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EPPO EXPRESS PRA BACTROCERA DORSALIS ETAPA 1: INICIACIÓN NURIA AVENDAÑO GARCÍA JOSE MARIA GUITIAN CASTRILLON EPPO EXPRES PRA-CONTEXTO Utilizar las NIMF de la IPPC está reconocido por el Acuerdo MSF de la OMC como una justificación técnica NIMF 11: Análisis de riesgo de plagas para plagas cuarentenarias https://www.ippc.int/en/publications/639/ No obstante, cumpliendo la NIMF, los países (o las ORPF como EPPO), han desarrollado sus ESQUEMAS POR PASOS, con la intención de FACILITAR SU ELABORACIÓN Ej: Las Normas de Medidas Fitosanitarias nº 5 de ARP (EPPO Standards PM5- Pest Risk Analysis) Esquema EPPO EXPRES PRA EPPO STANDARDS PM5-ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO https://www.eppo.int/ FITOSANITARIO Esquema EPPO EXPRES PRA EPPO Standards PM 5 https://www.eppo.int/ Esquema EPPO EXPRES PRA EPPO Standard PM 5/5 (1) NUEVO: Guía adicional para la realización de ARP EXPRESS recientemente incorporada https://www.eppo.int/media/uploaded_images/RESOURCES/eppo_standards/pm5 /guidance_pm5-05.pdf Esquema EPPO Standard PM 5/5(1) https://www.eppo.int/ INTRODUCCIÓN Esquema EPPO EXPRES PRA EPPO Standard PM 5/5 (1) Nombre de la plaga: Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) Pest Risk Assessment on Bactrocera dorsalis EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 1: Iniciación Etapa 1 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 1: Iniciación Motivo del ARP: antecedentes…. NIMF 2. Marco para el análisis de riesgo de plagas Etapa 1 Etapa 1: Iniciación PRA initiated by the identification of a pest: • an established infestation or an incursion of a pest has been discovered in the PRA area; • a pest has been detected in an imported consignment; • a pest has been identified as a risk by scientific research; • a pest has invaded a new area, other than the PRA area; • a pest is reported to be more damaging in a new area than its area of origin; • a pest is observed to be detected more frequently in international trade; • a request is made for the intentional import of a pest; • a previous PRA is being re-evaluated; • an organism has been identified as a vector for other pests. In some cases, a PRA may be initiated as above for an organism which is not known to be a pest, but whose pest potential in the PRA area needs to be evaluated. Etapa 1 Etapa 1: Iniciación PRA initiated by the identification of a pest: • an established infestation or an incursion of a pest has been discovered in the PRA area; (Cabo Verde and Senegal) • a pest has been detected in an imported consignment; (all over the world) • a pest has been identified as a risk by scientific research; • a pest has invaded a new area, other than the PRA area; (Africa) • a pest is reported to be more damaging in a new area than its area of origin; • a pest is observed to be detected more frequently in international trade; (all over the world) • a request is made for the intentional import of a pest; • a previous PRA is being re-evaluated; • an organism has been identified as a vector for other pests. In some cases, a PRA may be initiated as above for an organism which is not known to be a pest, but whose pest potential in the PRA area needs to be evaluated. Etapa 1 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 1: Iniciación The PRA area being assessed should be specified and precisely described. The PRA area can be a complete country, several countries, or part(s) of one or several countries. These areas do not need to be contiguous. The Macaronesian Region composed by : • Azores, • Canary islands, • Cabo Verde, • Madeira and • Senegal Etapa 1 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas Etapa 2 EPPO EXPRES PRA ¿Incertidumbre? Apartados sugeridos: 2.1.Taxonomic classification. 2.2. Synonyms. 2.3. Common names. Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 1. Taxonomy 1.1 Taxonomic classification According to Pape & Thompson, 2020 (Catalogue of Life): Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Diptera Family Tephritidae Genus Bactrocera Species Bactrocera dorsalis Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 1.1 Taxonomic classification Notes on Taxonomy, according to CABI Bactrocera dorsalis is a member of the Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis) species complex. This species complex forms a group within the subgenus Bactrocera and the name may therefore be cited as Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis. B. dorsalis was originally treated as a single species, widespread over Asia, until it was split into several species, with the description of Bactrocera carambolae, B. papayae and B. philippinensis by Drew and Hancock (1994). Native range of true B. dorsalis became restricted primarily to continental Asian countries north of the Malay Peninsula. Bactrocera invadens was later described by Drew et al. (2005), when established populations were detected in East Africa (Lux et al., 2003) and in West Africa (Vayssières, 2004). Bactrocera philippinensis was designated a synonym of B. papayae by Drew and Romig (2013). Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 1.1 Taxonomic classification Notes on Taxonomy, according to CABI (CONT.) Extensive research was carried out to delimitate species boundaries, based on morphological, molecular, cytogenetic, behavioural and chemoecological data by multidisciplinary teams, in great part coordinated under an FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on the ‘Resolution of cryptic species complexes of tephritid pests to overcome constraints to SIT application and international trade’. This resulted in the synonymization of B. invadens and B. papayae under B. dorsalis and leaving B. carambolae as a distinct species by Schutze et al. (2014), who summarized the extensive research and evidence supporting the synonymization. Records of B. pedestris (Bezzi) from outside of the Philippines are mostly based on misidentifications of B. dorsalis. Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 1.2. Synomyms According to Pape & Thompson, 2020 (Catalogue of Life): • Chaetodacus okinawanus Shiraki, 1933 • Musca ferruginea Fabricius, 1794 According to EFSA, 2019: Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 1.2. Synomyms Name Authority According to EPPO, 2020: Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Bactrocera philippinensis Drew & Hancock Chaetodacus dorsalis (Hendel) Chaetodacus ferrugineus (Fabricius) Chaetodacus ferrugineus dorsalis (Hendel) Chaetodacus ferrugineus Shiraki okinawanus Dacus dorsalis Hendel Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius Dacus ferrugineus dorsalis Hendel Dacus ferrugineus okinawanus Shiraki Strumeta dorsalis (Hendel) Etapa 2- Pregunta 1 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 EPPO EXPRES PRA Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas 2. Pest overview Suggested subheadings: 2.1 Morphology 2.2 Life cycle 2.3 Temperature (or climatic) requirements 2.4 Dispersal capacity 2.5 Nature of the damage 2.6 Detection and identification methods Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview Notas: • Morfología • Ciclo biológico (ej: longitud del ciclo, localización de los estadios, umbrales de temperatura, requisitos de humedad, otros factores bióticos o abióticos de importancia para el ciclo, capacidad de dispersión) • Principales hospedantes (más detalles en sección 7) • Síntomas y naturaleza del daño (pero impacto en sección 12). • Detección e identificación (señalar si existe protocolo de diagnóstico). Cuándo y cómo puede ser capturada en trampas, si es el caso. • Otra información importante • Se puede hacer referencia a hojas de datos de EPPO y CABI incluyendo aquí sólo lo más importante. • Imágenes en el anejo, si fueran importantes Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 2. Pest overview 2.1 Morphology Drew et al. (2008) provide morphological characteristics to differentiate adults of the main Bactrocera dorsalis complex species. Eggs The eggs of Bactrocera oleae were described in detail by Margaritis (1985) and those of other species are probably very similar. They are 0.8 mm long and 0.2 mm wide, with the micropyle protruding slightly at the anterior end, and white to yellow-white. The chorion is reticulate (requires scanning electron microscope examination). CABI Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 Larvae The following larval description was taken from White and Elson-Harris (1994): B. dorsalis third-instar larva: medium-sized: 7.5-10.0 mm long and 1.5-2.0 mm wide; Head: stomal sensory organ with three to four sensilla, surrounded by five large, unserrated preoral lobes; oral ridges with 11-14 rows of blunt edged, short teeth; accessory plates 12-15, shell-shaped with small, rounded teeth; mouth hooks moderately sclerotized, without pre-apical teeth. Thoracic and abdominal segments: anterior portion of each thoracic segment with an encircling band of several discontinuous rows of small spinules; T1 with 9-11 rows of large, sharply pointed spinules; T2 spinules small, stout, sharply pointed with five to six rows dorsally, three to four rows laterally, five to seven rows ventrally; T3 spinules similar to those on T2, two to four rows dorsally, one to three rows laterally, three to five rows ventrally. Creeping welts with small, stout spinules, with one posterior row of spinules larger and stouter than remainder. A8 rounded with prominent intermediate areas and obvious sensilla. Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 Larvae (cont) Anterior spiracles: 8-12 tubules. Posterior spiracles: spiracular slits thick walled, approximately 2.5-3.0 times as long as broad. Spiracular hairs just longer than a spiracular slit; dorsal and ventral bundles with 17-20 broad, flat hairs, branched apically; lateral bundles with 8-12 similarly shaped hairs. Anal area: lobes protuberant, surrounded by three to five discontinuous rows of spinules. The inner rows of spinules stout, slightly curved, sharply pointed becoming larger just below the anal opening, outer rows with smaller spinules. Etapa 2- Pregunta 2 Puparium Barrel-shaped with most larval features unrecognisable, the exception being the anterior and posterior spiracles, which are little changed by pupariation. White to yellow-brown. Usually approximately 60-80% the length of the larva. Adults Drew and Hancock (1994) distinguish the B.
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  • (Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae) Using Two DNA Barcode Markers

    (Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae) Using Two DNA Barcode Markers

    J Biosci (2020)45:96 Ó Indian Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00061-2 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) Re-evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation of two closely related families (Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae) using two DNA barcode markers 1 2 3 OOOYEBANJI *, E C CHUKWUMA ,KABOLARINWA , 4 5 6 OIADEJOBI ,SBADEYEMI and A O AYOOLA 1Department of Botany, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria 2Forest Herbarium Ibadan (FHI), Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria 3Department of Education Science (Biology Unit), Distance Learning Institute, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria 4Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria 5Ethnobotany Unit, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 6Department of Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria *Corresponding author (Email, [email protected]) MS received 21 September 2019; accepted 27 May 2020 The families Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae comprise several closely related species that possess high mor- phological synapomorphic traits. Hence, there is a tendency of species misidentification using only the mor- phological characters. Herein, we evaluated the discriminatory power of the universal DNA barcodes (matK and rbcL) for 53 species spanning the two families. Using these markers, we inferred phylogenetic relation- ships and conducted species delimitation analysis using four delimitation methods: Automated Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), TaxonDNA, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP) and General Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC). The phylogenetic reconstruction based on the matK gene resolved the relationships between the families and further suggested the expansion of the Lamiaceae to include some core Verbanaceae genus, e.g., Gmelina.