EPPO EXPRESS PRA DORSALIS ETAPA 1: INICIACIÓN NURIA AVENDAÑO GARCÍA JOSE MARIA GUITIAN CASTRILLON EPPO EXPRES PRA-CONTEXTO Utilizar las NIMF de la IPPC está reconocido por el Acuerdo MSF de la OMC como una justificación técnica

NIMF 11: Análisis de riesgo de plagas para plagas cuarentenarias https://www.ippc.int/en/publications/639/

No obstante, cumpliendo la NIMF, los países (o las ORPF como EPPO), han desarrollado sus ESQUEMAS POR PASOS, con la intención de FACILITAR SU ELABORACIÓN

Ej: Las Normas de Medidas Fitosanitarias nº 5 de ARP (EPPO Standards PM5- Pest Risk Analysis)

Esquema EPPO EXPRES PRA EPPO STANDARDS PM5-ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO https://www.eppo.int/ FITOSANITARIO

Esquema EPPO EXPRES PRA EPPO Standards PM 5 https://www.eppo.int/

Esquema EPPO EXPRES PRA EPPO Standard PM 5/5 (1)

NUEVO: Guía adicional para la realización de ARP EXPRESS recientemente incorporada

https://www.eppo.int/media/uploaded_images/RESOURCES/eppo_standards/pm5 /guidance_pm5-05.pdf

Esquema EPPO Standard PM 5/5(1) https://www.eppo.int/

INTRODUCCIÓN

Esquema EPPO EXPRES PRA EPPO Standard PM 5/5 (1)

Nombre de la plaga:

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912)

Pest Risk Assessment on

EPPO EXPRES PRA

Etapa 1: Iniciación

Etapa 1 EPPO EXPRES PRA

Etapa 1: Iniciación

Motivo del ARP: antecedentes…. NIMF 2. Marco para el análisis de riesgo de plagas

Etapa 1 Etapa 1: Iniciación

PRA initiated by the identification of a pest: • an established infestation or an incursion of a pest has been discovered in the PRA area; • a pest has been detected in an imported consignment; • a pest has been identified as a risk by scientific research; • a pest has invaded a new area, other than the PRA area; • a pest is reported to be more damaging in a new area than its area of origin; • a pest is observed to be detected more frequently in international trade; • a request is made for the intentional import of a pest; • a previous PRA is being re-evaluated; • an organism has been identified as a vector for other pests.

In some cases, a PRA may be initiated as above for an organism which is not known to be a pest, but whose pest potential in the PRA area needs to be evaluated. Etapa 1 Etapa 1: Iniciación

PRA initiated by the identification of a pest: • an established infestation or an incursion of a pest has been discovered in the PRA area; (Cabo Verde and Senegal) • a pest has been detected in an imported consignment; (all over the world) • a pest has been identified as a risk by scientific research; • a pest has invaded a new area, other than the PRA area; () • a pest is reported to be more damaging in a new area than its area of origin; • a pest is observed to be detected more frequently in international trade; (all over the world) • a request is made for the intentional import of a pest; • a previous PRA is being re-evaluated; • an organism has been identified as a vector for other pests.

In some cases, a PRA may be initiated as above for an organism which is not known to be a pest, but whose pest potential in the PRA area needs to be evaluated.

Etapa 1 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 1: Iniciación

The PRA area being assessed should be specified and precisely described. The PRA area can be a complete country, several countries, or part(s) of one or several countries. These areas do not need to be contiguous. The Macaronesian Region composed by : • Azores, • Canary islands, • Cabo Verde, • Madeira and • Senegal

Etapa 1 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas

Etapa 2 EPPO EXPRES PRA

¿Incertidumbre?

Apartados sugeridos: 2.1.Taxonomic classification. 2.2. Synonyms. 2.3. Common names.

Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 1. 1.1 Taxonomic classification

According to Pape & Thompson, 2020 ():

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Diptera Family Bactrocera Species Bactrocera dorsalis

Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 1.1 Taxonomic classification Notes on Taxonomy, according to CABI

Bactrocera dorsalis is a member of the Oriental (B. dorsalis) species complex. This species complex forms a group within the subgenus Bactrocera and the name may therefore be cited as Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis.

B. dorsalis was originally treated as a single species, widespread over , until it was split into several species, with the description of Bactrocera carambolae, B. papayae and B. philippinensis by Drew and Hancock (1994).

Native range of true B. dorsalis became restricted primarily to continental Asian countries north of the Malay Peninsula.

Bactrocera invadens was later described by Drew et al. (2005), when established populations were detected in East Africa (Lux et al., 2003) and in West Africa (Vayssières, 2004). Bactrocera philippinensis was designated a synonym of B. papayae by Drew and Romig (2013).

Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 1.1 Taxonomic classification Notes on Taxonomy, according to CABI (CONT.)

Extensive research was carried out to delimitate species boundaries, based on morphological, molecular, cytogenetic, behavioural and chemoecological data by multidisciplinary teams, in great part coordinated under an FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on the ‘Resolution of cryptic species complexes of tephritid pests to overcome constraints to SIT application and international trade’.

This resulted in the synonymization of B. invadens and B. papayae under B. dorsalis and leaving B. carambolae as a distinct species by Schutze et al. (2014), who summarized the extensive research and evidence supporting the synonymization. Records of B. pedestris (Bezzi) from outside of the are mostly based on misidentifications of B. dorsalis. Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 1.2. Synomyms

According to Pape & Thompson, 2020 (Catalogue of Life): • Chaetodacus okinawanus Shiraki, 1933 • Musca ferruginea Fabricius, 1794

According to EFSA, 2019:

Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas

1.2. Synomyms Name Authority According to EPPO, 2020: Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Bactrocera philippinensis Drew & Hancock Chaetodacus dorsalis (Hendel) Chaetodacus ferrugineus (Fabricius) Chaetodacus ferrugineus dorsalis (Hendel) Chaetodacus ferrugineus Shiraki okinawanus Dacus dorsalis Hendel Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius Dacus ferrugineus dorsalis Hendel Dacus ferrugineus okinawanus Shiraki Strumeta dorsalis (Hendel) Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas

2. Pest overview

Suggested subheadings: 2.1 Morphology 2.2 Life cycle 2.3 Temperature (or climatic) requirements 2.4 Dispersal capacity 2.5 Nature of the damage 2.6 Detection and identification methods

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview Notas: • Morfología • Ciclo biológico (ej: longitud del ciclo, localización de los estadios, umbrales de temperatura, requisitos de humedad, otros factores bióticos o abióticos de importancia para el ciclo, capacidad de dispersión) • Principales hospedantes (más detalles en sección 7) • Síntomas y naturaleza del daño (pero impacto en sección 12). • Detección e identificación (señalar si existe protocolo de diagnóstico). Cuándo y cómo puede ser capturada en trampas, si es el caso. • Otra información importante • Se puede hacer referencia a hojas de datos de EPPO y CABI incluyendo aquí sólo lo más importante. • Imágenes en el anejo, si fueran importantes Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.1 Morphology

Drew et al. (2008) provide morphological characteristics to differentiate adults of the main Bactrocera dorsalis complex species.

Eggs The eggs of Bactrocera oleae were described in detail by Margaritis (1985) and those of other species are probably very similar. They are 0.8 mm long and 0.2 mm wide, with the micropyle protruding slightly at the anterior end, and white to yellow-white. The chorion is reticulate (requires scanning electron microscope examination). CABI

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 Larvae The following larval description was taken from White and Elson-Harris (1994): B. dorsalis third-instar larva: medium-sized: 7.5-10.0 mm long and 1.5-2.0 mm wide; Head: stomal sensory organ with three to four sensilla, surrounded by five large, unserrated preoral lobes; oral ridges with 11-14 rows of blunt edged, short teeth; accessory plates 12-15, shell-shaped with small, rounded teeth; mouth hooks moderately sclerotized, without pre-apical teeth. Thoracic and abdominal segments: anterior portion of each thoracic segment with an encircling band of several discontinuous rows of small spinules; T1 with 9-11 rows of large, sharply pointed spinules; T2 spinules small, stout, sharply pointed with five to six rows dorsally, three to four rows laterally, five to seven rows ventrally; T3 spinules similar to those on T2, two to four rows dorsally, one to three rows laterally, three to five rows ventrally. Creeping welts with small, stout spinules, with one posterior row of spinules larger and stouter than remainder. A8 rounded with prominent intermediate areas and obvious sensilla.

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 Larvae (cont)

Anterior spiracles: 8-12 tubules. Posterior spiracles: spiracular slits thick walled, approximately 2.5-3.0 times as long as broad. Spiracular hairs just longer than a spiracular slit; dorsal and ventral bundles with 17-20 broad, flat hairs, branched apically; lateral bundles with 8-12 similarly shaped hairs. Anal area: lobes protuberant, surrounded by three to five discontinuous rows of spinules. The inner rows of spinules stout, slightly curved, sharply pointed becoming larger just below the anal opening, outer rows with smaller spinules.

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 Puparium Barrel-shaped with most larval features unrecognisable, the exception being the anterior and posterior spiracles, which are little changed by pupariation. White to yellow-brown. Usually approximately 60-80% the length of the larva. Adults Drew and Hancock (1994) distinguish the B. dorsalis species complex as follows: Bactrocera (Bactrocera) spp. with a clear wing membrane, except for a narrow costal band (not reaching R4+5); cells bc and c colourless (except in a few non-pests with a very pale tint) with microtrichia restricted to outer corner of cell c. Scutum generally black with lateral vittae present and medial vitta absent; yellow scutellum, except for basal band which is usually very narrow; abdomen with a medial dark stripe on T3-T5; dark laterally (but form of marking varies from species to species). B. dorsalis belongs to a subgroup that has yellow postpronotal lobes, parallel lateral vittae, and femora not extensively marked. Within this group it is distinguished by its short to long aculeus/aedeagus; tomentum with no gap; narrow costal band; generally narrow but sometimes extensive abdominal markings. It is noteworthy that colour of scutum varies in B. dorsalis from generally black to black with an extensive lanceolate red-brown pattern to almost entirely red-brown. Populations from the Indian subcontinent and Africa have extensive pale markings (Leblanc et al., 2013a), whereas specimens from Asia east of mostly have dark scutum. Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.2. Life cycle

Bactrocera dorsalis females lay their eggs, white to creamy yellow in colour, under the fruit skin. The fruit skin usually displays discoloration around the oviposition puncture. (Danjuma et al., 2014; Rwomushana et al., 2008b; Salum et al., 2014). Mature larvae emerge from the fruit, drop to the ground and pupate within a tan to dark brown puparium in the (Weems et al., 1999) (Figure 3). The adult emerge from the soil and then need about nine days to reach sexual maturity, but this period is considerably longer when temperatures are cool (Weems et al., 1999). A female produces about 1,200 to 1,500 eggs during her lifetime. Flies prefer ripe fruit for oviposition, but unripe ones may also be attacked (Weems et al., 1999). Bactrocera dorsalis is multivoltine, completing several to many overlapping generations per year and populations may rapidly increase in number (Stephens et al., 2007; Theron et al., 2017).

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.2. Life cycle (cont)

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.3 Climatic requirement

B. dorsalis is a tropical species. The adults are best able to survive low temperatures, with a normal torpor threshold of 7°C, dropping as low as 2°C in winter

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.4. Dispersal capacity

Bactrocera dorsalis is considered a strong flier. Immature adults are able to disperse over long distances to find fresh food resources and breeding substrates (Fletcher, 1987; Steiner, 1957). Large numbers of flies usually move into fruiting areas when fruit begins to ripen, and they may leave when the fruiting season ends. As long as sufficient food sources are available in the nearby surroundings one would expect limited dispersal, so that flies remain in the area where they emerged to lay the next generation of eggs. Based on expert knowledge elicitation, EFSA (2019) estimated that the maximum distance of natural spread of B. dorsalis in one year is 7 km (with a 95% uncertainty range of 1.4–34 km). This scenario considers 2–3 generations per year with 3–4 km spread per generation. For instance, in a mark-and-recapture experiment in , 30 adults were captured at distances of over 2 km, ranging from 2.63 to 11.39 km (Froerer et al., 2010). Steiner (1957) found a dispersal radius of B. dorsalis of up to 37 after fruit harvests in Hawaii, and Zhu and Qiu (1989) reported that B. dorsalis could cover the 27 km distance from to Ryukyu Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.4. Dispersal capacity (cont)

Bactrocera dorsalis is a highly invasive species. Native to Asia, Oriental fruit fly is now found in at least 65 countries, including parts of America and Oceania, and most of continental Africa (sub-Saharan countries). The potential risk of its introduction to a new area is facilitated by increasing international tourism and trade, and is influenced by changes in climate and land use. After introduction, it can easily disperse as it has a high reproductive potential, high biotic potential (short life cycle, up to 10 generations of offspring per year depending on temperature), a rapid dispersal ability and a broad host range (Duyck et al., 2004; Vargas et al., 2007; Vayssières et al., 2015). Se considera que esta especie se propaga bien por medios naturales, ya que muchas especies de Bactrocera spp pueden desplazarse entre 50 y 100 km de distancia (CABI y EPPO. s.f.) o bien por el transporte de fruta infectada de regiones donde esté presente el insecto, siendo este, el modo más plausible que explica el modo en que apareció a finales de 2018 en Italia

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.5 Nature of the damage

The economic impact would result primarily from the loss of the export markets and the costly requirement of quarantine restrictions and eradication measures.

Furthermore, its establishment would have a serious impact on the environment, following the initiation of chemical and/or biological control programmes.

Invasive B. dorsalis has been shown to be highly competitive with native fruit flies where it has established, quickly becoming the dominant fruit fly pest (Duyck et al., 2004; Vargas et al., 2007; Vayssières et al., 2015).

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.6 Detection and identification methods Drew et al. (2008) provide morphological characteristics to differentiate adults of the main Bactrocera dorsalis complex species.

Larvae can be detected when opening the fruit, especially once they have become advanced third instars. Any potentially infested fruit should be collected, e.g. in sealed bags, and taken to the lab for further confirmation.

If collected larvae are to be preserved, they should be placed in boiling water for a few seconds.

Once they become immobile, they can either be transferred to 70% ethanol (for morphological identification at the genus level) or to 95% ethanol (for molecular tests to support identification) (EPPO, 2018).

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 (a) an adult Bactrocera dorsalis; (b) adults on a fruit; (c,d) signs of ovipositional damage in the form of minute depressions on fruit; (e) prematurely dropped fruit due to infestation; (f) larvae feeding on the pulp of the fruit (Source: Bhagat et al., 2013, Springer Nature) EFSA, 2019

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.7 Hosts According to EFSA 2019, “B. dorsalis is a polyphagous species which attacks a wide range of fruit crops. It is not possible to pin down the exact host range because the species can easily be confused with related species, several of which have recently been described and whose taxonomic status continues to be debated. Hence, records which indicate that a particular crop is a host may concern other species within the B. dorsalis species complex. Altogether, species in the B. dorsalis complex attack over 270 species (Vargas et al., 2015) (…)”

Clarke et al. (2005) summarised infestation of fruit of economic importance in its native range in ; among the host are many tropical species: Annona spp. (custard apple), altilis (), Artocarpus heterophyllus (), Averrhoa carambola (carambola), Chrysophyllum spp. (star apple), Dimocarpus longan (longan), Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen),Litchi chinensis (lychee), Manilkara zapota (sapodilla), Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan), Pouteria sapota (sapote),Psidium guajava (guava).

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.7 Hosts (cont.) In addition, Clarke et al. (2005) lists several hosts that are grown in Southeast Asia, but are also of economic importance in the Macaronesian Region:

Capsicum spp., Carica papaya (papaya), Citrus spp. (including orange, lemon, and lime), melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), indica (mango), Musa spp. (banana and plantain), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Malus domestica (apple), Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), Persea americana (avocado), Prunus avium (sour cherry), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus persica (peach and nectarine) and Solanum melongena ().

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.7 Hosts (cont.) According to EFSA 2019, Outside its native range, host preference studies on B. dorsalis (formerly B. invadens) have been conducted, for example, in (Rwomushana et al., 2008b). Mangifera indica (mango), Musa spp. (bananas and plantains), Citrus spp. (lime, mandarin and sweet orange) are reported to be among the cultivated species heavily infested Especially, the various Citrus species, Prunus persica (peach and nectarine), jambos ( apple), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) and Psidium guajava (guava) were frequently infested in Hawaii Han et al. (2011) reported B. dorsalis on pome fruit

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.7 Hosts Listado de 1.326 líneas

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Adenanthera pavonina Wild host CABI, 2020 Afzelia xylocarpa Wild host CABI, 2020 chinense Wild host CABI, 2020 Alangium salviifolium Wild host CABI, 2020 Alpinia mutica Wild host CABI, 2020 Anacardium occidentale Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Annona Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Annona cherimola Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Annona glabra Main CABI, 2020 Annona macroprophyllata Main CABI, 2020 Annona montana Main CABI, 2020 Annona muricata Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Annona reticulata Main CABI, 2020 Annona senegalensis Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Annona squamosa Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Antidesma ghaesembilla Wild host CABI, 2020 villosa Wild host CABI, 2020 Ardisia crenata Wild host CABI, 2020 Areca catechu Main CABI, 2020 Arenga pinnata Wild host CABI, 2020 Arenga westerhoutii Wild host CABI, 2020 Artabotrys siamensis Wild host CABI, 2020 Artocarpus altilis Main CABI, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Artocarpus elasticus Main CABI, 2020 Artocarpus heterophyllus Main CABI, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Artocarpus integer Main CABI, 2020 Artocarpus lacucha Main CABI, 2020 Artocarpus lanceifolius Main CABI, 2020 Artocarpus nitidus Main CABI, 2020 Main CABI, 2020 Artocarpus rigidus Main CABI, 2020 Artocarpus sericicarpus Main CABI, 2020 Averrhoa bilimbi Main CABI, 2020 Averrhoa carambola Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Azadirachta excelsa Wild host CABI, 2020 motleyana Main CABI, 2020 Baccaurea racemosa Main CABI, 2020 Baccaurea ramiflora Main Etapa 2CABI,- Pregunta 2020 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Balakata baccata Wild host CABI, 2020 Barringtonia edulis Main CABI, 2020 Blighia sapida Main CABI, 2020 Borassus flabellifer Main CABI, 2020 Main CABI, 2020 Bouea oppositifolia Main CABI, 2020 Breonia chinensis Wild host CABI, 2020 Breynia racemosa Wild host CABI, 2020 stipularis Wild host CABI, 2020 Callicarpa longifolia Wild host CABI, 2020 Calophyllum inophyllum Wild host CABI, 2020 Cananga odorata Wild host CABI, 2020 Capparis sepiaria Wild host CABI, 2020 Capsicum Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Capsicum annuum Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Capsicum frutescens Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Careya arborea Wild host CABI, 2020 Carica papaya Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Carissa carandas Wild host CABI, 2020 Carissa spinarum Wild host CABI, 2020

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Caryota mitis Wild host CABI, 2020 Cascabela thevetia Major EPPO, 2020 Casimiroa edulis Main CABI, 2020 Castanopsis Wild host CABI, 2020 Celtis tetranda Wild host CABI, 2020 Chionanthus parkinsonii Wild host CABI, 2020 Chrysophyllum spp. EFSA, 2019 Chrysophyllum albidum Main CABI, 2020 Chrysophyllum cainito Main CABI, 2020 Chukrasia tabularis Wild host CABI, 2020 Cissus repens Wild host CABI, 2020 Citrofortunella mitis Main CABI, 2020 Citrullus colocynthis Main CABI, 2020 Citrullus lanatus Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Citrus Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Citrus aurantiifolia Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Citrus aurantium Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Citrus hystrix Main CABI, 2020 Citrus jambhiri Main CABI, 2020 Citrus latifolia Main CABI, 2020

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Citrus limon Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Citrus maxima Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Citrus paradisi Major EPPO, 2020 Citrus reticulata Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Citrus sinensis Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Citrus swinglei Main CABI, 2020 Citrus x paradisi Main CABI, 2020 Citrus x tangelo Major EPPO, 2020 Clausena lansium Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Coccinia grandis Wild host CABI, 2020 Coffea Unclassified EPPO, 2020 Coffea arabica Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Coffea canephora Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Cordia alba Wild host CABI, 2020 Cordia myxa Wild host CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Cordia sinensis Wild host CABI, 2020 africana Wild host CABI, 2020 Crinum asiaticum Wild host CABI, 2020 Cucumis ficifolius Wild host CABI, 2020 Cucumis melo Main CABI, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Cucumis sativus Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Cucurbita maxima Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Cucurbita pepo Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Cydonia oblonga Other CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020. * Akbar SA, Nabi SU, Mansoor S, Khan KA (2019) Morpho-molecular identification and a new host report of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) from the Kashmir valley (). International Journal of Tropical Science. DOI: 10.1007/s42690-019-00083-w------In India, confirmed host. Desmos chinensis Wild host CABI, 2020 obovata Wild host CABI, 2020 Dimocarpus longan Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020. *EFSA, Tran H, 2019 Nguyen Van H, Muniappan R, Amrine J, Naidu R, Gilbertson R, Sidhu J (2019) Integrated Pest Management of Longan (: Sapindaceae) in , Journal of Integrated Pest Management, Volume 10, Issue 1, 2019, 18, https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmz016 ------confirmed host. Reported as important pest in Vietnam. Diospyros sp. Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Diospyros areolata Wild host CABI, 2020 Diospyros blancoi Main CABI, 2020 Diospyros castanea Wild host CABI, 2020 Diospyros diepenhorstii Wild host CABI, 2020 Diospyros kaki Main CABI, 2020 Diospyros malabarica Wild host CABI, 2020 Diospyros mollis Wild host CABI, 2020 Diospyros montana Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Diospyros roxburghii Wild host CABI, 2020 Dovyalis hebecarpa Main CABI, 2020 Dracaena steudneri Wild host CABI, 2020 Ehretia microphylla Wild host CABI, 2020 Elaeocarpus hygrophilus Main CABI, 2020 Eriobotrya japonica Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Comments (e.g. total Comments (e.g. total area, area, major/minor Host Scientific name (common Main/minor crop in the PRA Reference crop in the PRA area, Reference Reference name)/ habitats* area, Main/minor habitats* major/minor habitats*

Erycibe subspicata Wild host CABI, 2020 Eugenia reinwardtiana Main CABI, 2020 Eugenia uniflora Main CABI, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Excoecaria agallocha Wild host CABI, 2020 Fagraea ceilanica Wild host CABI, 2020 Feioa sellowiana EFSA, 2019 Fibraurea tinctoria Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus auriculata Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus benjamina Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus carica EFSA, 2019 Ficus chartacea Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus fistulosa Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus hirta Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus hispida Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus microcarpa Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus obpyramidiata Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus ottoniifolia Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus racemosa Main CABI, 2020 Ficus religiosa Wild host CABI, 2020 Ficus sycomorus Main CABI, 2020

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Flacourtia indica Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Flacourtia rukam Main CABI, 2020 Flueggea virosa Main CABI, 2020 Fortunella Minor EPPO, 2020 Fortunella japonica Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Fortunella margarita Main CABI, 2020 Fruit trees Minor EPPO, 2020 Gambeya albida Major EPPO, 2020 Garcinia atroviridis Main CABI, 2020 Garcinia cowa Main CABI, 2020 Garcinia dioica Main CABI, 2020 Garcinia dulcis Main CABI, 2020 Garcinia griffithii Wild host CABI, 2020 Garcinia hombroniana Wild host CABI, 2020 Garcinia mangostana Main CABI, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Garcinia mannii Wild host CABI, 2020 Garcinia prainiana Main CABI, 2020 Garcinia speciosa Wild host CABI, 2020 Garcinia xanthochymus Main CABI, 2020 Garuga floribunda Wild host CABI, 2020

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Glochidion littorale Wild host CABI, 2020 Glycosmis pentaphylla Main CABI, 2020 elliptica Wild host CABI, 2020 Gmelina philippensis Wild host CABI, 2020 Gymnopetalum scabrum Wild host CABI, 2020 Hanguana malayana Wild host CABI, 2020 Heynea trijuga Wild host CABI, 2020 Holigarna kurzii Wild host CABI, 2020 Hylocereus undatus Main CABI, 2020 Inocarpus fagifer Main CABI, 2020 Irvingia gabonensis Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Irvingia malayana Wild host CABI, 2020 Ixora javanica Wild host CABI, 2020 Ixora macrothyrsa Wild host CABI, 2020 Knema globularia Wild host CABI, 2020 Lagenaria siceraria Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Landolphia Wild host CABI, 2020 Lansium domesticum Main CABI, 2020 Lepisanthes fruticosa Main CABI, 2020 Lepisanthes rubiginosa Wild host CABI, 2020 Lepisanthes tetraphylla Wild host CABI, 2020 Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Litchi chinensis Unknown CABI, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Litsea glutinosa Wild host CABI, 2020 Litsea salicifolia Wild host CABI, 2020 Maclura cochinchinensis Main CABI, 2020 Maerua duchesnei Wild host CABI, 2020 Malpighia emarginata Main CABI, 2020 Malpighia glabra Main CABI, 2020 Malus Minor EPPO, 2020 Malus domestica Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Mammea siamensis Wild host CABI, 2020 Mangifera caesia Main CABI, 2020 Mangifera foetida Main CABI, 2020 Mangifera griffithii Main CABI, 2020 Mangifera indica Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Mangifera laurina Main CABI, 2020 Mangifera odorata Main CABI, 2020 Manilkara zapota Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Merremia vitifolia Wild host CABI, 2020 Microcos tomentosa Main CABI, 2020 Mimusops elengi Main CABI, 2020

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Mitrephora teysmannii Main CABI, 2020 Momordica balsamica EFSA, 2019 Momordica charantia Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Morinda citrifolia Main CABI, 2020 Morinda coreia Wild host CABI, 2020 Morinda umbellata Wild host CABI, 2020 Morus alba Main CABI, 2020 Morus nigra Main CABI, 2020 Muntingia calabura Main CABI, 2020 Murraya paniculata Wild host CABI, 2020 Musa Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Musa acuminata Main CABI, 2020 Musa balbisiana Wild host CABI, 2020 Musa troglodytarum Main CABI, 2020 Musa x paradisiaca Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Myrciaria cauliflora Main CABI, 2020 Myxopyrum smilacifolium Wild host CABI, 2020 Nauclea latifolia Wild host CABI, 2020 Nauclea orientalis Wild host CABI, 2020 Neonauclea purpurea Wild host CABI, 2020

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Nephelium lappaceum Main CABI, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Ochreinauclea maingayi Main CABI, 2020 Ochrosia Wild host CABI, 2020 Palaquium Wild host CABI, 2020 Palaquium maingayi Wild host CABI, 2020 Parinari anamense Wild host CABI, 2020 Parkia speciosa Main CABI, 2020 Passiflora edulis Main CABI, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Passiflora foetida Wild host CABI, 2020 Passiflora laurifolia Main CABI, 2020 Passiflora quadrangularis Main CABI, 2020 Passiflora suberosa Wild host CABI, 2020 Pereskia grandifolia Wild host CABI, 2020 Persea americana Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Phaseolus vulgaris Main CABI, 2020 Physalis angulata Main CABI, 2020 Piper nigrum Other CABI, 2020 Incidental EPPO, 2020 Planchonella Wild host CABI, 2020 Planchonella duclitan Wild host CABI, 2020 Polyalthea longifolia Wild host CABI, 2020 Polyalthia simiarum Wild host CABI, 2020 Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Pometia pinnata Main CABI, 2020 Poncirus trifoliata Main CABI, 2020 Pouteria caimito Main CABI, 2020 Pouteria campechiana Main CABI, 2020 Pouteria sapota EFSA, 2019 Premna serratifolia Wild host CABI, 2020 Prunus armeniaca Main CABI, 2020 Unclassified EPPO, 2020 Prunus avium Main CABI, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Prunus cerasus Main CABI, 2020 Prunus domestica Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Prunus dulcis Main CABI, 2020 Unclassified EPPO, 2020 Prunus mume Main CABI, 2020 Prunus persica Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Prunus salicina Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Psidium cattleianum Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Psidium guajava Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Punica granatum Main CABI, 2020 Pyrus Minor EPPO, 2020 Pyrus communis Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Main CABI, 2020

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.)

Host Scientific name Comments (e.g. , Comments (e.g. Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* Main/minor crop) ajor/minor crop)

Rhizophora Wild host CABI, 2020 tomentosa Main CABI, 2020 Rollinia pulchrinervis Main CABI, 2020 Saba senegalensis Wild host CABI, 2020 Sambucus javanica Wild host CABI, 2020 Main CABI, 2020 Sauropus androgynus Main CABI, 2020 Schoepfia fragrans Wild host CABI, 2020 Sclerocarya birrea Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 indica Wild host CABI, 2020 Siphonodon Wild host CABI, 2020 Solanum aethiopicum Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Solanum americanum Main CABI, 2020 Solanum anguivi Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Solanum capsicoides Wild host CABI, 2020 Solanum hazenii Wild host CABI, 2020 Solanum incanum Wild host CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Solanum linnaeanum Minor EPPO, 2020 Solanum lycopersicum Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Solanum melongena Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Solanum nigrum Wild/Weed EPPO, 2020 Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.) Comments (e.g. Comments (e.g. total area, total area, Host Scientific name Main/minor crop in the major/minor crop in Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* PRA area, Main/minor the PRA area, habitats* major/minor habitats* Solanum rudepannum Wild host CABI, 2020 Solanum sodomeum Wild host CABI, 2020 Solanum stramoniifolium Main CABI, 2020 Solanum torvum Wild host CABI, 2020 Solanum trilobatum Wild host CABI, 2020 Sorindeia madagascariensis Wild host CABI, 2020 Spondias sp. Minor EPPO, 2020 Spondias dulcis Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Spondias mombin Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Spondias pinnata Main CABI, 2020 Spondias purpurea Main CABI, 2020 Streblus asper Wild host CABI, 2020 Strychnos Wild/Weed EPPO, 2020 Strychnos mellodora Wild host CABI, 2020 Syzygium aqueum Main CABI, 2020 Syzygium aromaticum Main CABI, 2020 Syzygium borneense Wild host CABI, 2020 Syzygium cumini Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Syzygium formosanum Wild host CABI, 2020 Syzygium grande Wild host CABI, 2020 Syzygium jambos Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 EFSA, 2019 Syzygium lineatum Main CABI, 2020 Syzygium malaccense Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2.7 Hosts (cont.) Comments (e.g. Comments (e.g. total area, total area, Host Scientific name Main/minor crop in the major/minor crop in Reference Reference Reference (common name)/ habitats* PRA area, Main/minor the PRA area, habitats* major/minor habitats* Syzygium megacarpum Main CABI, 2020 Syzygium nervosum Main CABI, 2020 Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Terminalia arenicola Wild host CABI, 2020 Terminalia catappa Wild host CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Terminalia citrina Wild host CABI, 2020 Theobroma cacao Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Thevetia peruviana Wild host CABI, 2020 Trichosanthes ovigera Main CABI, 2020 Triphasia trifolia Main CABI, 2020 Uvaria cordata Wild host CABI, 2020 Uvaria grandiflora Wild host CABI, 2020 Veitchia merrillii Wild host CABI, 2020 Vitellaria paradoxa Main CABI, 2020 Major EPPO, 2020 Vitis vinifera Minor EPPO, 2020 Willughbeia edulis Main CABI, 2020 Xanthophyllum flavescens Wild host CABI, 2020 Ximenia americana Main CABI, 2020 Zehneria wallichii Wild host CABI, 2020 Ziziphus jujuba Main CABI, 2020 Ziziphus mauritiana Main CABI, 2020 Minor EPPO, 2020 Ziziphus nummularia Main CABI, 2020 Ziziphus oenoplia Wild host CABI, 2020 Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 En Senegal:

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Pref_name Type Anacardium occidentale Major Capsicum frutescens Minor Annona muricata Major Citrullus lanatus Minor Carica papaya Major Citrus Minor Cascabela thevetia Major Citrus aurantiifolia Minor Citrus paradisi Major Citrus aurantium Minor Sclerocarya birrea Minor Citrus reticulata Major Citrus limon Minor Solanum aethiopicum Minor Citrus sinensis Major Citrus maxima Minor Solanum anguivi Minor Citrus x tangelo Major Clausena lansium Minor Solanum incanum Minor Dimocarpus longan Major Coffea arabica Minor Solanum linnaeanum Minor Diospyros montana Major Coffea canephora Minor Solanum lycopersicum Minor Eriobotrya japonica Major Cordia myxa Minor Solanum melongena Minor Fortunella japonica Major Cucumis sativus Minor Spondias Minor Gambeya albida Major Cucurbita maxima Minor Syzygium cumini Minor Irvingia gabonensis Major Cucurbita pepo Minor Syzygium jambos Minor Mangifera indica Major Cydonia oblonga Minor Syzygium malaccense Minor Musa x paradisiaca Major Diospyros Minor Syzygium samarangense Minor Prunus persica Major Flacourtia indica Minor Theobroma cacao Minor Psidium cattleyanum Major Fortunella Minor Vitis vinifera Minor Psidium guajava Major fruit trees Minor Ziziphus mauritiana Minor Spondias dulcis Major Lagenaria siceraria Minor Coffea Unclassified Spondias mombin Major Malus Minor Prunus armeniaca Unclassified Terminalia catappa Major Malus domestica Minor Prunus dulcis Unclassified Vitellaria paradoxa Major Manilkara zapota Minor Piper nigrum Incidental Annona Minor Momordica charantia Minor Solanum nigrum Wild/Weed Annona cherimola Minor Musa Minor Strychnos Wild/Weed Annona senegalensis Minor Persea americana Minor Annona squamosa Minor Prunus domestica Minor Averrhoa carambola Minor Prunus salicina Minor Capsicum Minor Pyrus Minor Capsicum annuum Minor Pyrus communis Minor Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 Anacardium occidentale Major Annona muricata Major Carica papaya Major Cascabela thevetia Major Citrus paradisi Major Citrus reticulata Major Citrus sinensis Major Citrus x tangelo Major Dimocarpus longan Major Diospyros montana Major Eriobotrya japonica Major Fortunella japonica Major Gambeya albida Major Irvingia gabonensis Major Mangifera indica Major Musa x paradisiaca Major Prunus persica Major Psidium cattleyanum Major Psidium guajava Major Spondias dulcis Major Spondias mombin Major Terminalia catappa Major Vitellaria paradoxa Major

Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas

Etapa 2- Preguntas 3 y 4 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 5. Regulatory status of the pest Notas:

In this section, it should be indicated whether the pest is already regulated by any NPPO or recommended for regulation by any RPPO. Suggested sources: Assessors can check this by reference to EPPO Global Database, RPPOs and IPPC websites in addition to usual search mechanisms.

In addition, it may be useful to consult the WTO/SPS website. Remark: List of quarantine pests in EPPO Global Database are updated a) for EPPO countries, when the EPPO Secretariat is informed of a revision; b) for non-EPPO countries, on a case-by-case basis and not on a regular basis. As a consequence,

As a consequence, these lists are not always up-to-date.

Up-to-date lists are normally available on the IPPC website.

Etapa 2- Pregunta 5 5. Regulatory status of the pest EPPO GLOBALDATABASE https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/DACUDO/categorization

Etapa 2- Pregunta 5 5. Regulatory status of the pest (cont)

Etapa 2- Pregunta 5 5. Regulatory status of the pest (cont)

Etapa 2- Pregunta 5 5. Regulatory status of the pest (cont) Estatus regulatorio en el área PRA: • Madeira y Azores: (Legislación UE: Reglamento (UE) 2016/2031: Reglamento base de sanidad vegetal; Medidas de Emergencia; Medidas de Control; y Medidas de Implementación [Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) 2019/2072 de la Comisión de 28 de noviembre de 2019 (Condiciones Uniformes), etc.] • Canarias: ORDEN de 11 de marzo de 1987 por la que se establecen para las islas Canarias las normas fitosanitarias relativas a la importación. exportación y tránsito de vegetales y productos vegetales. • Cabo Verde: Legislación nacional • Senegal: Legislación nacional Etapa 2- Pregunta 5 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas

¿Incertidumbre?

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 6. Distribution

Notas: • Listar países o regiones en las que está citada la plaga (indicar si está ampliamente distribuída, es nativa, introducida… cómo se ha dispersado, frecuencia de introducciones…. • Señalar las incertidumbres y los registros dudosos • Incluir referencias (EPPO, CABI, artículos….) • Se pueden añadir mapas.

Fuentes (Ver presentación de bibliografía): • EPPO Global Database • CABI CPC • CAPRA datasets • Plataforma de PRAs de EPPO • Artículos recientes

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 6. Distribution First detectiondetection CountryCountry DistributionDistribution Origin year ReferenceReference Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Benin Widespread Introduced 2004 Vayssières, 2004 Botswana Present Introduced 2014 EPPO, 2014 Burkina Faso Present Introduced 2005 Vayssières, Goergen, Lokossou, Dossa, & Akponon, 2005 Burundi Present Introduced 2011 Liu, Liu, et al., 2011 Cameroon Present Introduced 2004 Drew, Tsuruta, & White, 2005 Cape Verde Present Introduced 2014 EPPO, 2014

Central African Republic Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Chad Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Comoros Present Introduced 2005 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Congo Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Congo Democratic Republic Present Introduced 2006 Ekesi & Billah, 2006 AFRICA Cote d’Ivoire Present Introduced 2005 Vayssières et al., 2005 Equatorial Guinea Present Introduced 2006 Ekesi, Nderitu, & Rwomushana, 2006 Eritrea Present, no details EPPO, 2020 Present, no details EPPO, 2020 Ethiopia Present Introduced 2005 Ekesi & Billah, 2006 Gabon Present Introduced 2006 Ekesi & Billah, 2006 Gambia Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Present Introduced 2005 Vayssières, 2004 Guinea Present Introduced 2006 Vayssières et al., 2005 Guinea-Bissau Present, no details IntroducedEtapa 2- Pregunta 6 Northern Mariana Islands Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Kenya Widespread Introduced 2003 Drew et al., 2005 Liberia Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Restricted distribution‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014 Mali Present Introduced 2005 Vayssières et al., 2005 Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Mauritius Eradicated ‐ 1996 Seewooruthun, Permalloo, Sookar, & Soonnoo, 2000 Mayotte Present Introduced 2007 EPPO, 2014 Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Namibia Present Introduced 2014 EPPO, 2014 Niger Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Nigeria Present Introduced 2005 Drew et al., 2005 Reunion Present, widespread EPPO, 2020 Rwanda Present Introduced 2009 EAPIC, 2009 Senegal Present Introduced 2004 Vayssières, 2004 Sierra Leone Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Restricted distribution‐ 2010 IPPC, 2010 Sudan Present Introduced 2004 Drew et al., 2005 Swaziland Present ‐ 2013 IPPC, 2013 Widespread Introduced 2003 Mwatawala, White, Maerere, Senkondo, & Meyer, 2004 Togo Present Introduced 2004 Vayssières, 2004 Uganda Present Introduced 2004 Drew et al., 2005 Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 CABO VERDE Em Cabo Verde foi registada em 2007, na ilha de Santiago, tendo depois se dispersado para as ilhas do Fogo, Brava e Santo Antão (Baldé, 2012).

DISPERSIÓN 2012:

DISPERSIÓN ACTUAL CABO VERDE: Actualmente se ha constatado que ya está en todas las islas

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 First detection Country Distribution Origin year Reference Angola Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Benin Widespread Introduced 2004 Vayssières, 2004 Botswana Present Introduced 2014 EPPO, 2014 Burkina Faso Present Introduced 2005 Vayssières, Goergen, Lokossou, Dossa, & Akponon, 2005 Burundi Present Introduced 2011 Liu, Liu, et al., 2011 Cameroon Present Introduced 2004 Drew, Tsuruta, & White, 2005 Cape Verde Present Introduced 2014 EPPO, 2014 Central African Republic Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Chad Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Comoros Present Introduced 2005 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Congo Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Congo Democratic Republic Present Introduced 2006 Ekesi & Billah, 2006 EtapaCote d’Ivoire 2: EvaluaciónPresent Introduced del Riesgo2005 Vayssières de et al., Plagas2005 Equatorial Guinea Present Introduced 2006 Ekesi, Nderitu, & Rwomushana, 2006 6. DistributionEritrea Present, (cont.) no details EPPO, 2020 Eswatini Present, no details EPPO, 2020 Ethiopia Present Introduced 2005 Ekesi & Billah, 2006 Gabon Present Introduced First 2006 Ekesi & Billah, 2006 Gambia Present Introduced detection2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Country Distribution Origin year Reference Ghana Present Introduced 2005 Vayssières, 2004 Guinea Present Introduced 2006 Vayssières et al., 2005 Guinea-Bissau Present, no details Introduced Northern Mariana Islands Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Kenya Widespread Introduced 2003 Drew et al., 2005

Liberia Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Madagascar Restricted distribution‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014 Mali Present Introduced 2005 Vayssières et al., 2005 Mauritania Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Mauritius Eradicated ‐ 1996 Seewooruthun, Permalloo, Sookar, & Soonnoo, 2000 AFRICA Mayotte Present Introduced 2007 EPPO, 2014 Mozambique Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Namibia Present Introduced 2014 EPPO, 2014 Niger Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Nigeria Present Introduced 2005 Drew et al., 2005 Reunion Present, widespread EPPO, 2020 Rwanda Present Introduced 2009 EAPIC, 2009 Senegal Present Introduced 2004 Vayssières, 2004 Sierra Leone Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 South Africa Restricted distribution‐ 2010 IPPC, 2010 Sudan Present Introduced 2004 Drew et al., 2005 Swaziland Present ‐ 2013 IPPC, 2013 Tanzania Widespread IntroducedEtapa 2- Pregunta2003 Mwatawala, 6 White, Maerere, Senkondo, & Meyer, 2004 Togo Present Introduced 2004 Vayssières, 2004 Uganda Present Introduced 2004 Drew et al., 2005 Zambia Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 6. Distribution (cont.)

First detection Country Distribution Origin year Reference Reunion Present, widespread EPPO, 2020 Rwanda Present Introduced 2009 EAPIC, 2009 Senegal Present Introduced 2004 Vayssières, 2004

Sierra Leone Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 South Africa Restricted distribution‐ 2010 IPPC, 2010 Sudan Present Introduced 2004 Drew et al., 2005 Swaziland Present ‐ 2013 IPPC, 2013 Tanzania Widespread Introduced 2003 Mwatawala, White, Maerere, Senkondo, & Meyer, 2004 AFRICA Togo Present Introduced 2004 Vayssières, 2004 Uganda Present Introduced 2004 Drew et al., 2005 Zambia Present Introduced 2008 CABI/EPPO, 2008 Present Introduced 2014 EPPO, 2014

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Situación en Senegal

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Situación en Senegal

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Situación en Senegal Situación en Senegal Durante el curso Senegal informa de la situación y proporcionará una presentación adicional.

Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 6. Distribution (cont.) First detection Country State Distribution Origin year Reference Widespread Native 2013 Leblanc, Hossain, Khan, San Jose, & Rubinoff, 2013 Bhutan Present Native 2007 Drew, Romiq, & Dorji, 2007 Brunei Darussalam Present Native 2014 EPPO, 2014 Widespread ‐ 1993 Waterhouse, 1993 Widespread ‐ Anhui Present ‐ 2007 Wang, 2010 Aomen (Macau) Present, few occurrencesIntroduced Chongqing Present ‐ 2009 Deng & Yang, 2014 Fujian Present ‐ 1960 Liu, Deng, et al., 2011; Liu, Deng, et al., 2011 Guangdong Present ‐ 1982 Zhou, Chen, & Hou, 1992 Guangxi Present ‐ 1956 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Guizhou Present ‐ 2005 Chao & Ming, 1986 Present ‐ 1934 Xie, 1937 Present ‐ 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994

ASIA Hubei Present ‐ 2006 Wang, 2010 Hunan Present ‐ 2005 Chao & Ming, 1986 Jiangsu Present ‐ 2003 Wang, 2010 Jiangxi Present ‐ 2008 Wang, 2010 Macau Present, few occurrencesIntroduced 1996 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Shanghai Widespread ‐ 2001 Zhou, Ye, Yuan, & Pan, 2006 Sichuan Present ‐ 1960 Chao & Ming, 1986 Tibet Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Taiwan Widespread ‐ 1912 Hardy, 1973 Xizhang Present, no details Introduced Yunnan Present ‐ 1956 Liu, Liu, et al., 2011 Zhejiang Present ‐ 2007 Wang, 2010 Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 6. Distribution (cont.) First detection Country State Distribution Origin year Reference Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) Present Native 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 East Timor Present, restricted distribution EPPO, 2020 Widespread ‐ Andaman and Nicobar IslandsAbsent ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Present ‐ 2006 Sithanantham, Selvaraj, & Boopathi, 2006 Assam Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Present, no details Introduced Delhi Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Present ‐ 2009 Satarkar, Krishnamurthy, Faleiro, & Verghese, 2009 Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013

Himachal Pradesh Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013

Indian Punjab Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Jammu and Kashmir Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Present ‐ 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994

ASIA India Widespread ‐ 2008 David, Kumar, & Ramani, 2008 Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Manipur Present ‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014 Mizoram Present, no details Introduced Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Punjab Present, no details Introduced Present ‐ 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Sikkim Present ‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014 Present ‐ 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Telangana Present, no details Introduced Present ‐ 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Present ‐ 2013 CABI/EPPO, 2013 Present ‐ 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 6. Distribution (cont.) First detection Country State Distribution Origin year Reference Widespread ‐ Irian Jaya Present ‐ 1992 EPPO, 2014 Present Native 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Indonesia Kalimantan Present Native 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Nusa Tenggara Widespread ‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014 Present Native 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Present Native 2000 Iwahashi, 2000 Eradicated ‐ Japan Kyushu Absent, pest eradicatedIntroduced Ryukyu Archipelago Eradicated ‐ 1987 FFEPO, 1987 Present ‐ 1993 Waterhouse, 1993 Macao Present Introduced 1996 CABI / EPPO (2013) ; EPPO (2020) Present ‐ Peninsular Widespread Native 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Sabah Widespread Native 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994

ASIA Sarawak Present, no details Introduced West Present, no details Introduced Myanmar Present ‐ 1993 Waterhouse, 1993 Nepal Present ‐ 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Oman Absent ‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014 Pakistan Widespread ‐ 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Philippines Present ‐ 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Singapore Present Native 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Sri Lanka Widespread ‐ 1994 Drew & Hancock, 1994 Taiwan Present, widespread EPPO, 2020 Widespread ‐ 1993 Waterhouse, 1993 United Arab Emirates Present, no details EPPO, 2020 Vietnam Widespread ‐ 1993 Waterhouse, 1993 Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 6. Distribution (cont.)

Country Distribution Origin Reference

Austria Absent, confirmed by survey Introduced EPPO, 2020 Belgium Absent, intercepted only Introduced EPPO, 2020 France Absent, intercepted only Introduced EPPO, 2020 Italy Absent, intercepted only Introduced EPPO, 2020 EUROPE Slovenia Absent, confirmed by survey Introduced EPPO, 2020

First

detection

Country State Distribution Origin year Reference Restricted distribution ‐ California Eradicated ‐ 1954 White & Elson‐Harris, 1992

USA NORTH NORTH

AMERICA Eradicated ‐ 1960 White & Elson‐Harris, 1992 Hawaii Widespread Introduced 1945 White & Elson‐Harris, 1992

First detection Country Distribution Origin year Reference Chile Absent ‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014

SOUTH French Guiana Absent ‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014 AMERICA Suriname Absent ‐ 1975 EPPO, 2014

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 6. Distribution (cont.)

First detection Country Distribution Origin year Reference Eradicated ‐ Australia Eradicated ‐ 1997 Allwood, 1997 Hancock, Hamacek, Northern Territory Eradicated Introduced 1995 Lloyd,& Elson‐Harris, 2000 Absent ‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014 Cook Islands Eradicated ‐ 2013 SPC, 2013

Vargas, Leblanc,

French Polynesia Present Introduced 1996 Putoa, & Eitam, 2007 Guam Eradicated Introduced 1947 White & Elson‐Harris, 1992 Micronesia, Federated states of

Micronesia Absent ‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014 OCEANIA Nauru Eradicated Introduced 1993 Waterhouse, 1993 New Zealand Absent ‐ 2014 EPPO, 2014 Northern Mariana IslandsPresent, restrictedIntroduced distribution Palau Present Introduced 1996 CABI/EPPO, 2013

Sar, Balagawi, Papua Widespread Introduced 1992 Mararuai, & Putulan, 2001

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Notas a la distribución:

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Notas a la distribución: (cont.)

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 6. Distribution (cont.)

Based on ecological and molecular data, it is generally accepted that the native region range of B. dorsalis was Southeast Asia (Aketarawong et al., 2007; Choudhary, Naaz, Prabhakar, & Moanaro., 2016; Li et al., 2012; Shi, Kerdelhue, & Ye, 2012) or southern East China (Wan, Nardi, Zhang, & Liu, 2011) from where it invaded more countries.

Over the last century, B. dorsalis spread from southern East China or Southeast Asia to other places of Asia, Africa and the Americas, a pathway that has been well sup‐ported by previous research (Aketarawong et al., 2007, 2014 ; Wan et al., 2012).

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 6. Distribution (cont.)

Fuente: CABI Crop Protection Compendium

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 6. Distribution (cont.)

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 6. Distribution (cont.) Fuente: EPPO Continent Country State Status Africa Angola Present, no details GLOBALD Africa Benin Present, no details ATABASE Africa Botswana Transient, under eradication Africa Burkina Faso Present, no details Africa Burundi Present, no details Africa Cameroon Present, no details Africa Cape Verde Present, no details Africa Central African Republic Present, no details Africa Chad Present, no details Africa Comoros Present, no details Africa Congo Present, no details Africa Congo, Democratic republic of the Present, no details Africa Cote d'Ivoire Present, no details Africa Equatorial Guinea Present, no details Africa Eritrea Present, no details Africa Eswatini Present, no details Africa Ethiopia Present, no details Africa Gabon Present, no details Africa Gambia Present, no details Africa Ghana Present, no details Africa Guinea Present, no details Africa Guinea-Bissau Present, no details Africa Kenya Present, no details Africa Liberia Present, no details Africa Madagascar Present, restricted distribution Africa Mali Present, no details Africa Mauritania Present, no details Africa Mauritius Absent, pest eradicated Africa Mayotte Present, no details Africa Mozambique Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Present, restricted distribution Africa Namibia Present, no details Africa Niger Present, no details Africa Nigeria Present, no details Africa Reunion Present, widespread Africa Rwanda Present, no details Africa Senegal Present, no details Africa Sierra Leone Present, no details Africa South Africa Absent, pest eradicated Africa Sudan Present, no details Africa Tanzania Present, no details Africa Togo Present, no details Africa Uganda Present, no details Africa Zambia Present, no details Africa Zimbabwe Present, no details America Chile Absent, confirmed by survey America French Guiana Absent, invalid record America Suriname Absent, invalid record America United States of America Present, restricted distribution America United States of America California Transient, under eradication America United States of America Florida Absent, pest eradicated America United States of America Hawaii Present, widespread Asia Bangladesh Present, widespread Asia Bhutan Present, no details Asia Brunei Darussalam Present, no details Asia Cambodia Present, no details Asia China Present, widespread

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Asia China Anhui Present, no details Asia China Aomen (Macau) Present, few occurrences Asia China Chongqing Present, no details Asia China Fujian Present, no details Asia China Guangdong Present, no details Asia China Guangxi Present, no details Asia China Guizhou Present, no details Asia China Hainan Present, no details Asia China Hubei Present, no details Asia China Hunan Present, no details Asia China Jiangsu Present, no details Asia China Jiangxi Present, no details Asia China Shanghai Present, widespread Asia China Sichuan Present, no details Asia China Xianggang (Hong Kong) Present, widespread Asia China Xizhang Present, no details Asia China Yunnan Present, no details Asia China Zhejiang Present, no details

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Asia Christmas Island Present, no details Asia East Timor Present, restricted distribution Asia India Present, widespread

Asia India Andaman and Nicobar Islands Present, no details Asia India Andhra Pradesh Present, no details Asia India Assam Present, no details Asia India Bihar Present, no details Asia India Chhattisgarh Present, no details Asia India Delhi Present, no details Asia India Goa Present, no details Asia India Gujarat Present, no details Asia India Himachal Pradesh Present, no details Asia India Jammu & Kashmir Present, no details Asia India Karnataka Present, no details Asia India Kerala Present, no details Asia India Madhya Pradesh Present, no details Asia India Maharashtra Present, no details Asia India Manipur Present, no details Asia India Mizoram Present, no details Asia India Odisha Present, no details Asia India Punjab Present, no details Asia India Rajasthan Present, no details Asia India Sikkim Absent, unreliable record Asia India Tamil Nadu Present, no details Asia India Telangana Present, no details Asia India Uttarakhand Present, no details Asia India Uttar Pradesh Present, no details Asia India Etapa West2- Pregunta Bengal 6 Present, no details Asia Indonesia Present, restricted distribution Asia Indonesia Irian Jaya Present, no details Asia Indonesia Java Present, no details Asia Indonesia Kalimantan Present, no details Asia Indonesia Nusa Tenggara Present, no details Asia Indonesia Sulawesi Present, no details Asia Indonesia Sumatra Present, no details Asia Japan Absent, pest eradicated Asia Japan Kyushu Absent, pest eradicated Asia Japan Ryukyu Archipelago Absent, pest eradicated Asia Laos Present, no details Asia Malaysia Present, no details Asia Malaysia Sabah Present, no details Asia Malaysia Sarawak Present, no details Asia Malaysia West Present, no details Asia Myanmar Present, no details Asia Nepal Present, no details Asia Oman Present, no details Asia Pakistan Present, widespread Asia Philippines Present, no details Asia Singapore Present, no details Asia Sri Lanka Present, no details Asia Taiwan Present, widespread Asia Thailand Present, restricted distribution Asia United Arab Emirates Present, no details Asia Vietnam Present, restricted distribution

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Europe Austria Absent, confirmed by survey Europe Belgium Absent, intercepted only Europe France Absent, intercepted only Europe Italy Absent, intercepted only Europe Slovenia Absent, confirmed by survey Oceania Australia Absent, pest eradicated Oceania Australia Northern Territory Absent, pest eradicated Oceania Australia Queensland Absent, pest eradicated Oceania Australia Victoria Absent, intercepted only Oceania Present, restricted distribution Oceania Guam Absent, pest eradicated Oceania Micronesia Absent, invalid record Oceania Nauru Present, few occurrences Oceania New Zealand Absent, intercepted only Oceania Northern Mariana Islands Present, restricted distribution Oceania Palau Present, no details Oceania Papua New Guinea Present, no details

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 Fuente: CABI Crop Protection Compendium

Etapa 2- Pregunta 6 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Diferencia con pregunta Plagas 2

Etapa 2- Pregunta 7 7. Host plants /habitats and their distribution in the PRA area Algunas notas: • Es útil un breve resumen al inicio (agrupación de familias, tipo de vegetal ej: leñosas o herbáceos, caducos, perennes… • Diferencia de susceptibilidad • Debería registrarse las especies en las que la plaga es capaz de completar el ciclo biológico para considerarla verdadero host. Otras especies vegetales podrían ser hospedantes en ausencia de hospedantes conocidos. • Deberían registrarse a nivel de especie. Hacerlo con un nivel taxonómico superior o inferior debería estar justificado. • Se pueden listar separadamente (o al final de la tabla) los hospedantes que sólo se hayan registrado en condiciones experimentales • Anotar cualquier incertidumbre • P.ej: si hay alguna especie herbácea entre una lista de especies leñosas; si no está claro que la especie sea hospedante verdadero; si sólo se han reportado adultos alimentándose en el vegetal. • Todas estas especies dudosas, se deberían separar en una tabla aparte 7. Host plants /habitats and their distribution in the PRA area Algunas notas: (cont.) • Tabla sugerida por EPPO

• Apartados tras esta tabla: Hospedantes experimentales, Incertidumbres, Hospedates dudosos

• Algunas fuentes: CABI CPC, EPPO Globaldatabase, FAOSTAT, EUROSTAT y otras bases de datos (ej: IUCN red list, EUFORGEN) para valorar la presencia de los hospedantes en el área ARP. 7. Host plants /habitats and their distribution in the PRA area Para los major hosts….

Presence in PRA: CABI, 2020: Comments Azores (A), Canarias (CA), Cabo Verde (CV), Madeira (M), Senegal In terms of presence/cultivation (e.g. total area, (SE), Host Scientific name major/minor crop in the PRA area) Reference for Portugal (P) Spain (SP) No Data (ND) No (N) (common name)/ habitats* In terms of biology (e.g. ‘preferred host’ vs. host status Yes/No/Not known. ‘incidental’, ‘alternate’ if the pest needs distinct Consider mentioning elements relating to the host in the PRA area hosts to complete its life cycle, that may be important for the rest of the assessment:

Anacardium occidentale CV, SE Annona cherimola CA, M Annona glabra SE Annona macroprophyllata ND Annona montana ND Annona muricata N Annona reticulata N Annona senegalensis ND Annona squamosa N Areca catechu N Artocarpus altilis N Artocarpus elasticus N Artocarpus heterophyllus N Artocarpus integer N Artocarpus lacucha N Artocarpus lanceifolius N ¡Muchas gracias!