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Vol6 Num3 Originales01 Es Original RMC Tuberculosis y cine. Una aproximación a través de la fantasía de más de 400 películas. José Elías García Sánchez1, Enrique García Sánchez1, Enrique García Merino2 1Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología Médica. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Salamanca (España). 2Profesor en Ciclo Técnico en Farmacia y Parafarmacia. IES Giner de los Rios. Avda Real 35. 24006 León (España). Correspondencia: José Elías García Sánchez. Facultad de Medicina. Avda. Alfonso X El Sabio s/n. 37007 Salamanca (España). e-mail: [email protected] Recibido el 11 de diciembre de 2009; aceptado el 27 de mayo de 2010; ampliado y revisado el 7 de septiembre de 2010. Resumen Se repasa la presencia de la tuberculosis en el cine a través de más de 400 películas. Se ofrece la ficha técnica de las cintas y la forma en que se plasma la enfermedad en la mayoría de ellas. Se señala la época en la que transcurre la acción, hecho que tiene un marcado interés clínico-epidemiológico. Palabras clave: tuberculosis, tisis, cine, película, tos, hemoptisis, radiografía de tórax, sanatorio. La tuberculosis, que ha golpeado al hombre Los guiones en los que la tuberculosis está pre- desde tiempos inmemoriales sigue siendo un importante sente recogen vidas de personajes celebres, adaptacio- problema sanitario y lejos quedan las previsiones de su nes literarias e ideas originales. La presencia de la enfer- erradicación. El SIDA, los movimientos migratorios, la apa- medad en el cine ha ido desde el núcleo argumental rición de cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis multirre- hasta un elemento de ambientación o mero comentario. sistentes y extremadamente resistentes son la causa del Se puede decir sin exageración que ha pasado por casi problema. Este trabajo recoge xxx películas en las que la todos los géneros cinematográficos. Sudores, fiebres, enfermedad está de una u otra forma presente. Su finali- incapacidades, toses, hemoptisis, auscultaciones, percu- dad es ofrecer información y material que pueda ser siones, palpaciones, rayos X, placas de tórax, curaciones empleado para la formación en ciencias biosanitarias, para espontaneas, sanatorios, cirugía, neumotórax provoca- la divulgación y mentalización de la población general y dos, tratamientos extraños… “Tisis” y “tuberculosis” han para la promoción del séptimo arte. El cine desde sus ini- poblado la gran pantalla en multitud de cintas. cios utilizó tramas con tuberculosis y fue utilizado como un elemento importante en la lucha contra esta enfermedad, Es posible hacer un estudio exhaustivo sobre el así hasta los años 50 se realizaron, en diversos países, fil- tema pero llegar a todas las películas donde la tubercu- mes específicos dedicados a la información y prevención losis es un elemento de la trama es una tarea imposible, dirigidos a la población. Hoy el séptimo arte sigue llaman- como lo es acceder a toda la filmografía mundial. Este do de atención sobre la peste blanca, en no pocas pelícu- trabajo se basa en la primera premisa por lo que es nece- las recientes la tuberculosis se desliza por sus argumentos. sariamente incompleto y podrá ser objeto de actualiza- Por el número de cintas recogidas en este trabajo está ciones ulteriores. Se han recogido películas comerciales, claro que la tisis no solo ha incidido en la población sino de televisión, cortos y documentales dirigidos a la pobla- también en el cine. Si a comienzos del siglo pasado el tema ción. Se han eludido las series y miniseries televisivas y fue frecuente lo mismo se puede decir en estos primeros los documentales científicos así como aquellas cintas años del siglo XXI. donde puede haber una presencia metafórica de la 91 Rev Med Cine 2010; 6(3-4): 91-346 © Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca JE García Sánchez, E García Sánchez, E García Merino Tuberculosis y cine. Una aproximación a través de la fantasía de más de 400 películas tuberculosis como es el caso se ha señalado en cintas Resumen: invita a la población a emplear 5 minutos (5 que tienen como protagonista a Drácula, así que se han minutos, ahora) para someterse a las pruebas necesarias eludido los pálidos y asténicos vampiros. para el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis y vacunarse, si es necesario, en lugar de exponer a otros a la infección e Métodos incluso a sufrir una larga enfermedad. Otros datos de interés: película de propaganda dirigida a Para la realización de esta revisión se ha parti- la población. do de un estudio previo1 que se ha ampliado y actuali- Referencias: zado con los datos obtenidos en cuatro bases de datos, http://www.dfi.dk/faktaomfilm/nationalfilmografien/nffilm.aspx?id=32922 la del catalogo del American Film Institute (AFI) http://www.imdb.es/title/tt0287288 (http://www.afi.com/members/catalog), la de AllMovie http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0287288 (http://www.allmovie.com), la de Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org) y la de The Internet Movie Database (http://www.imdb.com). En ellas se ha realiza- do una búsqueda por palabras claves (utilizando los tér- A minos de “tuberculosis” y “consumption”) y en los resú- menes empleando los mismos términos más “tubercu- A CURABLE DISEASE lous” y “consumptive”. Además se han incluido películas Título original: A curable disease. que se sabía que la tuberculosis era parte de su conteni- do. Se han visualizado todas las cintas disponibles en la Otros títulos: Una enfermedad curable (traducción al red de forma libre (por ejemplo en castellano). (http://www.archive.org) o en formato de video, DVD o País: Estados Unidos. Blu-ray. En las que no ha sido posible se ha buscado su pre- Año: 1912. sencia en documentos de diverso origen, para conseguir Intérpretes: Mrs. Walter Edwin, James Gordon, Jessie una atestiguación de fuentes múltiples, salvo en el caso de McAllister, Richard Neill, Charles Ogle y Laura Sawyer. las películas mudas. Cuando se ha considerado oportuno Género: drama y corto. se han recogido diálogos donde la enfermedad se refleja. Idioma original: muda. El formato elegido ha sido el de una enciclopedia. Color: blanco y negro. Fecha de estreno: en Estados Unidos el 7 de octubre de Referencias 1912. En España no. 1.- García Sánchez E, García Sánchez J E. Infección y cine. [CD-ROM]. Salamanca: Productora: Edison Company. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca; 2005. Otros datos de interés: la Edison company realizó varias películas con fines divulgativos sobre la tuberculosis: The Red Cross Seal (1910), The Awakening of John Bond 0, 1, 2… (1911), A curable disease (1912), Hope: A Red Cross Seal Story (1912), The Temple of Moloch (1914) y The Lone Game (1915). 5 MINUTTER NU Comentarios: sólo se conoce que su argumento trataba Título original: 5 minutter nu. sobre la tuberculosis. Película presumiblemente perdida. Otros títulos: 5 minutos ahora (traducción al castellano). Cien años después de su estreno la tuberculosis es una 5 minutes now (traducción al inglés). enfermedad curable pero no siempre dada la irrupción País: Dinamarca. de cepas resistentes a los tuberculostáticos tradicionales Año: 1950. (multirresistentes y extremadamente resistentes) y hoy Director: Jens Henriksen. por hoy sigue estando de plena actualidad. Música: Niels Rothenborg. Referencias: Guión: Jens Henriksen. http://www.imdb.es/title/tt0429918 Intérpretes: Svend Pedersen, Jakob Nielsen y Marianne http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0429918 Reiter. Duración: 8 minutos. A LA SOMBRA DEL PUENTE Género: documental y corto. Título original: A la sombra del puente. Idioma original: danés. Otros títulos: In the Shadow of the Bridge (traducción al Color: blanco y negro. inglés). Fecha de estreno: en España no. País: Méjico y Estados Unidos. Productora: Dansk Kulturfilm. Año: 1946. 92 Rev Med Cine 2010; 6(3-4): 91-346 © Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca JE García Sánchez, E García Sánchez, E García Merino Tuberculosis y cine. Una aproximación a través de la fantasía de más de 400 películas Director: Roberto Gavaldón. Referencias: Música: Gonzalo Curiel y Rafael Hernández (canción Avina R. David Silva: un campeón de mil rostros. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Lamento borincano). Autónoma de México: 2007. p 77-79. Fotografía: Alex Phillips. http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=564020 Guión: Roberto Gavaldón y José Revueltas sobre la obra http://www.imdb.es/title/tt0243738 de teatro Winterset de Maxwell Anderson. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0243738 Intérpretes: Guillermo Calles, Esther Fernández (como Ester Fernández), Gilberto González, Rafael Icardo, Agustín A MAN CALLED PETER Hirsuta, Rodolfo Landa, Carlos López Moctezuma, Mary Título original: A Man Called Peter. Montoya, Manuel Noriega (como Manolo Noriega), David Otros títulos: El reverendo Peter Marshall. Pasos de fe Silva, Andrés Soler, Fernando Soto (como Fernando Soto (castellano, indefinido). Un hombre llamado Peter (tra- ‘Mantequilla’) y Arturo Soto Rancel. ducción al castellano). Género: drama y misterio. País: Estados Unidos. Idioma original: español. Año: 1955. Color: blanco y negro. Director: Henry Koster. Fecha de estreno: en Méjico el 8 de Julio de 1948. Música: Alfred Newman. Productoras: Ramex, S. A. y RKO Radio Pictures, Inc. Fotografía: Harold Lipstein. Resumen: Antonio Ceballos (Agustín Hirsuta), un mecá- Montaje: Robert L. Simpson. nico del ferrocarril, es condenado a veinte años de cárcel Guión: Eleanore Griffin sobre la novela homónima de por el asesinato de un conductor, delito que no cometió. Catherine Marshall. En prisión es asesinado por orden de uno de los autores Intérpretes: Marjorie Rambeau, Marietta Canty, Jean del delito, “El Tigre” (Andrés Soler). Diez años más tarde Peters, Gloria Gordon, Gladys Hurlbut, Billy Chapin, Betty su hijo Antonio (David Silva) se propone demostrar su Caulfield, Jill Esmond, Les Tremayne, Voltaire Perkins, inocencia y en este camino encuentra el amor de Robert Burton, Emmett Lynn, Richard Todd, Agnes Rosaura (Ester Fernández). Bartholomew, James Best, Richard Garrick, Billy Chapin, Comentarios: “El Tigre” está en la cárcel por otro asesi- Alexander Campbell, Roy Glenn, Oliver Hartwell, nato y es liberado por su tuberculosis.
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