El Paisaje Antioqueño: Otra Perspectiva Michel Hermelin Arbaux RESUMEN

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El Paisaje Antioqueño: Otra Perspectiva Michel Hermelin Arbaux RESUMEN 19 El Paisaje Antioqueño: Otra perspectiva Michel Hermelin Arbaux RESUMEN Después de un breve recuento de la maduración de las ideas acerca de la evolución de los paisajes, se analizan sus componentes a la luz de las diferentes disciplinas de las Ciencias de la Tierra. Se consideran los distintos factores que entran en su formación, particularmente en los climas tropicales húmedos de montaña y las dudas que aún plantean cambios en las condiciones externas, como son las fluctuaciones climáticas, pese a los avances científicos y tecnológicos. Las grandes unidades de paisaje del departamento de Antioquia se presentan en forma sintética, así como ejemplos de la dinámica de la evolución geomorfológica que caracteriza las áreas más pendientes del departamento. Finalmente se hacen algunas sugerencias sobre el interés de mejorar el entendimiento de personas buenas observadoras que si bien están principalmente interesadas en la percepción estética del paisaje, pueden llegar a una 2003 compenetración mucho mayor si tienen conocimientos acerca de su origen y de su evolución. ABSTRACT This paper attempts to focus on landscapes from the standpoint of their origin in order to give nonscientific readers a better perception of their beauty. After a brief discussion on the evolution of the ideas related to landscapes, their components are analysed from the viewpoint of different fields of Earth Sciences. Factors which contribute to their formations are considered, in particular those which intervene in the humid climates of tropical mountains. Due attention is paid to changes in their external condition, as climatic fluctuations, a matter still exposed to speculations in spite of recent technical and scientific advances. Great landscape units of the Antioquia department are shortly depicted and several examples of the dynamics of the geomorphological evolution which characterise the steepest areas of the department are presented. Finally, some suggestions are made to improve the understanding of good observers mainly interested in the aesthetic perception of landscapes, who may reach a better comprehension through the knowledge of their origin and evolution. REVISTA Universidad EAFIT No. 130 |abril.mayo.junio | REVISTA PALABRAS CLAVES MICHEL HERMELIN ARBAUX Paisaje / Antioquia / Colombia / Ciencias de la Tierra / Geomorfología / Montañas tropicales (Colombia). MSc Geología. Actualmente profesor del KEY WORDS Departamento de Geología de la Universidad EAFIT. Fecha de recepción: 6 junio 2002 aprobación: 3 octubre Landscape / Antioquia / Colombia / Earth Sciences / Geomorphology / Tropical mountains [email protected] 20 INTRODUCCIÓN curiosos como Leonardo da Vinci dedujeron correctamente que los fósiles de peces marinos El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una síntesis encontrados en las montañas no eran, como lo científica del origen de los paisajes, con especial énfasis interpretaban los teólogos contemporáneos, errores en el departamento de Antioquia. La variedad y la de la naturaleza, sino evidencias de que las rocas que riqueza panorámica de los Andes justifica ampliamente formaban las montañas se habían originado en el este intento, el cual se espera que enriquecerá al fondo del mar. lector en su apreciación estética. Para una teoría coherente deberá esperarse hasta fines CONCEPTO DE PAISAJE del siglo XVIII con Hutton, médico escocés, que a partir de la observación sistemática de las rocas y de Se puede definir tentativamente el paisaje como el algunos de los procesos que las originan dedujo el medio natural que circunda al hombre, lo que daría famoso principio del «uniformitarianismo»: el presente lugar a una equivalencia entre paisaje y medio es la clave de la interpretación del pasado. Además ambiente según las definiciones de moda del término. planteó que los fenómenos que han originado las El hombre moderno está acostumbrado a asociar el rocas y los paisajes habían actuado durante tiempos término paisaje a un concepto puramente estético y demasiado largos para ser compatibles con los 6000 a considerarlo invariable, con la exclusión de la años de la exégesis bíblica. Según Hutton, los paisajes influencia del hombre mismo. Esos conceptos son son el resultado de la acción, imperceptible a escala discutibles y existen otras formas de mirar el entorno: humana, de los mismos procesos que se observan en la actualidad en la superficie de la tierra y en el • como resultado de factores naturales mar. Esa posición mereció, obviamente, la reproba- ción unánime de la iglesia anglicana y del • como el producto de una evolución natural sobre establishment británico de la época. el que se sobreimpuso la acción del hombre. Ese segundo concepto nació en Europa, donde la Simultáneamente en París, Cuvier, a partir del estudio acción humana sobre la naturaleza ha sido fuerte de los fósiles, interpretaba las extinciones masivas de y duradera. (Etter, 1991) organismos como la marca del diluvio. Su hipótesis recibió el nombre de catastrofismo y hasta hace poco Sin entrar a discutir los méritos respectivos de los fue rotundamente rechazada por los naturalistas por enfoques anteriores, en este trabajo se usará su implicación religiosa. solamente el primero para fines prácticos. Las enseñanzas de Hutton fueron recogidas por LAS PRIMERAS EXPLICACIONES Darwin para el desarrollo de su teoría de la evolución y luego fueron aplicadas en geomorfología (la ciencia Las primeras interpretaciones que le dio el hombre que estudia las formas, los depósitos, los procesos y al paisaje fueron de tipo religioso. La mitología griega la evolución de la superficie de la tierra) por Davis, es en ese sentido de una riqueza excepcional: Zeus, profesor de la Universidad de Harvard cuya influencia Vulcano, Plutón, Poseidón y Eolo eran sin dudas sobre los estudiosos del tema fue muy grande hasta sujetos con personalidades llamativas, capaces de mediados de este siglo, por lo menos en apasionar a sus adoradores. La tradición bíblica parte Norteamérica y buena parte de Europa. de un edén bucólico que sufrirá un cambio mayor por el diluvio universal, evento aún esgrimido por Las evidencias descubiertas recientemente acerca de los fundamentalistas. Esa explicación religiosa no será la probable influencia de la colisión de meteoritos obviamente puesta en tela de juicio durante la Edad sobre las extinciones masivas de organismos han Media, pero durante el Renacimiento estudiosos puesto de nuevo sobre el tapete el conjunto de 21 fenómenos que se prefiere ahora llamar neo- Las relaciones entre las disciplinas anteriores, que catastrofismo y esa hipótesis, muy combatida suelen agruparse bajo el nombre de Ciencias de la inicialmente, ha ido recibiendo cada vez más acep- Tierra, aparecen en la Fig. 1. Aunque el panorama tación. Los geomorfólogos ya empiezan a entender parezca muy confuso, resulta de la interferencia e que, en las zonas de montaña particularmente, la influencia mutua de lo que se puede expresar con una configuración de los paisajes se debe más a eventos terminología casi neo-aristotélica: aislados y violentos que a una evolución continua e - litosfera (rocas) imperceptible, tal como lo planteaba Hutton, inspirado por la apacible campiña británica. (Chorley et al., - hidrosfera (océanos, lagos, ríos, glaciares, aguas 1985). subterráneas) - atmósfera COMPONENTES DEL PAISAJE - biosfera, que recubre prácticamente todo el planeta exceptuando desiertos y glaciares. El estudio del paisaje natural no puede realizarse sino por medio de la combinación de varias disciplinas La ecología, ciencia que estudia los sistemas cuya científicas que se enumeran a continuación(Cooke & dinámica permite la existencia de organismos, no Doornkamp, 1990): puede por lo tanto considerarse como sinónimo de medio ambiente: dentro de las premisas anteriores La geología, que estudia el origen del planeta, de sólo es una disciplina que incluye la totalidad de los las rocas que lo conforman y de los procesos que elementos que actúan en la superficie de la tierra. han permitido su evolución. La geomorfología, dedicada específicamente a la FORMACIÓN Y EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS superficie de la tierra: formas, depósitos y los PAISAJES 2003 fenómenos que los originan. El conocimiento actual acerca de los principales La hidrología, el estudio de las aguas superficiales factores que definen la formación de los paisajes y subterráneas. permite clasificarlos en forma simplificada (cuadro La meteorología y la climatología, cuyo campo es No. 1). la atmósfera y sus fenómenos: lluvia, vientos, CUADRO No. 1 temperatura, etc. Principales factores que originan los paisajes La edafología, que estudia las propiedades y los orígenes de los suelos. 1. Factores de origen interno rocas preexistentes y estructuras La biogeografía, que tiene como tema la distri- bución de los seres vivos (vegetales y animales) en tectonismo las tierras emergidas. Hay que agregar también la volcanismo paleontología, que estudia las faunas y floras pasadas, su ecología y su papel como formadores 2. Factores de origen externo (climáticos) REVISTA Universidad EAFIT No. 130 |abril.mayo.junio | REVISTA de rocas y geoformas. lluvia, granizo, nieve, ríos (aguas super- La oceanografía estudia los océanos: aunque el mar ficiales y subterráneas) tenga una influencia directa en las zonas litorales e viento indirecta en los continentes, no suele considerarse hielo como integrante de las ciencias que estudian los acción del mar (costas) paisajes emergidos. 22 FIGURA 1 Las Ciencias de la Tierra Cada uno de esos factores influencia, solo o en mismo
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