RF Engineering Basic Concepts: S-Parameters
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Laboratory #1: Transmission Line Characteristics
EEE 171 Lab #1 1 Laboratory #1: Transmission Line Characteristics I. OBJECTIVES Coaxial and twisted pair cables are analyzed. The results of the analyses are experimentally verified using a network analyzer. S11 and S21 are found in addition to the characteristic impedance of the transmission lines. II. INTRODUCTION Two commonly encountered transmission lines are the coaxial and twisted pair cables. Coaxial cables are found in broadcast, cable TV, instrumentation, high-speed computer network, and radar applications, among others. Twisted pair cables are commonly found in telephone, computer interconnect, and other low speed (<10 MHz) applications. There is some discussion on using twisted pair cable for higher bit rate computer networking applications (>10 MHz). The characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable is, L 1 m æ b ö Zo = = lnç ÷, (1) C 2p e è a ø so that e r æ b ö æ b ö Zo = 60ln ç ÷ =138logç ÷. (2) mr è a ø è a ø The dimensions a and b of the coaxial cable are shown in Figure 1. L is the line inductance of a coaxial cable is, m æ b ö L = ln ç ÷ [H/m] . (3) 2p è a ø The capacitor per unit length of a coaxial cable is, 2pe C = [F/m] . (4) b ln ( a) EEE 171 Lab #1 2 e r 2a 2b Figure 1. Coaxial Cable Dimensions The two commonly used coaxial cables are the RG-58/U and RG-59 cables. RG-59/U cables are used in cable TV applications. RG-59/U cables are commonly used as general purpose coaxial cables. -
The Origin of the Peculiarities of the Vietnamese Alphabet André-Georges Haudricourt
The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet André-Georges Haudricourt To cite this version: André-Georges Haudricourt. The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet. Mon-Khmer Studies, 2010, 39, pp.89-104. halshs-00918824v2 HAL Id: halshs-00918824 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00918824v2 Submitted on 17 Dec 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Published in Mon-Khmer Studies 39. 89–104 (2010). The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet by André-Georges Haudricourt Translated by Alexis Michaud, LACITO-CNRS, France Originally published as: L’origine des particularités de l’alphabet vietnamien, Dân Việt Nam 3:61-68, 1949. Translator’s foreword André-Georges Haudricourt’s contribution to Southeast Asian studies is internationally acknowledged, witness the Haudricourt Festschrift (Suriya, Thomas and Suwilai 1985). However, many of Haudricourt’s works are not yet available to the English-reading public. A volume of the most important papers by André-Georges Haudricourt, translated by an international team of specialists, is currently in preparation. Its aim is to share with the English- speaking academic community Haudricourt’s seminal publications, many of which address issues in Southeast Asian languages, linguistics and social anthropology. -
Few Electron Paramagnetic Resonances Detection On
FEW ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCES DETECTION TECHNIQUES ON THE RUBY SURFACE By Xiying Li Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Dr. Massood Tabib-Azar Co-Adviser: Dr. J. Adin Mann, Jr. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY August, 2005 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the dissertation of ______________________________________________________ candidate for the Ph.D. degree *. (signed)_______________________________________________ (chair of the committee) ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ (date) _______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................. II LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... IV ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................... VII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 -
Chapter 6 Two-Port Network Model
Chapter 6 Two-Port Network Model 6.1 Introduction In this chapter a two-port network model of an actuator will be briefly described. In Chapter 5, it was shown that an automated test setup using an active system can re- create various load impedances over a limited range of frequencies. This test set-up can therefore be used to automatically reproduce any load impedance condition (related to a possible application) and apply it to a test or sample actuator. It is then possible to collect characteristic data from the test actuator such as force, velocity, current and voltage. Those characteristics can then be used to help to determine whether the tested actuator is appropriate or not for the case simulated. However versatile and easy to use this test set-up may be, because of its limitations, there is some characteristic data it will not be able to provide. For this reason and the fact that it can save a lot of measurements, having a good linear actuator model can be of great use. Developed for transduction theory [29], the linear model presented in this chapter is 77 called a Two-Port Network model. The automated test set-up remains an essential complement for this model, as it will allow the development and verification of accuracy. This chapter will focus on the two-port network model of the 1_3 tube array actuator provided by MSI (Cf: Figure 5.5). 6.2 Theory of the Two–Port Network Model As a transducer converts energy from electrical to mechanical forms, and vice- versa, it can be modelled as a Two-Port Network that relates the electrical properties at one port to the mechanical properties at the other port. -
Modulated Backscatter for Low-Power High-Bandwidth Communication
Modulated Backscatter for Low-Power High-Bandwidth Communication by Stewart J. Thomas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University Date: Approved: Matthew S. Reynolds, Supervisor Steven Cummer Jeffrey Krolik Romit Roy Choudhury Gregory Durgin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Graduate School of Duke University 2013 Abstract Modulated Backscatter for Low-Power High-Bandwidth Communication by Stewart J. Thomas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University Date: Approved: Matthew S. Reynolds, Supervisor Steven Cummer Jeffrey Krolik Romit Roy Choudhury Gregory Durgin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Graduate School of Duke University 2013 Copyright c 2013 by Stewart J. Thomas All rights reserved Abstract This thesis re-examines the physical layer of a communication link in order to increase the energy efficiency of a remote device or sensor. Backscatter modulation allows a remote device to wirelessly telemeter information without operating a traditional transceiver. Instead, a backscatter device leverages a carrier transmitted by an access point or base station. A low-power multi-state vector backscatter modulation technique is presented where quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signalling is generated without run- ning a traditional transceiver. Backscatter QAM allows for significant power savings compared to traditional wireless communication schemes. For example, a device presented in this thesis that implements 16-QAM backscatter modulation is capable of streaming data at 96 Mbps with a radio communication efficiency of 15.5 pJ/bit. -
Analysis of Microwave Networks
! a b L • ! t • h ! 9/ a 9 ! a b • í { # $ C& $'' • L C& $') # * • L 9/ a 9 + ! a b • C& $' D * $' ! # * Open ended microstrip line V + , I + S Transmission line or waveguide V − , I − Port 1 Port Substrate Ground (a) (b) 9/ a 9 - ! a b • L b • Ç • ! +* C& $' C& $' C& $ ' # +* & 9/ a 9 ! a b • C& $' ! +* $' ù* # $ ' ò* # 9/ a 9 1 ! a b • C ) • L # ) # 9/ a 9 2 ! a b • { # b 9/ a 9 3 ! a b a w • L # 4!./57 #) 8 + 8 9/ a 9 9 ! a b • C& $' ! * $' # 9/ a 9 : ! a b • b L+) . 8 5 # • Ç + V = A V + BI V 1 2 2 V 1 1 I 2 = 0 V 2 = 0 V 2 I 1 = CV 2 + DI 2 I 2 9/ a 9 ; ! a b • !./5 $' C& $' { $' { $ ' [ 9/ a 9 ! a b • { • { 9/ a 9 + ! a b • [ 9/ a 9 - ! a b • C ) • #{ • L ) 9/ a 9 ! a b • í !./5 # 9/ a 9 1 ! a b • C& { +* 9/ a 9 2 ! a b • I • L 9/ a 9 3 ! a b # $ • t # ? • 5 @ 9a ? • L • ! # ) 9/ a 9 9 ! a b • { # ) 8 -
ECE 255, MOSFET Basic Configurations
ECE 255, MOSFET Basic Configurations 8 March 2018 In this lecture, we will go back to Section 7.3, and the basic configurations of MOSFET amplifiers will be studied similar to that of BJT. Previously, it has been shown that with the transistor DC biased at the appropriate point (Q point or operating point), linear relations can be derived between the small voltage signal and current signal. We will continue this analysis with MOSFETs, starting with the common-source amplifier. 1 Common-Source (CS) Amplifier The common-source (CS) amplifier for MOSFET is the analogue of the common- emitter amplifier for BJT. Its popularity arises from its high gain, and that by cascading a number of them, larger amplification of the signal can be achieved. 1.1 Chararacteristic Parameters of the CS Amplifier Figure 1(a) shows the small-signal model for the common-source amplifier. Here, RD is considered part of the amplifier and is the resistance that one measures between the drain and the ground. The small-signal model can be replaced by its hybrid-π model as shown in Figure 1(b). Then the current induced in the output port is i = −gmvgs as indicated by the current source. Thus vo = −gmvgsRD (1.1) By inspection, one sees that Rin = 1; vi = vsig; vgs = vi (1.2) Thus the open-circuit voltage gain is vo Avo = = −gmRD (1.3) vi Printed on March 14, 2018 at 10 : 48: W.C. Chew and S.K. Gupta. 1 One can replace a linear circuit driven by a source by its Th´evenin equivalence. -
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Measurement and Prediction
International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 4 (11), pp. 651-656, November, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ijps ISSN 1992 - 1950 © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Voltage standing wave ratio measurement and prediction P. O. Otasowie* and E. A. Ogujor Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Accepted 8 September, 2009 In this work, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) was measured in a Global System for Mobile communication base station (GSM) located in Evbotubu district of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The measurement was carried out with the aid of the Anritsu site master instrument model S332C. This Anritsu site master instrument is capable of determining the voltage standing wave ratio in a transmission line. It was produced by Anritsu company, microwave measurements division 490 Jarvis drive Morgan hill United States of America. This instrument works in the frequency range of 25MHz to 4GHz. The result obtained from this Anritsu site master instrument model S332C shows that the base station have low voltage standing wave ratio meaning that signals were not reflected from the load to the generator. A model equation was developed to predict the VSWR values in the base station. The result of the comparism of the developed and measured values showed a mean deviation of 0.932 which indicates that the model can be used to accurately predict the voltage standing wave ratio in the base station. Key words: Voltage standing wave ratio, GSM base station, impedance matching, losses, reflection coefficient. INTRODUCTION Justification for the work amplitude in a transmission line is called the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). -
Reflection Coefficient Analysis of Chebyshev Impedance Matching Network Using Different Algorithms
ISSN: 2319 – 8753 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, Issue 2, December 2012 Reflection Coefficient Analysis Of Chebyshev Impedance Matching Network Using Different Algorithms Rashmi Khare1, Prof. Rajesh Nema2 Department of Electronics & Communication, NIIST/ R.G.P.V, Bhopal, M.P., India 1 Department of Electronics & Communication, NIIST/ R.G.P.V, Bhopal, M.P., India 2 Abstract: This paper discuss the design and implementation of broadband impedance matching network using chebyshev polynomial. The realization of 4-section impedance matching network using micro-strip lines each section made up of different materials is carried out. This paper discuss the analysis of reflection in 4-section chebyshev impedance matching network for different cases using MATLAB. Keywords: chebyshev polynomial , reflection, micro-strip line, matlab. I. INTRODUCTION In many cases, loads and termination for transmission lines in practical will not have impedance equal to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. This result in high reflections of wave transverse in the transmission line and correspondingly a high vswr due to standing wave formations, one method to overcome this is to introduce an arrangement of transmission line section or lumped elements between the mismatched transmission line and its termination/loads to eliminate standing wave reflection. This is called as impedance matching. Matching the source and load to the transmission line or waveguide in a general microwave network is necessary to deliver maximum power from the source to the load. In many cases, it is not possible to choose all impedances such that overall matched conditions result. These situations require that matching networks be used to eliminate reflections. -
INA106: Precision Gain = 10 Differential Amplifier Datasheet
INA106 IN A1 06 IN A106 SBOS152A – AUGUST 1987 – REVISED OCTOBER 2003 Precision Gain = 10 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER FEATURES APPLICATIONS ● ACCURATE GAIN: ±0.025% max ● G = 10 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER ● HIGH COMMON-MODE REJECTION: 86dB min ● G = +10 AMPLIFIER ● NONLINEARITY: 0.001% max ● G = –10 AMPLIFIER ● EASY TO USE ● G = +11 AMPLIFIER ● PLASTIC 8-PIN DIP, SO-8 SOIC ● INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER PACKAGES DESCRIPTION R1 R2 10kΩ 100kΩ 2 5 The INA106 is a monolithic Gain = 10 differential amplifier –In Sense consisting of a precision op amp and on-chip metal film 7 resistors. The resistors are laser trimmed for accurate gain V+ and high common-mode rejection. Excellent TCR tracking 6 of the resistors maintains gain accuracy and common-mode Output rejection over temperature. 4 V– The differential amplifier is the foundation of many com- R3 R4 10kΩ 100kΩ monly used circuits. The INA106 provides this precision 3 1 circuit function without using an expensive resistor network. +In Reference The INA106 is available in 8-pin plastic DIP and SO-8 surface-mount packages. Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright © 1987-2003, Texas Instruments Incorporated Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. www.ti.com SPECIFICATIONS ELECTRICAL ° ± At +25 C, VS = 15V, unless otherwise specified. -
S-Parameters Are Complex and Frequency Dependent
RFRF EngineeringEngineering BasicBasic Concepts:Concepts: SS--ParametersParameters Fritz Caspers CAS 2010, Aarhus ContentsContents S parameters: Motivation and Introduction Definition of power Waves S-Matrix Properties of the S matrix of an N-port, Examples of: 1 Ports 2 Ports 3 Ports 4 Ports Appendix 1: Basic properties of striplines, microstrip- and slotlines Appendix 2: T-Matrices Appendix 3: Signal Flow Graph CAS, Aarhus, June 2010 RF Basic Concepts, Caspers, McIntosh, Kroyer 2 SS--parametersparameters (1)(1) The abbreviation S has been derived from the word scattering. For high frequencies, it is convenient to describe a given network in terms of waves rather than voltages or currents. This permits an easier definition of reference planes. For practical reasons, the description in terms of in- and outgoing waves has been introduced. Now, a 4-pole network becomes a 2-port and a 2n-pole becomes an n-port. In the case of an odd pole number (e.g. 3-pole), a common reference point may be chosen, attributing one pole equally to two ports. Then a 3-pole is converted into a (3+1) pole corresponding to a 2-port. As a general conversion rule for an odd pole number one more pole is added. CAS, Aarhus, June 2010 RF Basic Concepts, Caspers, McIntosh, Kroyer 3 SS--parametersparameters (2)(2) Fig. 1 2-port network Let us start by considering a simple 2-port network consisting of a single impedance Z connected in series (Fig. 1). The generator and load impedances are ZG and ZL, respectively. If Z = 0 and ZL = ZG (for real ZG) we have a matched load, i.e. -
Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2014-04-30 Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator Henrikson, Christopher Erik Henrikson, C. E. (2014). Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26572 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/1461 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator by Christopher Erik Henrikson A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2014 c Christopher Erik Henrikson 2014 Abstract Radio frequency isolators based on ferrite junction circulators have been the domi- nant isolator technology for the past fifty years, yet they have not been integrated practically because ferrites are generally incompatible with semiconductor processes and their size is inversely proportional to their operating frequency. Hall isolators are another approach whose operating frequency is independent of their size, are compat- ible with semiconductor processes and are thus appropriate for integration. Through simulation, this thesis demonstrates that these devices can be on the order of microns in size and have a bandwidth from DC to over a terahertz.