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Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} the Cornaro Elena Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} The Cornaro Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia Pride And Prodigy Of Venice 1646 1648 by Jane Howard Gue „The Cornaro Window”: Povestea primei femei cu doctorat din istorie. Născută la Veneția pe 5 iunie 1646 într-o familie nobiliară care îi dăduse deja pe Caterina Cornaro, ultima regină a Ciprului, precum și pe mulți alți dogi, amirali, cardinali și senatori, Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia a fost prima femeie din lume care a obținut un titlu doctoral (la Universitatea din Padova, în 1678). În Veneția secolului XVII, familiile patriciene obișnuiau să-și căsătorească doar fiul cel mai mare și fiica cea mai mare. Pentru spița masculină, se punea problema evitării fragmentării proprietăților familiei, fiului cel mare rămânându-i în principiu, prin moștenire, și palatul familiei. În același timp, cadeții erau încurajați să-și ocupe vremea cu politica și să participe activ la funcționarea statului prin candidatura la funcții publice. Astfel, când cadeții nu luau calea teologiei (cealaltă opțiune disponibilă în epocă), ei intrau în serviciul Republicii Venețiene. Erau ocupații nobile prin excelență și aproape obligatorii pentru patricieni, de la care statul cerea adesea sacrificarea vieții private pe altarul interesului mai mare. Așa se face că jumătate din dogii Veneției erau, de fapt, celibatari care aleseseră viața de stat în detrimentul celei personale. Pe de altă parte, niciun patrician nu dorea să renunțe la ideea de a avea o familie. Pentru ei, uniunea de facto , concubinajul, era o formă de consensualitate tolerată, lipsită doar de opțiunea căsătoriei. Copiii naturali erau recunoscuți de către tați, care se asigurau apoi de educația și viitorul lor economic. În cazul fiicelor, tendința în familiile mari era aceea de a o căsători pe cea mai mare spre a mai recupera din zestrea pierdută odată cu fetele măritate. Fetele mai tinere erau adesea forțate să ia calea abației pentru a nu mai trebui să li se asigure zestre. Consecința acestor practici a fost declinul demografic al patricienilor venețieni, care deja fuseseră decimați în urma efortului de război împotriva otomanilor. Pe parcursul Războiului Candiei/Cretei (1645- 1669) - suprapus, iată, peste 23 de ani din cei 38 pe care i-a trăit Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684) -, un sfert din nobilimea venețiană (circa 280 de patricieni) a pierit. Din pricina pattern-urilor demografice amintite, multe familii pur și simplu s-au stins. Cum anume urma să arate Veneția fără patricienii ei? Fără motorul ei economic și comandanții ei militari. Elena a fost rodul iubirii dintre nobilul Giovanni Battista Cornaro-Piscopia și o anume Zanetta Boni, o femeie cu origini modeste („prostituată”, potrivit unor surse contemporane), numită adesea „Valdesabia” cu referire la originile ei bresciane. Împreună au avut șapte copii, Elena a fost a cincea. Cu toate acestea, din pricina originilor Zanettei, n-au putut face parte din Cartea de Aur a nobilității venețiene (instituită în 1506 ca un fel de registru civil) și nu erau îngăduiți la ședințele Marelui Consiliu ori la alte evenimente rezervate aristocraților. Chiar și așa, Cornaro era una din cele mai înstărite familii și dăduse Republicii Venețiene nu mai puțin de patru dogi. Giovanni Battista Cornaro a decis să cumpere titlurile nobiliare pentru fiii săi Francesco și Girolamo, în 1664. Prețul pentru un singur titlu era enorm: 100.000 de ducați de aur. Spre comparație, un muncitor calificat în fabricarea de arme, extrem de necesare în epocă, ajungea să câștige undeva la 20 de ducați de aur pe an. Giovanni a observat de timpuriu inteligența fiicei sale, Elena, și i-a încurajat înclinațiile culturale și intelectuale, oferindu-i cei mai buni tutori de greacă și latină, matematică, astronomie, geografie și muzică, filosofie, dar și ebraică, franceză și spaniolă, nemaivorbind de teologie. A devenit în timp o femeie învățată. Mai târziu, Elena a primit câteva cereri „avantajoase” de căsătorie, însă le-a refuzat pe toate pentru că dorea să-și dedice viața lui Dumnezeu. În 1665, la vârsta de 19 ani, Elena a devenit oblată a ordinului benedictin (fără însă a se călugări), un statut care îi permitea să rămână sub acoperișul palatului familiei sale și, în același timp, să observe ritualurile religioase. Poate că nu în van fusese întemeiat acest ordin feminin de către o femeie pe nume Scolastica, sora geamănă a lui Benedict de Nursia. Deja faimoasă pentru erudiția sa, Elenei nu i-a fost foarte greu să obțină un loc la Universitatea din Padova (una din cele mai vechi din lume, înființată la 1222 în urma migrației profesorilor și studenților Universității din Bologna, aflați în conflict cu propria lor Comună). Era o instituție renumită pentru spiritul ei tolerant, încurajat, cu siguranță, de protecția oferită de puternica Republică Venețiană vreme de mai bine de trei secole. Ca loc al ideilor, a făcut parte din revoluția științifică a Renașterii. Galileo însuși predase aici vreme de 18 ani și fusese, la rându-i, un prieten apropiat al marii familii Cornaro. Giovanni Battista Cornaro își dorea ca fiica lui să devină doctor în teologie. Susținerea tezei avea să se petreacă în latină și greacă, pe data de 25 iunie 1678, în fața a 30.000 de spectatori: o adevărată dezbatere cu public. Inițial, Episcopul de Padova, care era și decanul universității, Cardinalul Gregorio Barbarigo, a refuzat să acorde titlul de doctor în teologie unei femei. S-a ajuns, în cele din urmă, la un compromis: prelatul accepta ca Elena să obțină un doctorat în filosofie în loc de teologie, care rămânea un domeniu rezervat exclusiv bărbaților. Decernarea titlului fusese oficiată în fața conducerii universității, a studenților, profesorilor, senatorilor venețieni, dar și a multor altor invitați de la universitățile din Bologna, Roma, Perugia și Napoli. Elena a vorbit preț de o oră în latină clasică, explicând pasaje întregi din Aristotel, fascinându-și audiența. Avea 32 de ani, din cei 38 pe care i-a trăit, iar viața sa ajunsese la apogeu. Rămasă la Padova după studiile doctorale, a murit de tuberculoză pe 26 iulie 1684, într-o uitare publică din ce în ce mai accentuată în ultima parte a vieții. Își dedicase anii din urmă studiului, traducerilor din varii limbi și carității. Vitraliul central al Bibliotecii Frederick Ferris Thompson de la prestigiosul colegiu de arte liberale Vassar din Poughkeepsie, New York, instalat în anul 1906, surprinde minunat momentul acordării primului doctorat din istorie către o femeie: „The Cornaro Window”. O adevărată frescă a secolului XVII venețian și o poartă către cunoaștere și toleranță. Acum douăzeci de ani, Jane Howard Guernsey, ea însăși absolventă a Colegiului Vassar, publica și prima biografiei a Elenei, intitulată The Lady Cornaro: Pride and Prodigy of Venice (College Ave Pr, 1 iunie 1999). Despre blog: Marius Stan , politolog, specializat în istoria regimurilor comuniste, director de cercetare la Centrul „Hannah Arendt”, Universitatea din București, România. Din septembrie 2018, semnează un blog la Radio Europa Liberă : Distinguo* (*Un modest omagiu în spiritul rubricii permanente pe care o ținea cândva criticul și eseistul Vladimir Streinu la revista Luceafărul ” – Marius Stan) Opiniile autorului nu reflectă, neapărat, poziția Europei Libere. Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (1646-1684): The First Woman in the World to Earn a University Degree. Francesco Ludovico Maschietto. Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (1646-1684): The First Woman in the World to Earn a University Degree. Trans. Jan Vairo, William Crochetiere, and Catherine Marshall. Philadelphia: Saint Joseph's University Press, 2007. xxii + 318 pp. index, append, illus. illus. bibl $40 ISBN: 978-0-916101-57-6. Readers of the considerable body of literature on the learned women of Renaissance Italy will already know the name of Elena Lucrezia Coronaro Piscopia (1646-84), the first woman graduate of the University of Padua. Piscopia was the daughter of the Venetian nobleman and procurator of San Marco, Giovanni Battista Cornaro, and his peasant (or at least ignoble) consort Zanetta Boni, whose offspring were legitimated and ennobled after a stupendous gift of 105,000 ducats to the Venetian Senate in 1664. Conversant in many languages ancient and modern, Piscopia benefited from her father's impressive library and from the constant presence of distinguished tutors, who offered her an intensive course of study in philosophy and theology. Her reputation for piety and learning made her one of the ornaments of the city. In fulfillment of her father's ambitions to restore his family's honor, and with the encouragement of her tutor Carlo Rinaldini, professor of philosophy at the University of Padua, Piscopia received a highly publicized degree in philosophy on 25 June 1678, after failing to receive permission for a theology degree. Therein lies her claim to be the first woman university graduate, and she is certainly the first that we can document in any detail, though wider research suggests that she was not an absolute first, since Costanza Calenda's medical degree of 1422 in Naples does seem to have been recorded in the city--unlike Bitisia Gozzadini's legendary degree of 1236 in canon law or any of the others that may have occurred in Bologna. The English translation of the Benedictine scholar Francesco Ludovico Maschietto's biography of Piscopia is a welcome addition to the literature on women and learning in Renaissance Italy. Originally published in 1978 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Piscopia's degree, it is the first fully archival study of her life and work. The result is a richer and more accurate portrait of Piscopia than any study of her prior to 1978. Reading the new translation of this book, I was reminded how often Maschietto dispelled myths and errors regarding Piscopia, not only minor issues such as dating the key events in her life properly but also more important misconceptions such as the idea, proposed by her seventeenth-century biographers, that she made a vow of virginity at age ten and repeatedly attempted to enter the convent.
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