The Incomplete Hieroglyphs System at the End of the Middle Kingdom
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Pharaohs in Egypt Fathi Habashi
Laval University From the SelectedWorks of Fathi Habashi July, 2019 Pharaohs in Egypt Fathi Habashi Available at: https://works.bepress.com/fathi_habashi/416/ Pharaohs of Egypt Introduction Pharaohs were the mighty political and religious leaders who reigned over ancient Egypt for more than 3,000 years. Also known as the god-kings of ancient Egypt, made the laws, and owned all the land. Warfare was an important part of their rule. In accordance to their status as gods on earth, the Pharaohs built monuments and temples in honor of themselves and the gods of the land. Egypt was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in 656 BC, whose rulers adopted the pharaonic titles. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt would first see another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Persian Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of Pharaoh. Persian rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by the Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. They also built temples such as the one at Edfu and Dendara. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. The Pharaohs who ruled Egypt are large in number - - here is a selection. Narmer King Narmer is believed to be the same person as Menes around 3100 BC. He unified Upper and Lower Egypt and combined the crown of Lower Egypt with that of Upper Egypt. Narmer or Mena with the crown of Lower Egypt The crown of Lower Egypt Narmer combined crown of Upper and Lower Egypt Djeser Djeser of the third dynasty around 2670 BC commissioned the first Step Pyramid in Saqqara created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep. -
Sales 2015 Políticas E Culturas No Antigo Egipto.Pdf
COLECÇÃO COMPENDIUM Chiado Editora chiadoeditora.com Um livro vai para além de um objecto. É um encontro entre duas pessoas através da pa- lavra escrita. É esse encontro entre autores e leitores que a Chiado Editora procura todos os dias, trabalhando cada livro com a dedicação de uma obra única e derradeira, seguindo a máxima pessoana “põe quanto és no mínimo que fazes”. Queremos que este livro seja um desafio para si. O nosso desafio é merecer que este livro faça parte da sua vida. www.chiadoeditora.com Portugal | Brasil | Angola | Cabo Verde Avenida da Liberdade, N.º 166, 1.º Andar 1250-166 Lisboa, Portugal Conjunto Nacional, cj. 903, Avenida Paulista 2073, Edifício Horsa 1, CEP 01311-300 São Paulo, Brasil © 2015, José das Candeias Sales e Chiado Editora E-mail: [email protected] Título: Política(s) e Cultura(s) no Antigo Egipto Editor: Rita Costa Composição gráfica: Ricardo Heleno – Departamento Gráfico Capa: Ana Curro Foto da capa: O templo funerário de Hatchepsut, em Deir el-Bahari, Tebas ocidental. Foto do Autor Revisão: José das Candeias Sales Impressão e acabamento: Chiado Print 1.ª edição: Setembro, 2015 ISBN: 978-989-51-3835-7 Depósito Legal n.º 389152/15 JOSÉ DAS CANDEIAS SALES POLÍTICA(S) E CULTURA(S) NO ANTIGO EGIPTO Chiado Editora Portugal | Brasil | Angola | Cabo Verde ÍNDICE GERAL APRESENTAÇÃO 7 I PARTE Legitimação política e ideológica no Egipto antigo – discurso e práticas 11 1. Concepção e percepção de tempo e de temporalidade no Egipto antigo 17 2. As fórmulas protocolares egípcias ou formas e possibilidades do discurso de legitimação no antigo Egipto 49 3. -
Ancient Egypt &Egyptology
Ancient Egypt & Egyptology The Ancient The Hieratic Ritual Books of Pawerem Egyptian Book (P. BM EA 10252 and P. BM EA 10081) of Thoth from the Late 4th Century BC Special Edition by Ann-Katrin Gill of the Editio This volume constitutes the first edition of the ritual texts preserved Princeps, 2005 on two papyri that originally formed one consecutive roll. The texts by Richard preserved on it can be connected to the Khoiak festival, the most Jasnow and important celebration of Osiris. At some point around 300 BC, this Karl-Th. Zauzich manuscript was adapted by the private individual Pawerem for his own benefit in the afterlife. Here, the papyri are edited and pub- The first volume, a lished as an integral whole. Along with the hieroglyphic transcrip- reprint, comprises tion, transliteration, translation, and line-to-line commentary, overall questions are answered. interpretative essays; discussion of specific points such 2 vols, 1076p, 22 illus, 80 pls, 43 tbls (Harrassowitz Verlag, August 2019, Studien zur spätägyptischen as the manuscript tradition, script, and language; Religion 25) hardcover, 9783447112390, $335.00. Special Offer $268.00 the transliteration of the Demotic text, translation, and commentary; as well as a consecutive transla- Between Temple and Tomb tion, glossary, bibliography, and indices. The second The Demotic Ritual Texts of Bodl. MS Egypt. a. 3(P) volume, which contains photographs of the papyri, is published in a new smaller layout. This special edition by Mark Smith is intended as a prelude to the forthcoming Volume The ritual texts edited in this volume are known to have been Three of the Book of Thoth, which will present a re- employed both for the benefit of the god Osiris and for ordinary vised transliteration, translation, notes, and facsimi- deceased people, in certain cases, during one and the same les, as well as editions of numerous “new” fragments. -
2013: Cincinnati, Ohio
The 64th Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt April 19-21, 2013 Hilton Netherland Plaza Cincinnati, OH Abstract Booklet layout and design by Kathleen Scott Printed in San Antonio on March 15, 2013 All inquiries to: ARCE US Office 8700 Crownhill Blvd., Suite 507 San Antonio, TX 78209 Telephone: 210 821 7000; Fax: 210 821 7007 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.arce.org ARCE Cairo Office 2 Midan Simon Bolivar Garden City, Cairo, Egypt Telephone: 20 2 2794 8239; Fax: 20 2 2795 3052 E-mail: [email protected] Photo Credits Front cover: Cleaned wall reliefs at Deir el Shelwit. Photo Abdallah Sabry. Photo opposite: Relief detail Deir el Shelwit. Photo Kathleen Scott. Photo spread pages 8-9: Conservators working inside Deir el Shelwit October 2012. Photo Kathleen Scott. Abstracts title page: Concrete block wall with graffiti outside ARCE offices February 2013. Photo Kathleen Scott. Some of the images used in this year’s Annual Meeting Program Booklet are taken from ARCE conservation projects in Egypt which are funded by grants from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). MEET, MINGLE, AND NETWORK Rue Reolon, 12:30pm - 1:30pm Exploding Bunnies and Other Tales of Caution (a forum of experts) ARCE Chapter Council 2013 Fundraiser You have heard the scientific lectures; the reports of long, hard, and sometimes even dull archaeological work that produces the findings that all Egyptophiles crave. But there is more! Now enjoy stories of the bizarre, unexpected, and obscure, presented by our panel of experts. Saturday, April 20, 2013 12:15 - 1:00 pm Pavilion Ballroom, 4th Floor Hilton Netherland Plaza Hotel $15 per Person ARCHAEOLOGIA BOOKS & PRINTS With selections from the libraries of Raymond Faulkner, Harry Smith & E. -
Clarity Chronology: Egypt's Chronology in Sync with the Holy Bible Eve Clarity, P1
Clarity Chronology: Egypt's chronology in sync with the Holy Bible Eve Clarity, p1 Clarity Chronology This Egyptian chronology is based upon the historically accurate facts in the Holy Bible which are supported by archaeological evidence and challenge many assumptions. A major breakthrough was recognizing Joseph and Moses lived during the reigns of several pharaohs, not just one. During the 18th dynasty in which Joseph and Moses lived, the average reign was about 15 years; and Joseph lived 110 years and Moses lived 120 years. The last third of Moses' life was during the 19th dynasty. Though Rameses II had a reign of 66 years, the average reign of the other pharaohs was only seven years. Biblical chronology is superior to traditional Egyptian chronology Joseph was born in 1745 BC during the reign of Tao II. Joseph was 17 when he was sold into slavery (1728 BC), which was during the reign of Ahmose I, for the historically accurate amount of 20 pieces of silver.1 Moses (1571-1451 BC) was born 250 years after the death of the Hebrew patriarch, Abraham. Moses lived in Egypt and wrote extensively about his conversations and interactions with the pharaoh of the Hebrews' exodus from Egypt; thus providing a primary source. The history of the Hebrews continued to be written by contemporaries for the next thousand years. These books (scrolls) were accurately copied and widely disseminated. The Dead Sea Scrolls contained 2,000 year old copies of every book of the Bible, except Esther, and the high accuracy of these copies to today's copies in original languages is truly astonishing. -
The World of Middle Kingdom Egypt
Te World of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000-1550 BC) Contributions on archaeology, art, religion, and written sources Volume II Edited by Gianluca Miniaci, Wolfram Grajetzki Middle Kingdom Studies 2 Tis title is published by Golden House Publications Copyright © by the authors if not otherwise stated A catalogue record for this book is avaiable from the British Library Front cover: Model of a scribe from shaft 16L25/1C (2710/144) at Deir el-Bersheh, compare colour plate XIII All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without prior written permission from Golden House Publications. Printed in the United Kingdom by CPI, Anthony Rowe London 2016 ISBN 978-1-906137-48-9 ii Middle Kingdom Studies Series Editor-in-Chief Gianluca Miniaci Advisory Board Bettina Bader, Marilina Betrò, Marleen De Meyer, Juan Carlos Moreno García, Alexander Ilin-Tomich, Patricia Rigault, Stephen Quirke Gloria Rosati, Danijela Stefanović, Pascal Vernus, Paul Whelan v Table of Contents Introduction Wolfram Grajetzki, Gianluca Miniaci ix List of contributors xiii List of Abbreviation xv Tombs in transition: MIDAN.05 and windows in the early Eighteenth Dynasty Marilina Betrò 1 Precious fnds from an early Middle Kingdom tomb in Tebes: reconstructing connections between the dead and their goods Anna Consonni 13 Umm-Mawagir in Kharga Oasis: an Industrial Landscape of the Late Middle Kingdom/Second Intermediate Period John Coleman Darnell, Colleen Manassa Darnell 27 Te tomb of a Governor of Elkab of the Second Intermediate Period Vivian Davies 71 An Isolated Middle Kingdom Tomb At Dayr Al-Barsha Marleen De Meyer 85 Te Transmission of Ofces in the Middle Kingdom Nathalie Favry 117 Te stela of the Tirteenth Dynasty treasurer Senebsumai, Turin Cat. -
(Modern Luxor) Ancient Greek Name for the Upper Egyptian Town of Waset
Originalveröffentlichung in: Donald B. Redford (Hrsg.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt III, Oxford 2001, S. 384-388 384 THEBES complexes, extended over an area of more than 4 kilo meters (2.4 miles) in length and 0.51 kilometer (about a quarter to a half mile) in width. The great number of monuments, many exceptionally well preserved, make the Theban area the largest and most important archaeologi cal site in Egypt. Eastern Bank of the Nile. A discussion of the princi pal archaeological features follows. The temple of Karnak. Archaeologically, the eastern bank of Thebes is dominated by the gigantic temple com plex of Karnak, the home of Egypt's main god AmunRe from the time of the Middle Kingdom onward. The earli est known parts of the temple have been dated to the first half of the eleventh dynasty, when a presumably modest temple, or a chapel, for the god Amun was erected by King Antef II. The temple was substantially expanded in the twelfth dynasty, during the reign of Senwosret L The temple, however, seems to have remained in this state for almost four hundred years. From the eighteenth dynasty until the Roman period, Karnak was a place of continu ous building activity, but of varying intensity. The temple of Luxor. The main part of the temple of Luxor was founded by Amenhotpe III (r. 14101372 BCE). An earlier triple shrine (barkstation), built by Queen Hat shepsut and Thutmose III (r. 15021452 BCE) north of the first pylon, remained in use at later times; then in the nineteenth dynasty, Ramesses II added an open court to the north of the existing Amenhotpe III building. -
Pharaoh Chronology (Pdf)
Egypt's chronology in sync with the Holy Bible by Eve Engelbrite (c)2021, p1 Egypt's Chronology in Synchronization with the Bible This Egyptian chronology is based upon the historically accurate facts in the Holy Bible which are supported by archaeological evidence and challenge many assumptions. A major breakthrough was recognizing Joseph and Moses lived during the reigns of several pharaohs, not just one. During the 18th dynasty in which Joseph and Moses lived, the average reign was about 15 years; and Joseph lived 110 years and Moses lived 120 years. The last third of Moses' life was during the 19th dynasty. Though Rameses II had a reign of 66 years, the average reign of the other pharaohs was only seven years. Biblical chronology is superior to traditional Egyptian chronology Joseph was born in 1745 BC during the reign of Tao II. Joseph was 17 when he was sold into slavery (1728 BC), which was during the reign of Ahmose I, for the historically accurate amount of 20 pieces of silver.1 Moses (1571-1451 BC) was born 250 years after the death of the Hebrew patriarch, Abraham. Moses lived in Egypt and wrote extensively about his conversations and interactions with the pharaoh of the Hebrews' exodus from Egypt; thus providing a primary source. The history of the Hebrews continued to be written by contemporaries for the next thousand years. These books (scrolls) were accurately copied and widely disseminated. The Dead Sea Scrolls contained 2,000 year old copies of every book of the Bible, except Esther, and the high accuracy of these copies to today's copies in original languages is truly astonishing. -
Tracking the Hyksos Across the Levant
Hidden in Bones: Tracking the Hyksos across the Levant 1 2 3 Nina Maaranen1, Holger Schutkowskiby2 andNina Sonia Zakrzewski Maaranen3 , Holger Schutkowski , Sonia Zakrzewski Abstract Though the term Hyksos commonly refers to the overthrow the Egyptian rule.6 The Roman historian rulers of the Egyptian Second Intermediate Period, Josephus referred to the Hyksos as ‘Shepherd kings’, it is also used to describe the larger population from not only speculating on the etymology of the term but which these rulers derived. Archaeological, artistic also generating an ethnic denominator by identifying and textual sources suggest a Levantine origin of the the described Hyksos exile with the Israelite Exodus.7 ‘Hyksos people’; however, whether this was a single Not all early historians shared this interpretation, as homogenous group or several groups from a wider evident from the accounts of Africanus and Eusebius, area has remained uncertain. who were leaning towards a Phoenician origin instead.8 Non-metric traits, also called epigenetic traits, are The contradictions even in the earliest accounts normal variations of the human skeleton. The traits, exemplify the loss of actual information regarding though seemingly random in a single person, often the Hyksos and thus sent modern scholars into vastly have a genetic component that links biologically closely different directions when looking into the origin of related people together, enabling an exploration of the Hyksos rulers. While the Hyksos have sometimes biological affiliations not only within but also between been assigned with specific ethnic affiliations, such as populations. Hurrians,9 Amorites10 and Israelites,11 more generic As a non-invasive method, non-metric trait analysis descriptors have also been used.12 Early analyses on can be used to study biological closeness when there material culture led Engberg to propose a connection is no wish or possibility to use DNA analysis. -
In the Shadow of Osiris: Non-Royal Mortuary Landscapes at South
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 1-1-2014 In the Shadow of Osiris: Non-Royal Mortuary Landscapes at South Abydos During the Late Middle and New Kingdoms Kevin Michael Cahail University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Cahail, Kevin Michael, "In the Shadow of Osiris: Non-Royal Mortuary Landscapes at South Abydos During the Late Middle and New Kingdoms" (2014). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1222. http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1222 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1222 For more information, please contact [email protected]. In the Shadow of Osiris: Non-Royal Mortuary Landscapes at South Abydos During the Late Middle and New Kingdoms Abstract Kevin M. Cahail Dr. Josef W. Wegner The site of South Abydos was home to royal mortuary complexes of both the late Middle, and New Kingdoms, belonging to Senwosret III and Ahmose. Thanks to both recent and past excavations, both of these royal establishments are fairly well understood. Yet, we lack a clear picture of the mortuary practices of the non- royal individuals living and working in the shadow of these institutions. For both periods, the main question is where the tombs of the non-royal citizens might exist. Additionally for the Middle Kingdom is the related issue of how these people commemorated their dead ancestors. Divided into two parts, this dissertation looks at the ways in which non-royal individuals living at South Abydos during these two periods dealt with burial and funerary commemoration. -
Burial Demography in the Late Middle Kingdom: a Social Perspective*
Burial demography in the late Middle Kingdom: a social perspective* Gianluca Miniaci Abstract The paper aims at analysing the social factors connected with the increase of sequential multiple burials around the first quarter of the Second Millennium BC in Egypt. In particular, in the late Middle Kingdom, the practice of multiple burials became more widespread across the whole country and it was more visible at all social levels, reaching also the uppermost levels of society and the royal court. Such a burial demography pattern can be linked with deeper transformations in the social organisation noticeable through iconographic, textual, linguistic, and archaeological evidence: an increase of plurality of people named/represented on stelae; a lexical deviation inside the vocabulary related to ‘familial’ groups (CT 146); the interruption in the archaeological record of the texts known as ‘Letters to the Dead’; the introduction of an uncommon architectural feature in the eastern Delta (Avaris), the ‘house of the dead’. The increase and spread on a preeminent scale of multiple burials drove a renegotiation of the role of the dead body within the burial assemblage. In the light of a changed burial demography, the tomb became the ideal memory container for supporting the identity of a more crowded household structure and dead bodies constituted the tangible mnemonic bridge to the past and social identity. Sequential multiple burials affected also temporality, and the passage of time increased the objectification of the body itself; therefore multiple bodies inside a grave may have influenced the selection of the range of objects to be placed in, as demonstrated by a consistent infiltration of the domestic sphere inside the funerary domain at the end of Twelfth Dynasty. -
The Egyptian Fayoumi
THE EGYPTIAN FAYOUMI Photo Mick Bassett FROM THE PEARL OF THE INDIAN OCEAN TO THE ERYTHREAN SEA: FAYOUMIS EMERGE FROM THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN LABYRINTH TO ARRIVE IN THE 21ST CENTURY. BY CHRISTINE HEINRICHS AND KERMIT BLACKWOOD Reprinted with permission from Backyard Poultry magazine: www.backyardpoultrymag.com Chickens were domesticated more than 10,000 years ago. A few thousand years later, a rapid expansion of Indo-Aryan culture carried ancestors of the Egyptian Fayoumi fowl from India to the Near East. There, the birds were selectively bred for centuries to become the world’s first egg production breed. These birds, with an infusion of blood of wild Sri Lanka Junglefowl, adapted to the Ancient Egyptian environment. Breeding as feral chickens in isolation for centuries, their unusual hybrid ancestry responded through natural selection to the harsh ecological realities of the Fayoum Basin’s arid thorn forests. When Romans conquered Egypt 2,000 years ago, the refinement of the Fayoumi fowl as a purely domestic species began. The Fayoumi, known in Egypt as the Bigawi, is a unique living treasure. It emerged at the crossroads of the flourishing civilizations of South Asia, Africa and the Near East and reflects the cultural exchange between the ancient Super Powers. Its progenitors sailed on trade ships and were carried overland with armies and caravans. On its journey through history, it developed its distinctive identity in consecutive stages, from one signifi- cant point in history and location in geography to the next. Left: Fayoum (Al Fayyum on this map) is central to Egypt and the Red Sea, which shares shores with Sudan, the Sinai and the Arabian Peninsula.