Visit us - www.researchjournal.co.in DOI : 10.15740/HAS/IRJAES/6.2/336-341 International Research Journal of Agricultural Economics and Statistics Volume 6 | Issue 2 | September, 2015 | 336-341 e ISSN-2231-6434

Research Paper Economics of production of banana in district of

U.S. BONDAR, K.S. DAUNDKAR AND S.R. KHEDKAR

See end of the paper for ABSTRACT :The area under Banana in Kolhapur district is increasing day by day due to congenial authors’ affiliations good soil and climatic condition for banana cultivation and more water availability of banana. The Correspondence to : present study is undertaken with following specific objectives. The data was collected for the year U.S. BONDAR 2012-13. The ACGR for area, production and productivity of banana in the Kolhapur district for the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, period from 2003-04 to 2012-13 were estimated to 7.72, 6.08 and -1.29 per cent per annum, respectively. (M.S.) At the overall level, the per hectare use of human labour and manure were 249.82 man days and 261.17 qtls., respectively. The per hectare cost of cultivation was Rs. 2,72,876.10. The major items of cost were rental value of owned land (34.39 %), seedlings (17.42 %) and human labour (9.18 %), and interest on fixed capital (0.21 %).The percentage of cost A and cost B in the total cost of cultivation were 63.10 and 97.71 per cent, respectively. The benefit cost ratio was 2.07 indicating profitability of crop.

KEY WORDS : Banana, Cost of cultivation, Economics of production Paper History : Received : 01.05.2015; Revised : 06.07.2015; HOW TO CITE THIS PAPER : Bondar, U.S., Daundkar, K.S. and Khedkar, S.R. (2015). Economics of production Accepted : 07.08.2015 of banana in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra. Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco. & Stat., 6 (2) : 336-341.

Maharashtra are , , , Kolhapur, INTRODUCTION : , , and . The area under The origin of Banana (Musa sp.) is South East Asia. Banana in Kolhapur district during 2011-12 was 1389 It belongs to family Musaceae. At the world level, the ha. and in 2012-2013 was 1552 ha, which is increased area, production, and productivity of Banana was 5 million day by day. ha., 1036 million t. and 20.7 mt/ha, respectively. (Horticulture Database 2012-13) Banana is one of the Objectives : major important fruit crop in Maharashtra state. The area – To estimate the trends in area, production and under banana during the year 2012-13 was 82 thousand productivity of Banana in Kolhapur District ha. This accounts nearly 11.28 per cent of the total area – To estimate resource use structure, costs and in the country. The production of banana in Maharashtra returns in Banana production. state is 3570 metric tonnes with on average yield of 55.00 metric tonnes per ha. Maharashtra stands third in the MATERIALS AND METHODS : production next to Gujarat. Thus, Maharashtra accounts 14.4 per cent of the total production of Banana in the Primary data : country (Source: Economic Survey of Maharashtra, The primary source of data for the present study 2012-13). The major Banana growing districts in was the selected sample banana cultivators. The data

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE U.S. BONDAR, K.S. DAUNDKAR AND S.R. KHEDKAR

for production were obtained through survey method from Cost A : the banana cultivators in and Hatknagale tahsils of It is also called as paid out cost. This cost Kolhapur district. approximates the expenditure incurred by the farmer in cash and kind in the cultivation of crop. Secondary data : The secondary source of data for area, production Cost B : and productivity (2003 to 2012) were obtained from It includes cost ‘A’ plus imputed rental value of Kolhapur district statistical office, website, district owned land and interest paid on fixed capital. statistical office and various reports. Cost C : Selection of the district : It includes cost ‘B’ plus imputed value of family Kolhapur is a leading district in banana growing in human labour. The cost C represents the total cost of Maharashtra. On the basis of highest area under banana production. the Kolhapur district was purposely selected for the study. RESULTSAND DATA ANALYSIS : Selection of the tahsils : The results obtained from the present investigation Shirol and Hatkanangle tahsils were selected as well as relevant discussion have been summarized in purposively for this study, because these tahsils have the Tables 1 to 6. maximum area under banana crop in Kolhapur district. Growth rates in area, production and productivity Selection of the villages : of banana in the India : Five villages viz., Nandani, Nimshirgaon, Rajapur, The growth rates in the area with respect to banana Khidrapur and Bubnal from Shirol tahsil and five village crop in the India is increasing with 6.85 per cent per viz., Minche, , Bhathole, Nej and V.T.Waggaon annum, which is significant at one per cent. ACGR for from Hatknagale were selected purposively. Production increases with 10.08 per cent per annum, which is significant at one per cent and productivity is Selection of the sample : increasing 3.00 per cent per annum with significantly at For selection of the cultivators, a list of banana one per cent level. cultivators was prepared for each of the villages. They It is clearly showed that, the area, production and were grouped into three categories on the basis of their productivity of banana is increases significantly. area under banana viz., small farmers (0.01 to 0.40 hectares), medium farmers (0.41 to 0.80 hectares) and Area, production and productivity of banana in large farmers (0.81 ha and above). Maharashtra : The growth rates in respect area with respect to Trends in area, production and productivity of banana crop in Maharashtra is increasing with a rate of Banana : 7.01 per cent per annum which is significant at one per The annual compound growth rates of area, cent. Production has also increasing at the rate of 1.04 production and productivity of banana was worked out per cent per annum which is non-significant and by using an exponential form of equation as below : productivity is decreasing with rate of -1.88 per cent per Y=abt annum which is negative and non-significant. Annual compound growth rate (ACGR) in It is clearly showed that the ACGR of Area is percentage is calculated as, increases significantly but production increases but non- significant and productivity decreases with negatively non- ACGR=Antilog(b-1)×100 significant because timely unavability of high yielding varieties, lack modern cultivation practices due to this Estimation cost of cultivation : productivity was decreased hence, it was negatively The cost concepts used are as follows. significant.

Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 6 (2) Sept., 2015 : 336-341 337 HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION OF BANANA

Table 1 : ACGR of area, production and productivity of banana in India Sr. No. Years Area ('000'ha.) Production ('000' mt.) Productivity (t/ mt.) 1. 2003 475 13304 28.00 2. 2004 499 13875 27.80 3. 2005 590 16745 28.40 4. 2006 570 18888 33.20 5. 2007 604 20998 34.20 6. 2008 658 23823 36.20 7. 2009 709 26217 37.00 8. 2010 770 26470 34.40 9. 2011 830 29780 35.90 10. 2012 856 29287 34.00 ACGR 6.85*** 10.08*** 3.00*** T value 17.82 13.66 3.85 Source: www.indiastat.com *** indicate significance of value at P=0.01 NS=Non-significant

Table 2 : ACGR of area, production and productivity of banana in Maharashtra Sr. No Year Area (ha) Production ('00' mt) Productivity (qt/ha) 1. 2003 46241 31025.21 610.12 2. 2004 57389 36347.3 633.3 3. 2005 53671 35577.34 662.9 4. 2006 64425 42993.06 667.34 5. 2007 66009 45402.18 687.82 6. 2008 70642 52671.92 745.62 7. 2009 81910 51768.01 632.01 8. 2010 85230 34377.11 610.62 9. 2011 87248 35880.24 520.2 10. 2012 82000 35703.32 530.11 ACGR 7.01*** 1.04NS -1.88NS t-value 8.48 0.49 -1.72 Source: District Horticultural Department, Maharashtra *** indicate significance of value at P=0.01 NS=Non-significant

Table 3 : ACGR of area, production and productivity of banana in Kolhapur district Sr. No. Year Area (ha) Production ('00' mt) Productivity (qtls./ha) 1. 2003 488 235.3 482.3 2. 2004 948 703.74 703.74 3. 2005 1273 656.78 515.93 4. 2006 1463 871.95 596 5. 2007 1290 657.33 509.56 6. 2008 1208 757.19 626.81 7. 2009 1167 654.43 560.78 8. 2010 1253 674.67 538.44 9. 2011 1389 698.67 503 10. 2012 1552 745.63 480.43 ACGR 7.72NS 6.08NS -1.29NS t-Value 2.61 1.61 -0.94 Source : District Horticultural Department, Kolhapur NS=Non-significant

Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 6 (2) Sept., 2015 : 336-341 HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 338 U.S. BONDAR, K.S. DAUNDKAR AND S.R. KHEDKAR

ACGR of area, production and productivity of Among different size group, the per hectare use of banana in Kolhapur district : total human labour (256 days) and bullock labour (5.89 The growth rates in respect area with respect to pair days) use was highest in small size groups. banana crop in Kolhapur district is increasing with rate The sucker use for banana plantation by the banana of 7.72 per cent per annum which is non-significant. cultivators were from the source of G-9 (tissue cultured The Production of banana in the district increasing variety), basrai and shrimanti. More than 92 per cent with rate of 6.08 per cent per annum which is non- farmers used G-9 variety for cultivation. The price of significant and the productivity of banana in the district tissue culture plantlets was higher than traditional decreasing with rate of -1.29 per cent per annum which plantation. is negative and non-significant because of the production In sum there existed a great variability in the is increase due to increase in area not due to increasing resource use structure for banana among different size productivity . groups. The use of phosphorus was minimum on all the It is clearly showed that the ACGR of Area and farms. The distinguishing feature in the use of seedling production is increases but non- significant. Productivity for banana in different size group was the optimum decreases which are negative and non-significant. seedling rate to maintain optimum plant population. It was mainly due to cost on account of rental value Resource use structure : of land, tubers charges, fertilizers and manures resources Resource use structure in the banana cultivation : etc. It is revealed that, at the overall level, the per hectare It was also observed from the table, that the per use of total human labour and manure were 249.82 man hectare total output received at the overall level was days and 261.17 qtls., respectively. The bullock labour, (562.67 qtls.). It was the highest in small size group (570 machine power, suckers, total fertilizer, irrigation charges qtls.) followed by medium (565 qtls.) and large (553 qtls.) and plant protection charges were, 5.50 pair days, 10.67 size groups. hrs, 3656.56 suckers, 1515.26 kgs, Rs. 20262.07 Rs. Per quintal cost of cultivation of banana worked out 5327.46, Among different plant nutrients, the potash was Rs. 484.97 at the overall level. Among the different size more (628.33 kg) than that of phosphorus (284.83 kg) groups, the per quintal cost of cultivation was the highest and nitrogen (602.10 kg). However, the fertilizer use in small size group at Rs. 500.62 because of the high pattern of banana compared with recommended dose of cost of cultivation. banana the NPK nutrients have indicated that excess It could be revealed from the above discussion that use of nitrogen, potash and phosphorus was made by the pattern various items of cost of cultivation was more banana cultivators. or less similar among different size group of holding.

Table 4 : Per hectare resource use for Banana Size groups Sr. No. Particulars Overall Small Medium Large 1. Total human labour (hired +family) (mandays) 256.00 248.00 245.00 249.82 Male 130 127 122.00 126.48 Female 125 120 117.87 121.05 2. Bullock labour (pair days) 5.89 5.61 5 5.50 3 Machine labour (hrs) 10.87 10.70 10.430 10.67 4. Suckers (No.) 4000 3636.36 3333.33 3656.56 5. Manures (qtls.) 285.5 255 243.00 261.17 6. Fertilizers (kg) Nitrogen (kg) 607.49 600.16 598.65 602.10 Phosphorus (kg) 294 290 270.49 284.83 Potassium (kg) 640 625 620.00 628.33 Total (kg) 1541.49 1515.16 1489.14 1515.26 7. Irrigation (Rs.) 21873 20556.14 18357.07 20262.07 8. Plant protection (Rs.) 4500 5124 6358.391 5327.46

Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 6 (2) Sept., 2015 : 336-341 339 HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION OF BANANA

Table 5 : Item wise per hectare cost of cultivation of banana (Rupees) Size groups Sr. No. Items of cost Overall Small Medium Large 1. Hired human labour Male 15000 (5.26) 14850 (5.64) 14700 (5.64) 14850 (5.44) Female 10400 (3.64) 10200 (3.84) 10000 (3.84) 10200 (3.74) 2. Bullock labour 2060.59 (0.72) 1962.52 (0.72) 1750 (0.67) 1924.369 (0.71) 3. Machine labour (hrs) 4076.25 (1.43) 4011.63 (1.47) 3911.25 (1.50) 3999.71 (1.47) 4. Suckers (Rs.) 52000 (18.22) 47272.68 (17.34) 43333.29 (16.63) 47535.32 (17.42) 5. Manures (Rs.) 17130 (6.00) 15300 (5.61) 14580 (5.59) 15670 (5.74) 6. Fertilizers N (Rs.) 6074.9 (2.13) 6001.6 (2.20) 5986.534 (2.30) 6021.011 (2.21) P (Rs.) 4704 (1.65) 4640 (1.70) 4327.802 (1.66) 4557.27 (1.67) K (Rs.) 8320 (2.92) 8125 (2.98) 8060 (3.09) 8168.333 (2.99) Total fertilizer 19098.9 (6.69) 18766.6 (6.88) 18374.34 (7.05) 18746.61 (6.87) 7. Irrigation charges (Rs.) 21873 (7.67) 20556.14 (7.54) 18357.07 (7.04) 20262.07 (7.43) 8. Plant protection charges (Rs.) 6358.39 (2.23) 5124 (1.88) 4500 (1.73) 5327.463 (1.95) 9. Repairs and incidental charges (Rs.) 1964.24 (0.69) 1998.32 (0.73) 1824.65 (0.70) 1929.07 (0.71) Working capital (1 to 9 ) 149961.4 (52.55) 140041.9 (52.36) 131330.6 (50.39) 140444.6 (52.47) 10. Interest on working capital @ 6% per annum 11247.1 (3.94) 10503.14 (3.85) 9849.795 (3.78) 10533.35 (3.86) 11. Depreciation (Rs.) 21441.5 (7.51) 21023.26 (7.71) 20573.64 (7.89) 21012.8 (7.70) 12. Land revenue and other accesses (Rs.) 207.58 (0.073) 199.53 (0.07) 191.32 (0.07) 199.4751 (0.07) Cost A 182857.6 (64.08) 171767.8 (62.99) 161945.4 (62.14) 172190.2 (63.10) 13. Rental value of land(Rs.) 95292.42 (33.39) 94233.00 (34.56) 92017.70 (35.31) 93847.79 (34.39) 14. Interest on fixed capital @ 10 % 602.47 (0.21) 568.33 (0.21) 556.5 (0.21) 575.77 (0.21) Cost B 278752.47 (97.69) 266569.00 (97.76) 254519.6 (97.66) 266613.8 (97.71) 15. Family labour (man days) Male 4500 (1.58) 4200 (1.54) 4200 (1.61) 4300 (1.58) Female 2100 (0.74) 1900 (0.70) 1887 (0.72) 1962.333 (0.72) Cost C 285352.47 (100) 272669 (100) 260606.6 (100) 272876.10 (100) 16. Production (qtls.) 570 565 553 562.67 main produce 570000.0 565000.0 553000.0 562666.67 by produce 3000.00 1596.589 254.106 1616.89 17. Gross returns (Rs.) 573000.0 566596.6 553254.1 564283.6 18. Per quintal cost of cultivation (Rs.) 500.62 482.60 471.26 484.97 Figures in the parentheses indicate percentages to the total cost-C

Table 6 : Costs, returns and profitability of Banana (Rs./ha.) Size groups Sr. No. Particulars Overall Small Medium Large 1. Production (qtls/ha) 570.00 565.00 553.00 562.67 2. Gross income (Rs.) 573000.00 566597.60 553254.10 564284.57 3. Total cost Cost-A 182857.60 171767.81 161945.4 172190.24 Cost-B 278752.5 266569 254520 266614 Cost-C 285352.5 272669 260607 272876 4. Income FBI 390142 394828.78 391308.80 392093.33 FLI 294247.5 300027 298735 297670 NI 287647.5 293927 292648 291407 Cost of cultivation/qtls. 500.62 482.60 471.26 484.97 5. B:C ratio Gross income 2.01 2.08 2.12 2.07 Cost-C

Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 6 (2) Sept., 2015 : 336-341 HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 340 U.S. BONDAR, K.S. DAUNDKAR AND S.R. KHEDKAR

Similarly the behavioural pattern of input contribution to LITERATURECITED : the total cost of cultivation was observed to be almost the same at the overall level and in the case of indivisible Anonymous (2003). Economics of production and marketing size groups. of banana in western Maharashtra. Res. Rev. Committee Report, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar (M.S.): 1-26. Costs, returns and profitability : Costs, returns and profitability of banana : Guledgudda, S.S., Vishweshwar, Shripad and Olekar, J.N. (2002). It is noted from the table that, per hectare total yield Economics of banana cultivation and its marketing in obtained from banana at the overall level was 562.67 Haveri district of . J. Agril. Mktg., 16(1):51-58. qtls. Among the different size group of holdings, the yield Kumar, Govind (2011). Production and nutritive importance of was 570 qtls, 565 qtls and 553 qtls in small, medium and banana in India. Internat. J. Com. & Bus. Manage, 4(2): large size group, respectively. The gross income received 374-378. from banana was Rs. 5,64,283.57 at the overall while in Mali, B.K., Bhosale, S.S., Shendage, P.N. and Kale, P.V. (2003). small, medium and large size group; it was Rs. 5,73,000.00, Economics of production and marketing of banana in Rs. 5,66,596.60 and Rs. 5,53,254.10, respectively. of Western Maharashtra. Ind. J. Agril. The per hectare total cost i.e., cost-c was the highest Mktg., 17(1) : 68-70. in small size group, followed by medium size group and Mishra, J.P., Ramchandra and Rawat, S.K. (2000). Production lowest large size group while at overall level it was Rs. and marketing of banana in Gorakhpur district of Uttar 2,72,876.00. Pradesh. Indian J. Agril. Mktg., 42(4) : 36-40. At the overall level, it was Rs. 2,91,407.00. In case Naduvrnamani, Raghavendra and Mamle Desai, N.R. (2007). of small size group of banana cultivators, the net return Economics of red banana production under the contract at cost C were the lowest on account of higher per hectare farming in Karnataka. Karnataka J. Agril. Sci.,20(4): 933. cost of cultivation than the other two size group. Nagargoje, S.R. (2000). Economics analysis of production and The output–input ratio which indicates the marketing of banana in region. Ph.D. Thesis, profitability of investment was observed to be 2.07 at Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, M.S. (INDIA). cost-C at the overall level. At the cost-C the output – Patil, S.B. (2005). Economics of production and marketing of input ratio was greater than unity indicating that the banana in Jalgaon district. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Mahatma cultivation of banana was profitable when both direct Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, M.S. and indirect costs were taken into account. (INDIA). Among the size group, the B:C ratio at cost C was the highest in large size group (2.12) compared to small Rane, A.A. and Bagade, S.R. (2006). Economics of production and marketing of banana in , (2.01) and medium (2.08) size group due to the low per Maharashtra. Indian. J. Agril. Econ., 20(1) : 38-45. qtls. Cost of cultivation as compared to other two groups. This indicates that the cultivation of banana was more Singh, R.S. and Singh, V.V. (2005). Production economics and profitable in large size group than of that small and medium mechanization gaps of banana cultivation in Burhanpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Agril. Econ. Res. Rev., 19 size group (Kumar, 2011). (Conf.) : 210- 210. Suresh, A. and Keshavreddy, T.R. (2004). An economic analysis Authors’ affiliations: of banana cultivation in Peechi command area of Thrissur K.S. DAUNDKAR AND S.R. KHEDKAR, Mahatma Phule Krishi district of Kerala state. Agril. Situ. India, 61(9): 629-631. Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, AHMEDNAGAR (M.S.) INDIA

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Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 6 (2) Sept., 2015 : 336-341 341 HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE