Dipartimento Di Filologia, Letteratura E Linguistica

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Dipartimento Di Filologia, Letteratura E Linguistica View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Archive - Università di Pisa DIPARTIMENTO DI FILOLOGIA, LETTERATURA E LINGUISTICA Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue e Letterature Moderne Euroamericane “You shall be mine”: vampirismo omoerotico dall’Ottocento ai giorni nostri CANDIDATO RELATORE Maria Letizia Cardinali Prof. Alessandro Grilli CONTRORELATORE Prof.ssa Carmen Dell’Aversano ANNO ACCADEMICO 2014/2015 INDICE INTRODUZIONE....................................................................................... p. 1 PARTE I IL VAMPIRO E IL LEGAME.................................................................... p. 4 PARTE II GERALDINE E CARMILLA, LE DONNE VAMPIRO............................p. 29 PARTE III VAMPIRI OMOEROTICI.......................................................................... p. 64 PARTE IV LA MORTE DEL CORPO.......................................................................... p. 92 PARTE V COMING OUT (OF THE COFFIN)........................................................... p. 127 CONCLUSIONE......................................................................................... p. 148 POSTFAZIONE...........................................................................................p. 152 BIBLIOGRAFIA E SITOGRAFIA............................................................. p. 155 INTRODUZIONE Il vampiro è una delle figure dell’orrore più vive nell’immaginario contemporaneo. Che lo si identifichi con Dracula, con Lestat De Lioncourt o con – più recentemente – Edward Cullen, è chiaro che da due secoli a questa parte il suo fascino è rimasto inalterato. Questo accade probabilmente perché il vampiro è una figura che ha, per così dire, l'adattamento nel sangue. In pochi oggi conoscono Lord Ruthven, ma è dal giorno in cui quel primo vampiro fuggì, scampando alla cattura dei suoi inseguitori, che i suoi discendenti di carta, inchiostro e celluloide infestano gli incubi dei comuni mortali. Il mimetismo del vampiro, la sua capacità intrinseca di modificarsi, il suo vivere assorbendo sangue o energia da altri organismi, queste ed altre caratteristiche lo rendono il candidato ideale a rappresentare il lato oscuro dell’animo umano o di intere epoche. Perché è vero che ogni epoca – ed è il caso di dire ogni uomo – può avere non solo il vampiro che si merita, ma anche il vampiro che desidera. In particolare, uno dei fili che legano alcune fra le più note opere appartenenti al genere è quello dell’omoerotismo, affrontato in maniera più o meno esplicita e con scopi differenti in testi come Carmilla, Dracula o le più recenti Cronache di Vampiri di Anne Rice. È certo che il tema percorra come una sotterranea corrente romanzi e racconti apparentemente molto diversi fra loro, scritti in tempi diversi e per motivazioni differenti. La tesi si propone di ripercorrere, attraverso l’analisi di alcune di queste opere, il filo che lega il mondo queer a quello del vampiro. Il primo capitolo ha un incipit quasi narrativo che trasporta il lettore fino a Villa Diodati nel giugno del 1816, e mostra in che modo è nata la figura del vampiro moderno. Viene poi brevemente analizzata la vicenda narrata in The Vampyre di John William Polidori, in modo da mostrare come abbia posto le basi dell’omosocialità maschile nella letteratura di genere. Non si è voluto insistere in maniera troppo esplicita sul legame tra Ruthven e Aubrey, poiché di rapporto 1 omoerotico in senso stretto non si tratta. Tuttavia è un’interessante proiezione del rapporto fra Polidori e Lord Byron, che gli ha ispirato la figura di Ruthven, e offre interessanti spunti interpretativi. Il secondo capitolo prende le mosse dall’analisi del poema Christabel, di Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a partire dal quale si passa a descrivere Carmilla che ne è, per tematiche e personaggi, di diretta derivazione. Il terzo capitolo si riallaccia al tema della donna vampiro omoerotica come espressione letteraria dei turbamenti legati alla crescita del femminismo nella società ottocentesca. In seguito il capitolo affronta il medesimo problema, il vampiro omoerotico, sul fronte maschile. Ne emerge un punto di vista più intimo, dall’impronta meno sociale, poiché nell’uomo non c’è nessuna donna fatale da distruggere ma un represso da portare alla luce. Il capitolo si conclude con l’analisi del racconto breve Manor, di Karl Ulrichs, vera mosca bianca della produzione vampiresca del periodo. Si è scelto di inserirlo anche se non fa parte della produzione letteraria anglo-americana bensì di quella tedesca, poiché è di fatto la più esplicita rappresentazione ottocentesca dell'omosessualità maschile legata al tema del vampiro. Il quarto capitolo prenderà in esame Dracula, di Bram Stoker, nei suoi elementi queer e mostrerà come il processo per sodomia a Oscar Wilde abbia influito anche sulla figura del più celebre dei vampiri, nonché su molti dei suoi successori. Il clima repressivo della fine del XIX secolo, stimolato dalla crescente medicalizzazione del sesso, crea vampiri come il tormentato protagonista di The True Story of a Vampire di Eric Stenbock, e fissa uno standard eteronormativo che resterà predominante almeno fino agli anni ’70. Il 1976, anno di uscita di Interview with the Vampire, segna in qualche modo un nuovo inizio. I vampiri si allontanano dalla figura di Dracula, sempre più inadatta a esprimere il crescente senso di ribellione che permea la società, e si avvicinano invece al byroniano Lord Ruthven. Il successo planetario della saga delle Cronache dei Vampiri porta definitivamente alla ribalta il vampiro queer, un vampiro il cui amore trascende il genere. L’ultimo capitolo prenderà in esame Interview with the Vampire, mostrando in che modo si ricolleghi alla produzione precedente e come abbia condizionato quella successiva. Vi sarà poi una breve 2 riflessione riguardo allo stretto rapporto che negli anni '80 lega il non-morto al flagello dell'AIDS, che non influenza soltanto le vite degli uomini, e su come il rapporto fra vampiri ed esseri umani si sia modificato nel corso degli ultimi vent'anni. Un breve appunto per quanto riguarda la terminologia usata. Nella prima parte della tesi sono talvolta utilizzate in accezione moderna parole come “omosessualità” e derivati. Si tenga presente però che si tratta di etichette coniate solo dopo il 1860, qui impiegate solo per maggior comodità e immediatezza. 3 PARTE I IL VAMPIRO E IL LEGAME In the nineteenth century, vampires were vampires because they loved.1 Corre l’anno 1816, la metà di un giugno cupo che a fatica s’allunga fra le maglie di un’estate che chiunque stenterebbe a definire tale. Un lampo squarcia le nubi violette, solo l’ultimo di una lunga serie. Piove, da giorni. Forse da settimane. Hanno ormai perso il conto, gli ospiti delle ville svizzere nei pressi del lago Lemano. Il silenzio è interrotto dal ticchettare sommesso della pioggia, via via più intenso, sottofondo consueto di pomeriggi ormai noiosi e sempre uguali. Byron osserva il lago oltre le vetrate, plumbeo per riflesso del cielo. I suoi occhi, chiari, ne scrutano i meandri. Vorrebbe uscire in barca, ma il clima impietoso non lo consente. Ormai è sera e il sole, da qualche parte oltre le nuvole, sta tramontando. Pare, in verità, non essersi mai alzato su Villa Diodati. Con lui c’è John Polidori, giovane medico di origine italiana, un ventenne di bell’aspetto ma d’aria tetra. È entrato al servizio di Byron solo da qualche mese, ma i rapporti fra lui e il barone non sono idilliaci. Se Polidori sosteneva, quand’erano ancora a Bruxelles, di essere “very pleased with Lord Byron”2, sembra che quel momento di quiete non fosse destinato a durare. Polidori è sempre più cupo, più isolato e meno compreso. Poco lontano, sempre nei pressi del lago, alloggia la comitiva degli Shelley. Percy Shelley e Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, non ancora sposati, sono esuli in fuga com’è Byron, ed è a loro che lui si rivolge di preferenza quando desidera compagnia. Le occasioni del resto non mancano, siano esse uscite in barca o 1 N. AUERBACH, Our Vampires, Ourselves, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1995, p. 60. 2 J. POLIDORI, ‘The Vampyre’ and other writings, a cura di F. Bishop, Carcanet Press Ltd., Manchester 2005, p. 237. 4 colazioni, letture di poeti o conversazioni su vari argomenti. È una vita oziosa, quella sulle rive del lago Lemano, eppure ricca di spunti. Si discute, si parla di letteratura, si compone letteratura. Lo stesso Byron è al lavoro sul Childe Harold, di cui scriverà il terzo capitolo proprio a Villa Diodati. Polidori, dal canto suo, scrive lettere e tiene un diario che gli è stato commissionato dall’editore londinese Murray dietro compenso di cinquecento sterline. Della notte che verrà, quella del 16 giugno, non annota che poche righe: “Laid up. Shelley came, and dined and slept here, with Mrs. S[helley] and Miss Clare Clairmont”3. Claire è sorella acquisita di Mary Godwin, ha un breve passato da amante di Byron e proprio di lui è incinta. Mary, invece, lascerà testimonianza dei giorni svizzeri nella prefazione all’edizione del 1831 di Frankenstein, un altro dei figli illustri della “notte di Villa Diodati”. Che in realtà non fu, propriamente, una soltanto. Gli Shelley arrivano dunque alla Villa e vi trascorrono più di una notte, favoriti in questo da un tempo che non incoraggia certo a uscire. Il salotto è illuminato da candele, è stato acceso perfino il camino malgrado sia giugno, poiché l’umidità e il fresco dell’aria notturna iniziano tristemente a farsi sentire. Di tanto
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