>< 04 Types of human security and their threats
Types of human security Characteristics Threats/Indicators
Availability of basic income from work, the Rising unemployment, drop in real salaries, Economic State or from the family or community. rising inflation, loss of production assets, rising Peace and security security income gap between rich and poor. 16 ALBOAN
Food Availability of food and resources to access it. Consumption deterioration, exhaustion of the food reserves, drop in food production and security increased dependency on imports. Foro Rural Mundial
Healthy body, healthy environmental, health Rising insalubrity, propagation of epidemics, [ Manuela Mesa Peinado ] Health security care cover. deterioration of the health system and access to CEIPAZ, Culture of Peace Foundation drinking water. ALBOAN
Environmental Ecological balance, sustainable development. Deterioration of the local and world ecosystems, security exhaustion of the resources. Traditionally peace has been understood as the absence of violence, positive UNESCO peace was proposed as a complex, medium Absence of physical violence. Increase in different types of physical violence considered as the absence of Personal (political repression, attacks on foreigners, and long-term process linked to human rights, security ethnic or religious conflicts, delinquency, direct violence or war. This gender violence) drug trafficking, etc. development and respect for the environment UNESCO/Loock notion has its origin in the double (see figure 1). Conflict is considered as an Political Respect for individual’s fundamental rights, Increase in political violence, human rights element present in every society produced in democratic guarantees. violations and authoritarianism; break-down of dimension of pax romana, on the security situations where people or social groups seek the nation State due to rivalry. one hand imposing internal order UNESCO/Van Dermeersch or perceive opposing goals, assert conflicting and on the other hand an external values or have differing interests. Conflict is not [ >< ] Source: HEGOA and UNDP military deterrent summarised in itself positive or negative, what is important in the maxim “if you want peace is the way in which these disagreements are regulated or transformed; whether in a destructive prepare for war”. or a constructive manner. Throughout history levels, especially in the Pacific and Caribbean This is the case of water management or the conflicts have been one of the driving forces islands. Frequency and intensity of natural fight against pollution. Environmental issues Dimensions of peace behind social change and an essential creative disasters like cyclones, droughts and flooding, also require local participation and common element in human relations. Peace is a process will have a greater affect on the poorest sense. When this cooperation is achieved In the sixties peace research appeared as a aimed at promoting constructive forms of conflict countries. This situation will have very serious on environmental issues, new areas will be discipline, and some academics, researchers and resolution. implications for human security. created for negotiating other issues which activists advanced towards a broader concept The notion of positive peace has been slowly At the same time some environmental due to political reasons, ethnic differences or of peace related to social justice, equality and consolidated and one of the most relevant issues may provide useful elements in the historical grievances, have become impossible dialogue. As opposed to negative peace, contributions was from Johan Galtung (in conflict transformation and peace construction to resolve. Thus, new scenarios for dialogue will processes. The environmental problems, due be opened which allow disputes to be resolved to their global nature and the interdependence via negotiation. This is how environmental of the ecosystems, force conflicting parties to problems can make an important contribution to 01 Positive peace and negative peace cooperate if they want to obtain greater benefits. the construction of peace. <
Negative Peace Positive Peace > Achieve social harmony, justice and equality, as well as Avoid armed conflict. Goal the elimination of structural violence. bibliography and references: > Galtung, J.: Violence, Peace and Peace Research, Journal of Peace Research 27.3., 1969. > Galtung, J.: Sobre paz. Barcelona: Fontamara, 1985. Absence of war or direct violence. Absence of direct, structural and cultural violence. > Lederach, J. P.: Construyendo la paz. Reconciliación sostenible en sociedades divididas. Bilbao: Gernika Gogoratuz, 1998. Characteristics > Martínez-Guzmán, V.: Filosofía para hacer las paces. Barcelona: Icaria, 2001. Established between States and requires military Reduction in the level of direct violence and higher levels > Mayor Zaragoza, F.: La nueva página. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, Círculo de Lectores. UNESCO, 1994. hardware to guarantee peace. of justice. > Renner, M., French, H. and Assadourian, E.: La situación del Mundo 2005: Redefiniendo la seguridad mundial. Barcelona: Icaria Editorial, 2005. Peace is a process rather than an end in itself. It does > Wolf, A.T.: Water Wars and Water Reality: Conflict and Cooperation along Internacional Waterways. Enviromental Change, Adaptation and “Pacific war” is accepted by imposing economic not involve rejecting conflict. We must learn how to deal Strategies Human Security. Dordrecht. Steve Lonergan, 1999. sanctions, commercial boycotts, etc. with conflicts and to settle them in a pacific and fair manner. > Escola de Cultura de Pau: www.escolapau.org > Foundation Culture of Peace: www.fund-culturadepaz.org [ >< ] Source: Own preparation according to Galtung > War Resisters’ International: www.wri-irg.org
centro unesco euskal herria UN Decade of Education for centre unesco pays basque Sustainable Development unesco centre basque country
16 paz y seguridad ingles.indd 2 20/07/2009 10:29:22 02 Analysis of types of violence 03 Historical evolution of the concept of security
CLASSIC CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY CONCEPT Direct violence SECURITY Visible Aggression and war Classic realist paradigm which Globalalist or transnational paradigm Born in the 1980s and remains dominant Awareness about new cross-border consolidated in the 1990s, security risks which must be solved linked to the concept of human Focused on military defence of based on international cooperation. development. the State’s sovereignty and territorial integrity against The person as the ultimate Cultural violence Structural violence external aggression (classic subject of security, understood Invisible CRITICAL INFLUENCE Imposing certain values Deriving from oppressive social, war) as the capacity to satisfy basic universal needs through or cultural models political and economic structures Characteristics: everybody’s shared participation - Focused on the State EVOLUTION IN THE 1960s AND 1970s in the benefits of development. - Ignores the citizens [ >< ] Source: Own preparation according to Galtung - Limited to external military Characteristics: threats CRITICAL INFLUENCE - Freedom in relation to basic - Ignores other sources of needs (i.e. that they are insecurity, whether global or covered). internal (e.g. economic or Structural paradigm or paradigm - Freedom from fear (threats, 1969) with his concepts of direct violence, structural Peace is related to human rights and the human right environmental) of dependence repression, etc.). National security is none other than the violence and cultural violence (see figure 2). Direct to peace has been one of the main focuses in recent security of ruling elite. The real Types of security: violence is linked to aggression and has its maximum years for many organisations and bodies. These insecurity of the poor classes lies in - Economic, food, health, expression in war; Structural violence is that which organisations advocate peace being recognised the failure to satisfy their basic needs environmental, personal, derives from oppressive social, political and economic as a right which is denied to many societies as a as a result of inequitable economic and political, provided by the structures which prevent people from fully realising result of, amongst other factors, poverty, the lack of political structures. community. their development potential: for example poverty, freedom or internal wars, as indicated in the Luarca hunger, lack of access to education or health are all Declaration (2007). forms of violence. Cultural violence comes from [ >< ] Source: Own preparation imposing cultural values or criteria, denying cultural Human security diversity and legitimising the use of force as a method of conflict resolution. As such, peace is a process aimed Peace and security are two concepts which are at reducing all of these forms of violence, whether intrinsically linked. Like the concept of peace, the provide protection and ensure their survival. The Threat of environmental degradation direct, structural or cultural. This notion of positive notion of security has been changing and evolving notion of human security was a great step forward peace has considerably broadened the scope of action (see figure 3). The classic concept of security, in how security is understood and in its relationship Amongst these threats it is probably those of researchers, educators and the peace movement the so-called “national security”, is focused on with sustainable human development (see figure related to environmental degradation, scarcity itself. It has also been enhanced over the years with the military defence of the State’s sovereignty and 4). of resources and climate change which have new contributions from authors like Martínez-Guzmán, territorial integrity against external aggression. The threats to people have been changing had the most impact on public opinion. The race who consider that there may be different ways to However, since the seventies this focus has been according to the political, social and economic to control and exploit the energy resources is “make peace”. Or the concept of the “imperfect questioned as it is now accepted that there are contexts, and human security requires a very noticeable and is a matter of concern for peace” of Muñoz and López which treats peace as new transnational security risks which cannot be multidisciplinary analysis capable of identifying numerous governments and societies. Some a complex process which is difficult to achieve and tackled by focusing on the military defence of the these potential threats. In 2004, the United Nations of the recent wars and conflicts are directly is recognised and constructed on a daily basis. For national borders: some of the threats identified in High-level Group on threats, challenges and change related to access to gas and oil reserves, as is Fisas, peace is a process to consolidate a new way of this period are environmental threats, organised published its report titled: A more secure world: Our the case of the Persian Gulf and Central Asia. seeing, understanding and living in the world, starting crime or human rights violations. Various initiatives, shared responsibility, which mentions six clusters Conflicts and tension related to water supply or with oneself and continuing with others, horizontally, like the Palme Commission with its 1982 report titled of threats which are of global concern as they do navigation rights are also frequent, particularly forming a network to provide confidence, security and Common Security: a Programme for Disarmament, not respect national borders, are interrelated, and if we take into account that there are 250 river authority to people and societies, promoting mutual the Our Common Future report prepared in 1987 must be tackled on a global, regional and national systems shared between two or more States, exchanges, overcoming distrust and differences from by the World Commission on Environment and level, as no State, however powerful it may be, is many of which still have unsettled disputes. a local and a global perspective. Development and the Peace Programme from the immune from them. These are: Various reports and studies have also come to Some institutions, particularly UNESCO and its United Nations Secretary General Boutros Ghali • Inter-State conflict. the conclusion that climate change will have Director General Federico Mayor Zaragoza (1987- in 1992, were all important contributions towards • Internal conflict, including civil war, genocide a particular affect on the poorest countries so 1999), have significantly boosted the Culture of Peace extending the notion of security. Finally, in 1994, the and other large-scale atrocities. their existing tensions will be heightened which in all ambits, both internationally, at government level United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) • Economic and social threats, including will further hinder the possibility of reaching and within civil society. In 1999 the United Nations set out the notion of human security focused on poverty, infectious disease and environmental an understanding. Global warming will lead to General Assembly passed the Declaration and the people instead of the States. Human security degradation. resources becoming even scarcer, particularly Action Programme to Promote a Culture of Peace means that everybody is capable of satisfying their • Nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological food, and some poor countries will be extremely which was an important step in promoting peace basic needs, particularly those who live in extreme weapons. vulnerable as a result. It will also become more and transforming conflicts in all areas, particularly in vulnerability, whether in the contexts of war or • Terrorism. difficult for them to deal with the massive regards to education. marginalisation, where the institutions are obliged to • Transnational organised crime. population displacements caused by rising sea
16 paz y seguridad ingles.indd 3 20/07/2009 10:29:24 02 Analysis of types of violence 03 Historical evolution of the concept of security
CLASSIC CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY CONCEPT Direct violence SECURITY Visible Aggression and war Classic realist paradigm which Globalalist or transnational paradigm Born in the 1980s and remains dominant Awareness about new cross-border consolidated in the 1990s, security risks which must be solved linked to the concept of human Focused on military defence of based on international cooperation. development. the State’s sovereignty and territorial integrity against The person as the ultimate Cultural violence Structural violence external aggression (classic subject of security, understood Invisible CRITICAL INFLUENCE Imposing certain values Deriving from oppressive social, war) as the capacity to satisfy basic universal needs through or cultural models political and economic structures Characteristics: everybody’s shared participation - Focused on the State EVOLUTION IN THE 1960s AND 1970s in the benefits of development. - Ignores the citizens [ >< ] Source: Own preparation according to Galtung - Limited to external military Characteristics: threats CRITICAL INFLUENCE - Freedom in relation to basic - Ignores other sources of needs (i.e. that they are insecurity, whether global or covered). internal (e.g. economic or Structural paradigm or paradigm - Freedom from fear (threats, 1969) with his concepts of direct violence, structural Peace is related to human rights and the human right environmental) of dependence repression, etc.). National security is none other than the violence and cultural violence (see figure 2). Direct to peace has been one of the main focuses in recent security of ruling elite. The real Types of security: violence is linked to aggression and has its maximum years for many organisations and bodies. These insecurity of the poor classes lies in - Economic, food, health, expression in war; Structural violence is that which organisations advocate peace being recognised the failure to satisfy their basic needs environmental, personal, derives from oppressive social, political and economic as a right which is denied to many societies as a as a result of inequitable economic and political, provided by the structures which prevent people from fully realising result of, amongst other factors, poverty, the lack of political structures. community. their development potential: for example poverty, freedom or internal wars, as indicated in the Luarca hunger, lack of access to education or health are all Declaration (2007). forms of violence. Cultural violence comes from [ >< ] Source: Own preparation imposing cultural values or criteria, denying cultural Human security diversity and legitimising the use of force as a method of conflict resolution. As such, peace is a process aimed Peace and security are two concepts which are at reducing all of these forms of violence, whether intrinsically linked. Like the concept of peace, the provide protection and ensure their survival. The Threat of environmental degradation direct, structural or cultural. This notion of positive notion of security has been changing and evolving notion of human security was a great step forward peace has considerably broadened the scope of action (see figure 3). The classic concept of security, in how security is understood and in its relationship Amongst these threats it is probably those of researchers, educators and the peace movement the so-called “national security”, is focused on with sustainable human development (see figure related to environmental degradation, scarcity itself. It has also been enhanced over the years with the military defence of the State’s sovereignty and 4). of resources and climate change which have new contributions from authors like Martínez-Guzmán, territorial integrity against external aggression. The threats to people have been changing had the most impact on public opinion. The race who consider that there may be different ways to However, since the seventies this focus has been according to the political, social and economic to control and exploit the energy resources is “make peace”. Or the concept of the “imperfect questioned as it is now accepted that there are contexts, and human security requires a very noticeable and is a matter of concern for peace” of Muñoz and López which treats peace as new transnational security risks which cannot be multidisciplinary analysis capable of identifying numerous governments and societies. Some a complex process which is difficult to achieve and tackled by focusing on the military defence of the these potential threats. In 2004, the United Nations of the recent wars and conflicts are directly is recognised and constructed on a daily basis. For national borders: some of the threats identified in High-level Group on threats, challenges and change related to access to gas and oil reserves, as is Fisas, peace is a process to consolidate a new way of this period are environmental threats, organised published its report titled: A more secure world: Our the case of the Persian Gulf and Central Asia. seeing, understanding and living in the world, starting crime or human rights violations. Various initiatives, shared responsibility, which mentions six clusters Conflicts and tension related to water supply or with oneself and continuing with others, horizontally, like the Palme Commission with its 1982 report titled of threats which are of global concern as they do navigation rights are also frequent, particularly forming a network to provide confidence, security and Common Security: a Programme for Disarmament, not respect national borders, are interrelated, and if we take into account that there are 250 river authority to people and societies, promoting mutual the Our Common Future report prepared in 1987 must be tackled on a global, regional and national systems shared between two or more States, exchanges, overcoming distrust and differences from by the World Commission on Environment and level, as no State, however powerful it may be, is many of which still have unsettled disputes. a local and a global perspective. Development and the Peace Programme from the immune from them. These are: Various reports and studies have also come to Some institutions, particularly UNESCO and its United Nations Secretary General Boutros Ghali • Inter-State conflict. the conclusion that climate change will have Director General Federico Mayor Zaragoza (1987- in 1992, were all important contributions towards • Internal conflict, including civil war, genocide a particular affect on the poorest countries so 1999), have significantly boosted the Culture of Peace extending the notion of security. Finally, in 1994, the and other large-scale atrocities. their existing tensions will be heightened which in all ambits, both internationally, at government level United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) • Economic and social threats, including will further hinder the possibility of reaching and within civil society. In 1999 the United Nations set out the notion of human security focused on poverty, infectious disease and environmental an understanding. Global warming will lead to General Assembly passed the Declaration and the people instead of the States. Human security degradation. resources becoming even scarcer, particularly Action Programme to Promote a Culture of Peace means that everybody is capable of satisfying their • Nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological food, and some poor countries will be extremely which was an important step in promoting peace basic needs, particularly those who live in extreme weapons. vulnerable as a result. It will also become more and transforming conflicts in all areas, particularly in vulnerability, whether in the contexts of war or • Terrorism. difficult for them to deal with the massive regards to education. marginalisation, where the institutions are obliged to • Transnational organised crime. population displacements caused by rising sea
16 paz y seguridad ingles.indd 3 20/07/2009 10:29:24 >< 04 Types of human security and their threats
Types of human security Characteristics Threats/Indicators
Availability of basic income from work, the Rising unemployment, drop in real salaries, Economic State or from the family or community. rising inflation, loss of production assets, rising Peace and security security income gap between rich and poor. 16 ALBOAN
Food Availability of food and resources to access it. Consumption deterioration, exhaustion of the food reserves, drop in food production and security increased dependency on imports. Foro Rural Mundial
Healthy body, healthy environmental, health Rising insalubrity, propagation of epidemics, [ Manuela Mesa Peinado ] Health security care cover. deterioration of the health system and access to CEIPAZ, Culture of Peace Foundation drinking water. ALBOAN
Environmental Ecological balance, sustainable development. Deterioration of the local and world ecosystems, security exhaustion of the resources. Traditionally peace has been understood as the absence of violence, positive UNESCO peace was proposed as a complex, medium Absence of physical violence. Increase in different types of physical violence considered as the absence of Personal (political repression, attacks on foreigners, and long-term process linked to human rights, security ethnic or religious conflicts, delinquency, direct violence or war. This gender violence) drug trafficking, etc. development and respect for the environment UNESCO/Loock notion has its origin in the double (see figure 1). Conflict is considered as an Political Respect for individual’s fundamental rights, Increase in political violence, human rights element present in every society produced in democratic guarantees. violations and authoritarianism; break-down of dimension of pax romana, on the security situations where people or social groups seek the nation State due to rivalry. one hand imposing internal order UNESCO/Van Dermeersch or perceive opposing goals, assert conflicting and on the other hand an external values or have differing interests. Conflict is not [ >< ] Source: HEGOA and UNDP military deterrent summarised in itself positive or negative, what is important in the maxim “if you want peace is the way in which these disagreements are regulated or transformed; whether in a destructive prepare for war”. or a constructive manner. Throughout history levels, especially in the Pacific and Caribbean This is the case of water management or the conflicts have been one of the driving forces islands. Frequency and intensity of natural fight against pollution. Environmental issues Dimensions of peace behind social change and an essential creative disasters like cyclones, droughts and flooding, also require local participation and common element in human relations. Peace is a process will have a greater affect on the poorest sense. When this cooperation is achieved In the sixties peace research appeared as a aimed at promoting constructive forms of conflict countries. This situation will have very serious on environmental issues, new areas will be discipline, and some academics, researchers and resolution. implications for human security. created for negotiating other issues which activists advanced towards a broader concept The notion of positive peace has been slowly At the same time some environmental due to political reasons, ethnic differences or of peace related to social justice, equality and consolidated and one of the most relevant issues may provide useful elements in the historical grievances, have become impossible dialogue. As opposed to negative peace, contributions was from Johan Galtung (in conflict transformation and peace construction to resolve. Thus, new scenarios for dialogue will processes. The environmental problems, due be opened which allow disputes to be resolved to their global nature and the interdependence via negotiation. This is how environmental of the ecosystems, force conflicting parties to problems can make an important contribution to 01 Positive peace and negative peace cooperate if they want to obtain greater benefits. the construction of peace. <
Negative Peace Positive Peace > Achieve social harmony, justice and equality, as well as Avoid armed conflict. Goal the elimination of structural violence. bibliography and references: > Galtung, J.: Violence, Peace and Peace Research, Journal of Peace Research 27.3., 1969. > Galtung, J.: Sobre paz. Barcelona: Fontamara, 1985. Absence of war or direct violence. Absence of direct, structural and cultural violence. > Lederach, J. P.: Construyendo la paz. Reconciliación sostenible en sociedades divididas. Bilbao: Gernika Gogoratuz, 1998. Characteristics > Martínez-Guzmán, V.: Filosofía para hacer las paces. Barcelona: Icaria, 2001. Established between States and requires military Reduction in the level of direct violence and higher levels > Mayor Zaragoza, F.: La nueva página. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, Círculo de Lectores. UNESCO, 1994. hardware to guarantee peace. of justice. > Renner, M., French, H. and Assadourian, E.: La situación del Mundo 2005: Redefiniendo la seguridad mundial. Barcelona: Icaria Editorial, 2005. Peace is a process rather than an end in itself. It does > Wolf, A.T.: Water Wars and Water Reality: Conflict and Cooperation along Internacional Waterways. Enviromental Change, Adaptation and “Pacific war” is accepted by imposing economic not involve rejecting conflict. We must learn how to deal Strategies Human Security. Dordrecht. Steve Lonergan, 1999. sanctions, commercial boycotts, etc. with conflicts and to settle them in a pacific and fair manner. > Escola de Cultura de Pau: www.escolapau.org > Foundation Culture of Peace: www.fund-culturadepaz.org [ >< ] Source: Own preparation according to Galtung > War Resisters’ International: www.wri-irg.org
centro unesco euskal herria UN Decade of Education for centre unesco pays basque Sustainable Development unesco centre basque country
16 paz y seguridad ingles.indd 2 20/07/2009 10:29:22