you to members of staff from KopeLion (Ingela Jansson), WCS (Franziska Steinbruch 2 University of the Witwatersrand, School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Johannesburg, 2000 (now with ANAC)), Peace Parks-Limpopo National Park (Peter Leitner) and Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (Maige Deogratius) who provided assistance and valuable input into this research. Much gratitude to Michael Mole who assisted with the more complex ArcGIS figures and mapping. The authors also thank Prof Antoinette Kotze from the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) who provided weights for lion parts. The authors also thank Marcus Cornthwaite for the design and layout of the report. table of contents page 4 INTRODUCTION Executive summary Recommendations Acronyms and abbreviations Literature review Methodology page 34 TANZANIA Results Conclusions and discussion Recoommendations page 56 MOZAMBIQUE Results Conclusions and discussion Recoommendations page 74 References Endnotes Image credits Appendix I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE UNREGULATED AND ILLICIT TRADE OF WILDLIFE PRODUCTS AND DERIVATIVES POSES A SIGNIFICANT THREAT TO THE LONG-TERM VIABILITY OF TAXA SUCH AS WHITE RHINOCEROS CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM, AFRICAN ELEPHANTS LOXODONTA AFRICANA, AND THE AFRICAN LION PANTHERA LEO. In recent years, several studies have TRAFFIC’s Wildlife Trade and Information highlighted concerns about an emerging System (WiTIS); grey and published scientific and increasing trade in African Lion parts literature; interviews with wildlife authorities and derivatives both domestically within and organisations, professional hunters, African countries, and internationally to Asian local community members; and trade data markets. However, the extent and impact of collected from government institutions and this trade on lion populations in Africa remains customs authorities. Aspects of trade which undocumented across most of their range. were investigated and reported on include: the African Lion numbers are in decline primarily perceived trade of lion parts both domestically due to anthropogenic influences such as and internationally; the extent and scale of both retaliatory killing by humans, depletion of their domestic and international trade in lion parts prey-base due to the bushmeat trade, habitat and derivatives, either sourced from legally or loss and conversion, and poorly regulated illegally harvested lions; the geographic extent trophy hunting. Understanding the additional of the illegal trade; and the location of potential impact of trade on wild lion populations is poaching and trade “hotspots” within both critical for current and future conservation of countries (Tanzania and Mozambique). The the species. data gathered were then used to deduce the potential impacts of harvest and trade on the African In this study, TRAFFIC aimed to provide a greater current lion populations within each country. Lion understanding of the impact of harvest and numbers trade on wild lion populations in two countries In Tanzania, the results illustrate that the majority that have been identified as potential countries of lion parts and derivatives are used and traded are in of concern, Tanzania and Mozambique. The locally and have, most likely, been acquired for decline report followed a non-detriment finding outline traditional use through historic and present- primarily due to and utilised information on threats, biological day retaliatory killings. Distinct within-country anthropogenic characteristics, national status, management regional differences existed with regards to influences and monitoring, as well as data gathered from lion product use. Skin, tail and fat were the 4 LIONS IN TANZANIA AND MOZAMBIQUE preferred products used in northern Tanzania, events continue on the current trajectory, whilst central Tanzania had a preference for Mozambique’s wild lion populations will become fat followed by claws and skin. In southern increasingly threatened. Tanzania fat was used widely. Poaching data for Tanzania were severely deficient and likely Teeth and claws were the most common, grossly underestimated. While the figures on internationally traded lion commodity from both teeth and domestic, regional, and international trade Tanzania and Mozambique. The most common claws recorded in this study only represent a portion destinations for these lion parts were Asian are the most of the documented lion mortalities, a disparity countries, specifically Viet Nam. It is plausible commonly traded exists between the declines predicted by the that the ease with which lion teeth and claws lion products International Union for Conservation of Nature can be collected and concealed makes the internationally (IUCN) and the Tanzania Wildlife Research trade of these products less risky to move and Institute (TAWIRI). These findings suggest transport regionally and internationally. This that either the full extent of trade is not being finding suggests a new modus operandi for lion asian detected or anthropogenic lion mortalities (i.e. poaching. countries poaching, retaliatory killings) are not being are the most adequately reported. Levels of poaching and trade differ between common Tanzania and Mozambique. In Mozambique international In Mozambique, the data indicate that targeted targeted poaching for parts is substantial, destination for poaching and suspected poaching incidences involving mainly claws, teeth and skin lion parts sourced are high (74% and 48% of anthropogenic lion with evidence of trading towns in northern in both countries mortalities in Niassa and Limpopo National Mozambique. Products used domestically and Park respectively) with evidence of domestic, internationally correspond with parts that are regional, and international trade of lion parts and targeted during poaching events, indicating a derivatives. Slight regional differences existed potential international demand driving illegal within-country with regards to lion product local harvesting. These targeted poaching use. Claws, teeth and skin were the preferred incidences are a threat to Mozambique’s lion products used in northern Mozambique, whilst population. Results suggest that Tanzania’s lion communities in southern Mozambique showed trade is predominantly domestic and regional. a preference for fat followed by skin and claws. Lion product use for traditional purposes is Considering the local decline in lion populations widespread and interviews suggest that the (Niassa and Limpopo National Park), their source of
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